# Translation of debian-reference to French
# Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Debian French l10n team <debian-l10n-french@lists.debian.org>.
# This file is distributed under the same license as the debian-reference package.
#
# Jean-Luc Coulon (f5ibh) <jean-luc.coulon@wanadoo.fr>, 2009, 2010.
# David Prévot <david@tilapin.org>, 2010-2012.
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-reference\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-11-26 23:22+0900\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-11-25 08:16-0400\n"
"Last-Translator: Sébastien Poher <sbphr@volted.net>\n"
"Language-Team: French <debian-l10n-french@lists.debian.org>\n"
"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the timesnewroman entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the abi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface"

#. type: Content of the abriefhistoryofdebian entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the acpi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the afireresistantsafe entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffre-fort"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the agp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the aixbyibm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX"

#. type: Content of the alioth entity
msgid "http://alioth.debian.org"
msgstr "http://alioth.debian.org"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the almquistshell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the altgrkey entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touche_Alt_Gr"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the amanda entity
msgid ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Advanced_Maryland_Automatic_Network_Disk_Archiver"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMANDA_(informatique)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ascii entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the amigaos entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS"

#. type: Content of the announcementofpaenabledbydefault entity
msgid "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2010/05/msg00009.html"
msgstr "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2010/05/msg00009.html"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the ansiescapecode entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the antispamtechniques entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutte_anti-spam"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the theapachesoftwarefoundation entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the apm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the applebonjourapplerendezvous entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Bonjour"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the arial entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the arp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol"

#. type: Content of the asciidoc entity
msgid "http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=asciidoc"
msgstr "http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=asciidoc"

#. type: Content of the asimpleguidetolatexlyx entity
msgid "http://www.stat.rice.edu/~helpdesk/howto/lyxguide.html"
msgstr "http://www.stat.rice.edu/~helpdesk/howto/lyxguide.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the asynchronoustransfermode entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_transfer_mode"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the atp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the planj entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs"

#. type: Content of the atutorialintroductiontogit entity
msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial.html"
msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial.html"

#. type: Content of the atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo entity
msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial-2.html"
msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial-2.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the aufs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the autoconf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the avahi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avahi_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avahi_(logiciel)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the awk entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk"

#. type: Content of the httpbackportsdebianorg entity
msgid "http://backports.debian.org"
msgstr "http://backports.debian.org"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the backuppc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backuppc"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackupPC"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bacula entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula"

#. type: Content of the badsideeffectswithjava entity
msgid "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83376"
msgstr "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83376"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the basege entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64"

#. type: Content of the basesystem entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.7"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.7"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bash entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne-Again_shell"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bazaar entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_(logiciel)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the berkeleycsh entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csh"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the berkeleydb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bigf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bind entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the binhex entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bios entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Input_Output_System"

#. type: Content of the bitstreamvera entity
msgid "http://www.gnome.org/fonts/"
msgstr "http://www.gnome.org/fonts/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bittorrent entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocole)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bochs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bootloader entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorce_(informatique)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bootstrapprocesses entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorce_(informatique)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bounceaddress entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_address"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_address"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the broadband entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the bsdlike entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lineprinterdaemon entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the btrfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs"

#. type: Content of the btsofnetworkmanager entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=network-manager"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=network-manager"

#. type: Content of the btsofwicd entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=wicd"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=wicd"

#. type: Content of the bugebbbcd entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/411123"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/411123"

#. type: Content of the bugebbcia entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/411280"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/411280"

#. type: Content of the bugfaffgf entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/505565"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/505565"

#. type: Content of the bugfbejda entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/514930"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/514930"

#. type: Content of the bugfhadhh entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/570377"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/570377"

#. type: Content of the bugfjeeja entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/594490"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/594490"

#. type: Content of the bughbjgcb entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/719621"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/719621"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the burrowswheelerblrtingcompression entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows-Wheeler_transform"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform&percnt;C3&percnt;A9e_de_Burrows-"
"Wheeler"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cachingdata entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M&percnt;C3&percnt;A9moire_cache"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cardbus entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card#CardBus"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-Card"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the cdrkit entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdrkit"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdrkit"

#. type: Content of the cdromdvd entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/CD/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/CD/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the commongatewayinterface entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the chainloading entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_loading"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_loading"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the chap entity
msgid ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-handshake_authentication_protocol"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-Handshake_Authentication_Protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the characterencoding entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codage_de_caract&percnt;C3&percnt;A8res"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the chromium entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(navigateur_web)"

#. type: Content of the chroot entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cprogramminglanguage entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(langage)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cjk entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinois,_japonais_et_cor&percnt;C3&percnt;A9en"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the cloop entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloop"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloop"

#. type: Content of the codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer entity
msgid "http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/"
msgstr "http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/"

#. type: Content of the codename entity
msgid ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources."
"html#codenames"
msgstr ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources."
"html#codenames"

#. type: Content of the codenamestableupdates entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110215"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110215"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the codepage entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_de_code"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the codesetalwayssettoutfi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeset"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codage_de_caract&percnt;C3&percnt;A8res"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the commandlineinterfacecli entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_en_ligne_de_commande"

#. type: Content of the commandlineprintingandoptions entity
msgid "http://localhost:631/help/options.html"
msgstr "http://localhost:631/help/options.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the commonunixprintingsystem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_platform_virtual_machines"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_platform_virtual_machines"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the composekey entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compose_key"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touche_compose"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the computerdatastoragemedia entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockage_d&percnt;27information"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the computerfonts entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_matricielle"

#. type: Content of the couriernew entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(police_d'écriture)"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the cpbcfb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cpbcfc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252"

#. type: Content of the cpedh entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_de_code_437"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cpifa entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_850"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_de_code_850"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the cpjdc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_932"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_932"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the cpjdg entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_936"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_936"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the cpjej entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_949"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_949"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the cpjfa entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cpld entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_logique_programmable#CPLD"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cpm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Program/Monitor"

#. type: Content of the crmbbe entity
msgid "http://crm114.sourceforge.net/"
msgstr "http://crm114.sourceforge.net/"

#. type: Content of the cssc entity
msgid "http://cssc.sourceforge.net/"
msgstr "http://cssc.sourceforge.net/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cstandardlibrary entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliothèque_standard_de_C"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the cvs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_versions_system"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the daemon entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the darcs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the dbus entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus"

#. type: Content of the ddnspageonthedebianwiki entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/DDNS"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/DDNS"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the deadkey entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_key"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touche_morte"

#. type: Content of the debianaliothservice entity
msgid "http://alioth.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://alioth.debian.org/"

#. type: Content of the debianbtsgfjcga entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/659260"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/659260"

#. type: Content of the debianbugtrackingsystembts entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/Bugs/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/Bugs/"

#. type: Content of the debiandevelopersreference entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/"

#. type: Content of the debiandevelopersthedebianarchive entity
msgid ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources.html#archive"
msgstr ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources.html#archive"

#. type: Content of the debiandocumentationprojectddp entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp"

#. type: Content of the debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast entity
msgid ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-ftparchives#s-oldcodenames"
msgstr ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-ftparchives#s-oldcodenames"

#. type: Content of the debianfaq entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/"

#. type: Content of the dfsg entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines"

#. type: Content of the debiangnulinuxguallationandusage entity
msgid "http://archive.debian.net/woody/debian-guide"
msgstr "http://archive.debian.net/woody/debian-guide"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwdebianorg entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org"

#. type: Content of the debianinstallercds entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/debian-installer/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/debian-installer/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the debianinstaller entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian-Installer"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian-Installer"

#. type: Content of the thedebianinstaller entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/"

#. type: Content of the debianinstallersmallcds entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst"

#. type: Content of the debiankernel entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/DebianKernel"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/DebianKernel"

#. type: Content of the debianleadershiphistory entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/ch-leaders"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/ch-leaders"

#. type: Content of the debianmenusystem entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/"

#. type: Content of the debianmirrorcheckersite entity
msgid "http://ftp.de.debian.org/dmc/"
msgstr "http://ftp.de.debian.org/dmc/"

#. type: Content of the debiannewmaintainersguide entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/"

#. type: Content of the debianpolicymanual entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/"

#. type: Content of the debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive"

#. type: Content of the debianreference entity
msgid ""
"http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=debian-reference&amp;"
"searchon=sourcenames&amp;exact=1&amp;suite=all&amp;section=all"
msgstr ""
"http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=debian-reference&amp;"
"searchon=sourcenames&amp;exact=1&amp;suite=all&amp;section=all"

#. type: Content of the debianreferenceversionc entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/"

#. type: Content of the debiansecurityfaq entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/security/faq"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/security/faq"

#. type: Content of the debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/social_contract"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/social_contract"

#. type: Content of the several entity
msgid ""
"http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2008/12/msg00019."
"html"
msgstr ""
"http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2008/12/msg00019."
"html"

#. type: Content of the debiantutorial entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/"

#. type: Content of the debianwikibootprocessspeedup entity
msgid "https://wiki.debian.org/BootProcessSpeedup"
msgstr "https://wiki.debian.org/BootProcessSpeedup"

#. type: Content of the debianwikicontentsonbacktrace entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/HowToGetABacktrace"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/HowToGetABacktrace"

#. type: Content of the debianwikiqemu entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/QEMU"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/QEMU"

#. type: Content of the debtags entity
msgid "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the debugger entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D&percnt;C3&percnt;A9bogueur"

#. type: Content of the dejavu entity
msgid "http://dejavu-fonts.org"
msgstr "http://dejavu-fonts.org"

#. type: Content of the designruleforcamerafilesystem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCIM"

#. type: Content of the desktopapplicatiartspecification entity
msgid ""
"http://standards.freedesktop.org/autostart-spec/autostart-spec-latest.html"
msgstr ""
"http://standards.freedesktop.org/autostart-spec/autostart-spec-latest.html"

#. type: Content of the desktopentryspecification entity
msgid ""
"http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-"
"latest.html"
msgstr ""
"http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-"
"latest.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the desktopenvironment entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement_de_bureau"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the devicefiles entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devfs"

#. type: Content of the devicemapper entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_mapper"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_des_périphériques"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_host_configuration_protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the digitalsignaturealgorithm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the dillo entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the directories entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Répertoire_(informatique)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the diskpartitioning entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_de_disque_dur"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the divx entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX"

#. type: Content of the dmcrypto entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the dmg entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the internetdomainnamesystemdns entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the docbook entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl entity
msgid ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language"
msgstr ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the domainkeysidentifiedmail entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the dosbox entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox"

#. type: Content of the dosemu entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSEMU"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSEMU"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the drm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_rendering_infrastructure"

#. type: Content of the dsabfhbb entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571"

#. type: Content of the dynamicdns entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support"

#. type: Content of the ecryptfs entity
msgid "http://ecryptfs.sourceforge.net/"
msgstr "http://ecryptfs.sourceforge.net/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the elinks entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks"

#. type: Content of the elsewhereontheweb entity
msgid "http://www.unknownroad.com/rtfm/gdbtut/gdbtoc.html"
msgstr "http://www.unknownroad.com/rtfm/gdbtut/gdbtoc.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the emacs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the emailclient entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_de_messagerie"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the emailfiltering entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_filtering"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_filtering"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the email entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courrier_électronique"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the emulation entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/&percnt;C3&percnt;89mulation"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the enlightenment entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the environmentvariables entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_d&percnt;27environnement"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the epiphany entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany"

#. type: Content of the epwing entity
msgid "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPWING"
msgstr "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPWING"

#. type: Content of the essentialpackages entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.8"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.8"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the eucjp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Coding"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the euckr entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-KR"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Coding"

#. type: Content of the everydaygitwithcacommandsorso entity
msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/everyday.html"
msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/everyday.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the exchangeableimagefileformat entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the exim entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim"

#. type: Content of the expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld entity
msgid "http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings"
msgstr "http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the expresscard entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the extc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the extd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the exte entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the extendedbinarycolinterchangecode entity
msgid ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language_Transformations"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL-FO"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the fairuse entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vfatfilesystem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the faviconico entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon"

#. type: Content of the fedora entity
msgid "http://fedoraproject.org/"
msgstr "http://fedoraproject.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the filelocking entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the files entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_informatique"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the filesystemhierarchystandard entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the filesystem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst&percnt;C3&percnt;A8me_de_fichiers"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the filesystempermissions entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissions_Unix"

#. type: Content of the filesystemshowto entity
msgid "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Filesystems-HOWTO.html"
msgstr "http://guidespratiques.traduc.org/vf/Filesystems-HOWTO.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the flash entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the flex entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_lexical_analyser"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_(logiciel)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the fltk entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the fluxbox entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the fontconfig entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the freelibreopensourcefloss entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free/Libre_Open_Source_Software"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the fpga entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_logique_programmable#FPGA"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the freebsd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the freedesktoporg entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org"

#. type: Content of the freedesktoporg entity
msgid "http://www.freedesktop.org/"
msgstr "http://www.freedesktop.org/"

#. type: Content of the freedesktoporgmenu entity
msgid "http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/menu-spec/"
msgstr "http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/menu-spec/"

#. type: Content of the freedos entity
msgid "http://www.freedos.org/"
msgstr "http://www.freedos.org/"

#. type: Content of the freetype entity
msgid "http://freetype.sourceforge.net/index.html"
msgstr "http://freetype.sourceforge.net/index.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ftp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the fuse entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gbbiada entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB18030"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB_18030"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the gbcdbc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB2312"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB2312"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gbk entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBK"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBK_(jeu_de_caract&percnt;C3&percnt;A8res)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the generateencrypteasswordswithsalt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salage_(cryptographie)"

#. type: Content of the getmaildocumentation entity
msgid "http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/documentation.html"
msgstr "http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/documentation.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript"

#. type: Content of the gitforcvsusers entity
msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitcvs-migration.html"
msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitcvs-migration.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the git entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git"

#. type: Content of the gitmagic entity
msgid "http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/"
msgstr "http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/"

#. type: Content of the gitsvncrashcourse entity
msgid "http://git-scm.com/course/svn.html"
msgstr "http://git-scm.com/course/svn.html"

#. type: Content of the gitusersmanual entity
msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html"
msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the glyphs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphe"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnome entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnuarch entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_arch"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Arch"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnufreedocumentationlicense entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_de_documentation_libre_GNU"

#. type: Content of the gnufreefont entity
msgid "http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/freefont/"
msgstr "http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/freefont/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnugettextbcommandtoolchain entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnu entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnulalrparsergenerator entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bison"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_(GNU)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnuprivacyguard entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gnutexmacs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs"

#. type: Content of the gnuunifont entity
msgid "http://Unifoundry.com"
msgstr "http://Unifoundry.com"

#. type: Content of the strongpassword entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustesse_des_mots_de_passe"

#. type: Content of the google entity
msgid "http://www.google.com"
msgstr "http://www.google.com"

#. type: Content of the guidpartitiontablegpt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gpu entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processeur_graphique"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gui entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement_graphique"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the graphicsinterchangeformatgif entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gridfittingandhinting entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinting"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinting"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the grublegacy entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRand_Unified_Bootloader"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the gstreamer entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hanunification entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_unification"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniHan"

#. type: Content of the hanzibitmapfonthbffile entity
msgid "http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/packages/ccic/software/info/HBF-1.1/"
msgstr "http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/packages/ccic/software/info/HBF-1.1/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the harddiskdrive entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_dur"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hardlink entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien_mat&percnt;C3&percnt;A9riel"

#. type: Content of the hardwareassistedvirtualization entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the hell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the helvetica entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetica"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetica"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hexadecimal entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst&percnt;C3&percnt;A8me_hexad&percnt;"
"C3&percnt;A9cimal"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hfsplus entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS&percnt;2B"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hig entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Interface_Guidelines"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the hostname entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hpuxbyhewlettpackard entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the html entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language"

#. type: Content of the thedebianbugtrackingsystembts entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the httpcookies entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(informatique)"

#. type: Content of the httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml entity
msgid "http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html"
msgstr "http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html"

#. type: Content of the thedebianarchive entity
msgid "http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/"
msgstr "http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hypertexttransferprotocol entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"

#. type: Content of the httpkernelhandbokaliothdebianorg entity
msgid "http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org"
msgstr "http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org"

#. type: Content of the httplocalhostgdb entity
msgid "http://localhost:631/"
msgstr "http://localhost:631/"

#. type: Content of the httppackagesdebianorg entity
msgid "http://packages.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://packages.debian.org/"

#. type: Content of the httpsecuritydebianorg entity
msgid "http://security.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://security.debian.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the https entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#HTTPS"

#. type: Content of the httpsnapshotdebiannet entity
msgid "http://snapshot.debian.net/"
msgstr "http://snapshot.debian.net/"

#. type: Content of the httptldporg entity
msgid "http://tldp.org/"
msgstr "http://tldp.org/"

#. type: Content of the httptugctanorgteisttextexbooktex entity
msgid "http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex"
msgstr "http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex"

#. type: Content of the httpunifontorg entity
msgid "http://unifont.org/"
msgstr "http://unifont.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the httpwikidebianoremvirtualization entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/SystemVirtualization"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/fr/SystemVirtualization"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the httpwikidebianorgalioth entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/fr/Alioth"

#. type: Content of the httpwikidebianorg entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwchiarkgreguksgtathamputty entity
msgid "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/"
msgstr "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwcygwincom entity
msgid "http://www.cygwin.com/"
msgstr "http://www.cygwin.com/"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial entity
msgid "http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial"
msgstr "http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwgreenendokcaabaeshellhtml entity
msgid "http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html"
msgstr "http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwmacsshcom entity
msgid "http://www.macssh.com/"
msgstr "http://www.macssh.com/"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwnetfilterorgdocumentation entity
msgid "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/"
msgstr "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwunixorg entity
msgid "http://www.unix.org/"
msgstr "http://www.unix.org/"

#. type: Content of the httpwwwwikipediaorg entity
msgid "http://www.wikipedia.org/"
msgstr "http://www.wikipedia.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the hzip entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ieeeiacbb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ibmmainframe entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_mainframe"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Syst&percnt;C3&percnt;A8me_IBM"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the ibus entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ieeebdjefirewire entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the internetmessageaccessprotocol entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol"

#. type: Content of the improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags entity
msgid "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/todo.html"
msgstr "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/todo.html"

#. type: Content of the incoming entity
msgid "http://incoming.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://incoming.debian.org/"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the infozip entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-ZIP"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-ZIP"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the init entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the initrdinitramfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the inode entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the inputmethods entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M&percnt;C3&percnt;"
"A9thode_d&percnt;27entr&percnt;C3&percnt;A9e"

#. type: Content of the installdebian entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual"

#. type: Content of the integratingmswinetworkswithsamba entity
msgid ""
"http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/integrate-ms-"
"networks.html"
msgstr ""
"http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/integrate-ms-"
"networks.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the internetprintingprotocol entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Printing_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocole_d&percnt;27impression_Internet"

#. type: Content of the introductiontoibin entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ipaddress entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_IP"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ip entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol"

#. type: Content of the linuxiproutec entity
msgid ""
"http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2"
msgstr ""
"http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2"

#. type: Content of the iproutecutilitysuitehowto entity
msgid "http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html"
msgstr "http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ipvenetwork entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the irix entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irix"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium"

#. type: Content of the isdumpreallydeprecated entity
msgid "http://dump.sourceforge.net/isdumpdeprecated.html"
msgstr "http://dump.sourceforge.net/isdumpdeprecated.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2022"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-3"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-3"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isoigab entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isoiifjbf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-15"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isoiifjb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-1"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the isoiifjc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isoiifj entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isojgga entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the syslinux entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSLINUX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslinux"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the isp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fournisseur_d&percnt;27acc&percnt;C3&percnt;"
"A8s_&percnt;C3&percnt;A0_Internet"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the jackaudioconnectionkitjack entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the javaprograminglanguage entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(langage)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the javascript entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the javasoftwareplatform entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(technologie)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the jfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the jisxacbd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_0213"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_0213"

#. type: Content of the jisxeaib entity
msgid "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_4081"
msgstr "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_4081"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the jpeg entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norme_JPEG"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the karmic entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the kde entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"

#. type: Content of the kernelfaq entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/KernelFAQ"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/fr/KernelFAQ"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the kibibyte entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte"

#. type: Content of the kms entity
msgid "https://wiki.debian.org/KernelModesetting"
msgstr "https://wiki.debian.org/KernelModesetting"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the koiir entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-R"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-R"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the konqueror entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the kornshell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell"

#. type: Content of the kvm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lalrparser entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LALR_parser"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_LALR"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the localareanetworkslans entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R&percnt;C3&percnt;A9seau_local"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the latex entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lba entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lightweightdireccessprotocolldap entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the lex entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_programming_tool"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_programming_tool"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lexicalanalyzer entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_lexicale"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the liberationfontsproject entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the library entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth&percnt;C3&percnt;A8que_logicielle"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the libreoffice entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the libvirt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvirt"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvirt"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lilo entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_loader"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the links entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(web_browser)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the lint entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_programming_tool"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_programming_tool"

#. type: Content of the linuxcenathowto entity
msgid "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html"
msgstr "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html"

#. type: Content of the linuxcepacketfilteringhowto entity
msgid ""
"http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO.html"
msgstr ""
"http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO.html"

#. type: Content of the linuxcontainers entity
msgid "http://lxc.sourceforge.net/"
msgstr "http://lxc.sourceforge.net/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the linux entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the linuxkernel entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyau_Linux"

#. type: Content of the linuxnetworkadministratorsguide entity
msgid "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/"
msgstr "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/"

#. type: Content of the linuxnetworkingconceptshowto entity
msgid ""
"http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html"
msgstr ""
"http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html"

#. type: Content of the linuxnfshowto entity
msgid "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/index.html"
msgstr "http://fr.tldp.org/HOWTO/lecture/NFS-HOWTO.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the linuxstandardbase entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base"

#. type: Content of the linuxstandardbaseminitialization entity
msgid ""
"http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/"
"tocsysinit.html"
msgstr ""
"http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/"
"tocsysinit.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the linuxterminalserverproject entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project"

#. type: Content of the linuxusersguide entity
msgid ""
"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/users-guide/user-"
"beta-1.pdf.gz"
msgstr ""
"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/users-guide/user-"
"beta-1.pdf.gz"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the livecds entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the loadlin entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadlin"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadlin"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the locale entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param&percnt;C3&percnt;A8tres_r&percnt;"
"C3&percnt;A9gionaux"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the local entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local"

#. type: Content of the localuserguidetotetexlatex entity
msgid ""
"http://supportweb.cs.bham.ac.uk/documentation/LaTeX/lguide/local-guide/local-"
"guide.html"
msgstr ""
"http://supportweb.cs.bham.ac.uk/documentation/LaTeX/lguide/local-guide/local-"
"guide.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lvm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVM"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the logind entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#logind"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#logind"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the loopdevice entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lrparser entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_LR"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the luks entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lxde entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lynx entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(navigateur)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lyx entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyX"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lzhh entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_et_LZ78"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lzma entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Markov_chain_algorithm"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZMA"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the lzo entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the macaddress entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_MAC"

#. type: Content of the maciacbbapioflinux entity
msgid "http://linuxwireless.org/"
msgstr "http://linuxwireless.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the macro entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-d&percnt;C3&percnt;A9finition"

#. type: Content of the mailaddressconfieryanduseragents entity
msgid ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-customized-programs#s-mail-"
"transport-agents"
msgstr ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-customized-programs#s-mail-"
"transport-agents"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the qmailstylemaildir entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maildir"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maildir"

#. type: Content of the maildropfilterdocumentation entity
msgid "http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html"
msgstr "http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html"

#. type: Content of the mailheaderanalysis entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/DefaultMTA"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/DefaultMTA"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the make entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make"

#. type: Content of the managingaccuratedateandtimehowto entity
msgid "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/TimePrecision-HOWTO/index.html"
msgstr ""
"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/docs/howto/translations/fr/html-1page/"
"TimePrecision-HOWTO.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mandatoryaccesscontrolmac entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contr&percnt;C3&percnt;"
"B4le_d&percnt;27acc&percnt;C3&percnt;A8s_obligatoire"

#. type: Content of the manpagegitb entity
msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git.html"
msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git.html"

#. type: Content of the manyremotemirrorsites entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/mirror/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/mirror/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mariadb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MariaDB"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MariaDB"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mbr entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the maximumsegmentsize entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Segment_Size"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the maximumtransmissionunitmtu entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Transmission_Unit"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mbox entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox"

#. type: Content of the mbrbyneilturton entity
msgid "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~neilt/"
msgstr "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~neilt/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mda entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_delivery_agent"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_delivery_agent"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mdf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mercurial entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the metalink entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalink"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalink"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the microcode entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprogrammation"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the microsoftwindows entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the midnightcommandermc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the multipurposeinteilextensionsmime entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipurpose_Internet_Mail_Extensions"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the minixfilesystem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix_file_system"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX_fs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the modem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"

#. type: Content of the modifytheinitscripts entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys#s9.3.2"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys#s9.3.2"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mondorescue entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Rescue"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Rescue"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the monotone entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone_(logiciel)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mozillafirefox entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mozilla entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mozillathunderbird entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mpdmpd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1/2_Audio_Layer_3"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mpegc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mpege entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mpeg entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mplayer entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the msdos entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(icon_image_file_format)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(format_de_fichier)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mswindowsnt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mta entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_transfer_agent"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_Transfer_Agent"

#. type: Content of the multiarch entity
msgid "https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch"
msgstr "https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the multilingualizatelanguagesupport entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalisation_de_logiciel"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the multitasking entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitâche"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the multiuser entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-utilisateur"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the mutt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(e-mail_client)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the nagios entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios"

#. type: Content of the namecollision entity
msgid "http://icannwiki.com/Name_Collision"
msgstr "http://icannwiki.com/Name_Collision"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the namedpipe entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_pipe"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_nommé"

#. type: Content of the netbiosovertcpip entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the netfilteriptables entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter"

#. type: Content of the nettools entity
msgid ""
"http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/net-tools"
msgstr ""
"http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/net-tools"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the networkaddresstranslationnat entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the networkaudiosystemnas entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Audio_System"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Audio_System"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the networkblockdevice entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_block_device"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_block_device"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the networkd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#networkd"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#networkd"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the networkfirewall entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pare-feu"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the networkmanagernm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the newbie entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the nfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_file_system"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the nirvana entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvāna"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the nis entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIS+"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIS+"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the nisoriginallycalledyp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the nmap entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap"

#. type: Content of the normaldebianarchives entity
msgid "http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/"
msgstr "http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/dists/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the nouveau entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_(informatique)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the nssnameserviceswitch entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ntfsdg entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ntfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_File_System"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ntp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol"

#. type: Content of the ntppublicservicesproject entity
msgid "http://www.ntp.org/"
msgstr "http://www.ntp.org/"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the nullterminated entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_character"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_character"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ocaml entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ocr entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_optique_de_caractères"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the octal entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Système_octal"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the oggvorbis entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the openbsd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD"

#. type: Content of the openldapsoftware entity
msgid "http://www.openldap.org/"
msgstr "http://www.openldap.org/"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the sunrpc entity
msgid ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call"
msgstr ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call"

#. type: Content of the openpgppublickeyserver entity
msgid "http://sourceforge.net/projects/pks/"
msgstr "http://sourceforge.net/projects/pks/"

#. type: Content of the openslp entity
msgid "http://www.openslp.org/"
msgstr "http://www.openslp.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the opensoundsystemoss entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System"

#. type: Content of the openssh entity
msgid "http://www.openssh.org/"
msgstr "http://www.openssh.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the opentype entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the openvms entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Memory_System"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the openvz entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the opticaldiscdrive entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveur_de_disque_optique"

#. type: Content of the optimalmtuconfigeadslconnections entity
msgid "http://www.mynetwatchman.com/kb/ADSL/pppoemtu.htm"
msgstr "http://www.mynetwatchman.com/kb/ADSL/pppoemtu.htm"

#. type: Content of the othergitresourcevailableontheweb entity
msgid "http://git-scm.com/documentation"
msgstr "http://git-scm.com/documentation"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the outlookpstfiles entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Folders_(.pst)_file"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pst"

#. type: Content of the overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems entity
msgid "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/100108/"
msgstr "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/100108/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pagecache entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pampluggableauthnticationmodules entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pap entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_authentication_protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_Authentication_Protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the parallels entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_Workstation"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_Workstation"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the passwordcracking entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassage_de_mot_de_passe"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pathmtupmtudiscovery entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pccard entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_card"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-Card"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pciexpress entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pci entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the portabledocumentformatpdf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_Compatible_Regular_Expressions"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE"

#. type: Content of the perlgolf entity
msgid "http://perlgolf.sourceforge.net"
msgstr "http://perlgolf.sourceforge.net"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the perl entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_(langage)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the phonon entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon_(KDE)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon_(KDE)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the php entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP:_Hypertext_Preprocessor"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_tunneling_protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_tunneling_protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the policykit entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKit"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKit"

#. type: Content of the popcon entity
msgid "http://popcon.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://popcon.debian.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the popd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the posix entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"

#. type: Content of the postfixdocumentation entity
msgid "http://www.postfix.org/documentation.html"
msgstr "http://www.postfix.org/documentation.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the postfix entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the postgresql entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the postpoweronselftest entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-On_Self-Test"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ps entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pots entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_Telephone_Service"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ppp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocole_point_à_point"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pppoe entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPoE"

#. type: Content of the priorities entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-priorities"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-priorities"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the procfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the proxyserver entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the pseudotopleveldomain entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the pulseaudio entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseAudio"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseAudio"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the python entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(langage)"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the qcowcqcow entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow"

#. type: Content of the qemu entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the qt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the quicktimemov entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the quotedprintable entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-printable"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-Printable"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the racecondition entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_de_compétition"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the radix entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(arithmétique)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the raid entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID_(informatique)"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the rcshell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the rcs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the readonlymemoryrom entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mémoire_morte"

#. type: Content of the reasons entity
msgid ""
"http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2010/01/msg00000."
"html"
msgstr ""
"http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2010/01/msg00000."
"html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the redhatlinux entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the regularexpressions entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_rationnelle"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the reisere entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the reiserfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiserfs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS"

#. type: Content of the releasenotes entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes"

#. type: Content of the rfcbbjb entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1191"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1191"

#. type: Content of the rfcbdcb entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1321"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1321"

#. type: Content of the rfcbjbi entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918"

#. type: Content of the rfcbjdj entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1939"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1939"

#. type: Content of the rfccaef entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045"

#. type: Content of the rfccdjg entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396"

#. type: Content of the rfcceej entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2449"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2449"

#. type: Content of the rfccgbg entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616"

#. type: Content of the rfccicb entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821"

#. type: Content of the rfcciccupdatedrfcicc entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822"

#. type: Content of the rfcdfab entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501"

#. type: Content of the rfceeaj entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4409"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4409"

#. type: Content of the rfcejfe entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4954"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4954"

#. type: Content of the rfcibj entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc819"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc819"

#. type: Content of the rfcicb entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821"

#. type: Content of the rfcicc entity
msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822"
msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822"

#. type: Content of the rfcs entity
msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html"
msgstr "http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the roff entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the rootkit entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the rtbb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ruby entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the runlevels entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_level"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the secureattentionkeysak entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the samba entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(informatique)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the svgscalablevectorgraphics entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the scim entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the scribus entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the scsi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Computer_System_Interface"

#. type: Content of the sections entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-subsections"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-subsections"

#. type: Content of the secureapt entity
msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt"
msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the ssh entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell"

#. type: Content of the securingdebianmanual entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/"

#. type: Content of the securitydebianarchives entity
msgid "http://security.debian.org/dists/"
msgstr "http://security.debian.org/dists/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the securityenhancedlinuxselinux entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux"

#. type: Content of the securityupdates entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/security/"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/security/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the sender_policy_frameworkspf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the smb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the servicesetidentifier entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_identifier"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_identifier"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the sgml entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the shell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(informatique)"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the shellscript entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the shiftjis entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-JIS"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the shorewall entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall"

#. type: Content of the slp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Location_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Location_Protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the smart entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T."
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Monitoring,"
"_Analysis_and_Reporting_Technology"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the smtpauthentication entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP_Authentication"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_message_access_protocol_authentication"

#. type: Content of the smtpauth entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP-AUTH"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_message_access_protocol_authentication"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the smtp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the smtps entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the snort entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snort_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snort"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the softmac entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftMAC"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftMAC"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the softmodem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmodem"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmodem"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the solarisbysunmicrosystems entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(système_d'exploitation)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the solidstatedrivessd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"

#. type: Content of the somemailwasnotdownloaded entity
msgid ""
"http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=13291&amp;topic=1555"
msgstr ""
"http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=13291&amp;topic=1555"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the sparsefile entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file"

#. type: Content of the spoofingtheuseragentstring entity
msgid "http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs"
msgstr "http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the sqlite entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sqlite"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQlite"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the transportlayerseesocketslayerssl entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the standaloneshell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the starttls entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARTTLS"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARTTLS"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the statefulfirewall entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_firewall"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_firewall"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the staticcodeanalysis entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the steganographic entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stéganographie"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the subversion entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(logiciel)"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the superserver entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-server"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-server"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the superuser entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur_root"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the swapspace entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mémoire_virtuelle#M.C3.A9moire_virtuelle_pagin."
"C3.A9e"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the symboliclinkorsymlink entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien_symbolique"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the sysfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the systemd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the sysv entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the systemvprintercommands entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V_printing_system"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V_printing_system"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tcl entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_Command_Language"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tcpdump entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tcp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tcpip entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_des_protocoles_Internet"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tcpipnetwork entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_des_protocoles_Internet"

#. type: Content of the tcptuningguide entity
msgid "http://dsd.lbl.gov/TCP-tuning/"
msgstr "http://dsd.lbl.gov/TCP-tuning/"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the tcptuning entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_tuning"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_tuning"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tcpwrapper entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Wrapper"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Wrapper"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the telnet entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TELNET"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tenexcshell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tex entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the texlive entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX_Live"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX_Live"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the thecablemodem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem_câble"

#. type: Content of the thedebiandevelmailinglist entity
msgid "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/"
msgstr "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/"

#. type: Content of the thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-ftparchives"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-ftparchives"

#. type: Content of the thedebianusermailinglist entity
msgid "http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/"
msgstr "http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the thedslmodem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modem"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modem"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_stylesheet_language"

#. type: Content of the thegoodsecuritywththeperformance entity
msgid "http://www.infodrom.org/~joey/Writing/Linux-Journal/secure-apt/"
msgstr "http://www.infodrom.org/~joey/Writing/Linux-Journal/secure-apt/"

#. type: Content of the theinternetsocket entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_socket"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockets_du_domaine_Internet"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the theinterprocesscommunicationipc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_inter-processus"

#. type: Content of the thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg entity
msgid "http://ftp-master.debian.org/"
msgstr "http://ftp-master.debian.org/"

#. type: Content of the theldpxwindowuserhowto entity
msgid "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XWindow-User-HOWTO.html"
msgstr "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XWindow-User-HOWTO.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch"

#. type: Content of the thelinuxnisypnysnishowto entity
msgid "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NIS-HOWTO/"
msgstr "http://fr.tldp.org/HOWTO/lecture/NIS-HOWTO.html"

#. type: Content of the thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/mirror/list"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/mirror/list"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the themitsharedmemoryextension entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT-SHM"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT-SHM"

#. type: Content of the theofficialsambandreferenceguide entity
msgid "http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/"
msgstr "http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the theopticalnetworkterminalont entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTP"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx"

#. type: Content of the thepackageshortdiptionconvention entity
msgid ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-"
"practices#bpp-desc-basics"
msgstr ""
"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-"
"practices#bpp-desc-basics"

#. type: Content of the thepenguinandunicode entity
msgid "http://unifont.org/iuc27/html/ICUPresentation.html"
msgstr "http://unifont.org/iuc27/html/ICUPresentation.html"

#. type: Content of the thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages entity
msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-relationships"
msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-relationships"

#. type: Content of the thesingleunixspecificationsvc entity
msgid "http://www.unix.org/version2/"
msgstr "http://www.unix.org/version2/"

#. type: Content of the thesingleunixspecificationsvd entity
msgid "http://www.unix.org/version3/"
msgstr "http://www.unix.org/version3/"

#. type: Content of the thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide entity
msgid "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/TeTeX-HOWTO.html"
msgstr "http://fr.tldp.org/HOWTO/lecture/TeTeX-HOWTO.html"

#. type: Content of the theubuntuarchive entity
msgid "http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/"
msgstr "http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the udev entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev"

#. type: Content of the theunixdomainsocket entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_domain_socket"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockets_du_domaine_UNIX"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the tmpfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs#Linux"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs"

#. type: Content of the treregexlibrary entity
msgid "http://www.laurikari.net/tre/"
msgstr "http://www.laurikari.net/tre/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the trim entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the troff entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the truetype entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the tuntap entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUN/TAP"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUN/TAP"

#. type: Content of the ubuntu entity
msgid "http://www.ubuntu.com/"
msgstr "http://www.ubuntu.com/"

#. type: Content of the writingudevrules entity
msgid "http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html"
msgstr "http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the udf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_universel_de_disque"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the udp entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the uim entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the unbranded entity
msgid ""
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Mozilla_Corporation_software_rebranded_by_the_Debian_project"
msgstr ""
"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renommage_des_applications_de_Mozilla_par_Debian"

#. type: Content of the unbrandsmozilla entity
msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=354622"
msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=354622"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the unicode entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the universalcharactunicodeisobagegb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/CEI_10646"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the unix entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the unixvariants entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Unix"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the unixphilosophy entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_d'Unix"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the unixsccs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the uri entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the url entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator"

#. type: Content of the urw entity
msgid "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/urw.html"
msgstr "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/urw.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the usbstorage entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clé_USB"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the usb entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the usermodelinux entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-mode_Linux"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Mode_Linux"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the utcgmt entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the utfbgucsc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the utfdcucse entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32/UCS-4"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the utfi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the uuencode entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuencoding"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuencode"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the uuid entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_Unique_Identifier"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Unique_Identifier"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vdi entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox#Virtual_Desktop_Image"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the versioncontrolsystemsvcs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_de_versions"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vim entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the virtualbox entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox"

#. type: Content of the virtualboxusermanual entity
msgid "http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/UserManual.html"
msgstr "http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/UserManual.html"

#. type: Content of the virtualboxusermanualpdf entity
msgid "http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/UserManual.pdf"
msgstr "http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/UserManual.pdf"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the virtualization entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualisation"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the virtualmachinemanager entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machine_Manager"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machine_Manager"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the virtualmemory entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mémoire_virtuelle"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vlcmediaplayer entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vmdk entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMDK"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machine_Disk"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vpc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHD_(file_format)"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHD_(file_format)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vpn entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réseau_privé_virtuel"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the vtbaalike entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wan entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réseau_étendu"

#. type: Content of the watchdogtimer entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_de_garde_(informatique)"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the wavelan entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLAN"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLAN"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wdm entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the webbrowser entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Browsers"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigateur_Web"

#. type: Content of the webwmlproject entity
msgid "http://alioth.debian.org/projects/webwml/"
msgstr "http://alioth.debian.org/projects/webwml/"

#. type: Content of the whatisxlink entity
msgid "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/09/xlink/index.html"
msgstr "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/09/xlink/index.html"

#. type: Content of the whatisxml entity
msgid "http://www.xml.com/pub/a/98/10/guide0.html"
msgstr "http://www.xml.com/pub/a/98/10/guide0.html"

#. type: Content of the whatisxslfo entity
msgid "http://xml.com/pub/a/2002/03/20/xsl-fo.html"
msgstr "http://xml.com/pub/a/2002/03/20/xsl-fo.html"

#. type: Content of the whatisxslt entity
msgid "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/08/holman/index.html"
msgstr "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/08/holman/index.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wicd entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wifiprotectedaccessc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wifiprotectedaccess entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access"

#. type: Content of the windowmanagersforx entity
msgid "http://www.xwinman.org"
msgstr "http://www.xwinman.org"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the windowsdomain entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_domain"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_(Microsoft)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the windowsmediavideowmv entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wine entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wiredequivalentprivacy entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the wirelessaccesspointsaps entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the wirelesslanwlanforshort entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wireshark entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark"

#. type: Content of the wordprocessingusinglatex entity
msgid ""
"http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_basic/latex_basic."
"html"
msgstr ""
"http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_basic/latex_basic."
"html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the wysiwyg entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_You_See_Is_What_You_Get"

#. type: Content of the xbbpcfbitmapfontfiles entity
msgid "http://fontforge.sourceforge.net/pcf-format.html"
msgstr "http://fontforge.sourceforge.net/pcf-format.html"

#. type: Content of the xdgbasedirectoryspecification entity
msgid "http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html"
msgstr "http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xdmcpconnection entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xemacs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xen entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xfce entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xfs entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xft entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xft"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFT_(bibliothèque_logicielle)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xwindowsystem entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"

#. type: Content of the xmlcom entity
msgid "http://xml.com/"
msgstr "http://xml.com/"

#. type: Content of the xorg entity
msgid "http://www.x.org/"
msgstr "http://www.x.org/"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xrenderingextension entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRender"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRender"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the xsession entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_session_manager"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_session_manager"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xwindowmanager entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_window_manager"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestionnaire_de_fenêtres"

# ################# no-translaton
#. type: Content of the xxencode entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xxencode"
msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xxencode"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the xz entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xz"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XZ_(format_de_fichier)"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the yacc entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_et_yacc"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the zeroconf entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf"

# ----------------- translated
#. type: Content of the zshell entity
msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell"
msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsh"

#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book>
msgid "en"
msgstr "fr"

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
msgid "Debian Reference"
msgstr "Référence Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
msgid ""
"<author> <personname> <othername>Osamu Aoki</othername> </personname> </"
"author>"
msgstr ""
"<author> <personname> <othername>Osamu Aoki</othername> </personname> </"
"author>"

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
msgid ""
"This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms "
"of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian "
"Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)."
msgstr ""
"Ce livre est libre ; vous pouvez le redistribuer et le modifier selon les "
"termes de la Licence Publique Générale GNU («&nbsp;GNU GPL&nbsp;») avec "
"n’importe quelle version compatible avec les Règles des Logiciels Libres "
"selon Debian (DFSG)."

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
msgid "<copyright> <year>2013</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>"
msgstr "<copyright> <year>2013</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>"

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid ""
"This Debian Reference (v2) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad "
"overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers "
"many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for non-"
"developers."
msgstr ""
"Ce guide de référence Debian (v2) (&build-date;) est destiné à procurer un "
"large aperçu du système Debian en tant que guide de l’utilisateur d’un "
"système installé. Il couvre de nombreux aspects de l’administration du "
"système à l’aide d’exemples de commandes de l’interpréteur pour les non-"
"développeurs."

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><cover><mediaobject>
msgid ""
"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"debian-openlogo.png\"/> </imageobject>"
msgstr ""
"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"debian-openlogo.png\"/> </imageobject>"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
msgid "Preface"
msgstr "Préface"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
msgid ""
"This <ulink url=\"&debianreferenceversionc;\">Debian Reference (version 2)</"
"ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian "
"system administration as a post-installation user guide."
msgstr ""
"Cette <ulink url=\"&debianreferenceversionc;\">Référence Debian (version 2)</"
"ulink> (&build-date;) est destinée à fournir un large aperçu de "
"l’administration d’un système Debian, sous la forme d’un guide «&nbsp;post-"
"installation&nbsp;» de l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
msgid ""
"The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who "
"is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink url="
"\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> system works."
msgstr ""
"Le lecteur cible est quelqu’un qui désire apprendre les scripts de "
"l’interpréteur de commandes mais qui ne souhaite pas lire tous les sources "
"en C pour comprendre le fonctionnement du système <ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</"
"ulink> /<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
msgid "Disclaimer"
msgstr "Clause de non responsabilité"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
msgid ""
"All warranties are disclaimed.  All trademarks are property of their "
"respective trademark owners."
msgstr ""
"Toute garantie est rejetée. Toutes les marques déposées sont la propriété de "
"leurs détenteurs respectifs."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system itself is a moving target.  This makes its documentation "
"difficult to be current and correct.  Although the current unstable version "
"of the Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents "
"may be already outdated by the time you read this."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian lui-même est une cible mouvante. Cela rend difficile le "
"maintien à jour et l’exactitude de sa documentation. Bien que la version "
"instable («&nbsp;unstable&nbsp;») du système Debian ait été utilisée pour "
"écrire ce document, certaines parties peuvent être dépassées au moment où "
"vous lisez cela."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does "
"not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not "
"take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in "
"this document."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez prendre ce document comme une référence secondaire. Ce document ne "
"remplace aucun des guides autorisés. L’auteur et les contributeurs ne "
"pourront être tenus pour responsables des conséquences des erreurs, "
"omissions ou ambiguïtés que comporte ce document."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
msgid "What is Debian"
msgstr "Ce qu’est Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&debianproject;\">Debian Project</ulink> is an association "
"of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating "
"system.  It's distribution is characterized by the following."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&debianproject;\">Projet Debian</ulink> est une association "
"de personnes qui ont fait cause commune afin de créer un système "
"d’exploitation libre. Sa distribution est caractérisée par&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink url="
"\"&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;\">Debian Social Contract and Debian "
"Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"un engagement dans la liberté du logiciel : <ulink url="
"\"&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;\">Le contrat social Debian et les "
"Lignes directrices du logiciel libre selon Debian (DFSG)</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink url="
"\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"un effort distribué, volontaire et bénévole, basé sur Internet : <ulink url="
"\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Large number of pre-compiled high quality softwares"
msgstr "un grand nombre de logiciels de grande qualité et déjà compilés&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates"
msgstr ""
"l’accent sur la stabilité et la sécurité avec un accès facile aux mises à "
"jour de sécurité&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Focus on smooth upgrade to latest softwares with <literal>unstable</literal> "
"and <literal>testing</literal> archives"
msgstr ""
"l’accent sur une mise à niveau en douceur vers les dernières versions des "
"logiciels par l’utilisation des archives <literal>unstable</literal> et "
"<literal>testing</literal>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Large number of supported hardware architectures"
msgstr "la prise en charge d’un grand nombre d’architectures matérielles."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
msgid ""
"Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&x;\">X</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&isc;\">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&apache;\">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common Unix Printing "
"System </ulink>, <ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gnome;"
"\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mozilla;"
"\">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&java;\">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&berkeleydb;\">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mariadb;\">MariaDB</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&postgresql;\">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&sqlite;"
"\">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&exim;\">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&postfix;"
"\">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mutt;\">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&freebsd;\">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&planj;\">Plan 9</ulink> and many more independent free "
"software projects.  Debian integrates this diversity of Free Software into "
"one system."
msgstr ""
"Les éléments des logiciels libres de Debian proviennent de <ulink url=\"&gnu;"
"\">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bsd;"
"\">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&x;\">X</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&isc;\">ISC</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&apache;\">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;"
"\">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common "
"UNIX Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&mozilla;\">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice."
"org</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&docbook;"
"\">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&python;"
"\">Python</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&java;"
"\">Java</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&php;"
"\">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&berkeleydb;\">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&mariadb;\">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&postgresql;\">PostgreSQL</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&exim;\">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&postfix;\">Postfix</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mutt;\">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&freebsd;"
"\">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&planj;\">Plan 9</ulink> et de nombreux autres projets de logiciels libres "
"indépendants. Debian intègre cette diversité de logiciels libres dans un "
"seul système."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
msgid "About this document"
msgstr "À propos de ce document"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
msgid "Guiding rules"
msgstr "Règles"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid "Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document."
msgstr ""
"Les règles suivantes ont été suivies lors de la compilation de ce "
"document&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">Big "
"Picture</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"fournir un aperçu et passer les cas marginaux (<emphasis role=\"strong\">vue "
"d’ensemble</emphasis>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">KISS</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"le garder court et simple (<emphasis role=\"strong\">KISS</emphasis>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role=\"strong\">the "
"existing references</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"ne pas réinventer la roue (utiliser des liens pointant vers <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">les références existantes</emphasis>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">shell "
"examples</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"mettre l’accent sur les outils n’ayant pas d’interface graphique ou en mode "
"console (utiliser <emphasis role=\"strong\">des exemples en ligne de "
"commande</emphasis>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Be objective. (Use <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> etc.)"
msgstr "être objectif (utiliser <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink>, etc.)."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system."
msgstr ""
"J’ai essayé d’éclaircir les aspects hiérarchiques et les niveaux les plus "
"bas du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
msgid "Prerequisites"
msgstr "Exigences de départ"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond "
"this documentation.  This document only gives efficient starting points."
msgstr ""
"On attend de vous que vous fassiez des efforts pour rechercher des réponses "
"par vous-même au-delà de cette documentation. Ce document ne donne que des "
"points de départs efficaces."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid "You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez chercher vous-même une solution dans les sources primaires&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian site at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</"
"ulink> for the general information"
msgstr ""
"le site Debian en <ulink url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</"
"ulink> pour les informations générales&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The documentation under the \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;package_name&gt;</"
"literal>\" directory"
msgstr ""
"la documentation dans le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;"
"nom_paquet&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Unix style <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis>: \"<literal>dpkg "
"-L &lt;package_name&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"les <emphasis role=\"strong\">pages de manuel (manpage)</emphasis> de style "
"UNIX : «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nom_paquet&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The GNU style <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis>: "
"\"<literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt; |grep '/info/'</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"les <emphasis role=\"strong\">pages info</emphasis> de style GNU : «&nbsp;"
"<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nom_paquet&gt; |grep '/info/'</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The bug report: <ulink url=\"&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;\">http://bugs."
"debian.org/&lt;package_name&gt;</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"les signalements de bogues : <ulink url=\"&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;\"> "
"http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian Wiki at <ulink url=\"&httpwikidebianorg;\">http://wiki.debian.org/"
"</ulink> for the moving and specific topics"
msgstr ""
"le Wiki Debian en <ulink url=\"&httpwikidebianorg;\">http://wiki.debian.org/"
"</ulink> pour les sujets spécifiques ou changeants&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The HOWTOs from The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) at <ulink url="
"\"&httptldporg;\">http://tldp.org/</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"les HOWTOs du Projet de documentation Linux (TLDP) en <ulink url="
"\"&httptldporg;\">http://tldp.org/</ulink> et leurs traductions disponibles "
"sur la partie francophone en <ulink url=\"http://fr.tldp.org/\">http://fr."
"tldp.org/</ulink> ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's The UNIX System Home "
"Page at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwunixorg;\">http://www.unix.org/</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;The Single UNIX Specification&nbsp;» depuis la page d’entrée «&nbsp;"
"The UNIX System&nbsp;» de l’Open Group en <ulink url=\"&httpwwwunixorg;"
"\">http://www.unix.org/</ulink> ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwwikipediaorg;"
"\">http://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"l’encyclopédie libre de Wikipedia en <ulink url=\"&httpwwwwikipediaorg;"
"\">http://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding "
"documentation package named with \"<literal>-doc</literal>\" as its suffix."
msgstr ""
"Pour accéder à une documentation détaillée, vous devrez installer les "
"paquets de documentation qui correspondent au nom du paquet avec le suffixe "
"«&nbsp;<literal>-doc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
msgid "Conventions"
msgstr "Conventions"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This document provides information through the following simplified "
"presentation style with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> shell command examples."
msgstr ""
"Ce document fournit des informations en utilisant le style de présentation "
"simplifié suivant, avec des exemples de commandes de l’interpréteur "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle> bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# &lt;command in root account&gt;\n"
"$ &lt;command in user account&gt;"
msgstr ""
"# &lt;commande avec le compte root&gt;\n"
"$ &lt;commande avec le compte d'un utilisateur&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set "
"environment variables as: \"<literal>PS1='\\$'</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>PS2=' '</literal>\".  These values are chosen for the sake of "
"readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system."
msgstr ""
"Ces invites de l’interpréteur de commandes permettent de distinguer le "
"compte utilisé et correspondent à la définition des variables "
"d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>PS1='\\$'</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>PS2=' '</literal>&nbsp;». Ces valeurs ont été choisies pour ce "
"document dans un but de lisibilité, elles ne sont pas représentatives d’un "
"système réel."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"See the meaning of the \"<literal>$PS1</literal>\" and \"<literal>$PS2</"
"literal>\" environment variables in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez la signification des variables d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$PS1</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>$PS2</literal>&nbsp;» dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Action</emphasis> required by the system "
"administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. \"Type Enter-key "
"after typing each command string to the shell.\""
msgstr ""
"L’<emphasis role=\"strong\">action</emphasis> demandée à l’administrateur du "
"système est écrite sous forme d’une phrase impérative, par exemple «&nbsp;"
"Pressez la touche Entrée après la saisie de chaque chaîne de commande dans "
"l’interpréteur de commandes.&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">description</emphasis> column and similar ones "
"in the table may contain a <emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> "
"following <ulink url=\"&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;\">the package "
"short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as \"a"
"\" and \"the\".  They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading \"to\" "
"following the short command description convention in manpages.  These may "
"look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep "
"this documentation as simple as possible.  These <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor end with "
"periods following these short description convention."
msgstr ""
"La colonne de <emphasis role=\"strong\">description</emphasis> ou similaire "
"dans le tableau peut contenir une <emphasis role=\"strong\">locution "
"nominale</emphasis> selon la <ulink url=\"&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;"
"\">convention de description courte du paquet</ulink> qui supprime les "
"articles se trouvant en tête tels que  «&nbsp;un&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"le&nbsp;» («&nbsp;a&nbsp;», «&nbsp;the&nbsp;»). Elle peut contenir une "
"phrase à l’infinitif comme <emphasis role=\"strong\">locution nominale</"
"emphasis> sans le «&nbsp;to&nbsp;» de tête (NdT&nbsp;: en français, une "
"phrase impérative commençant par un verbe à l’infinitif), suivie de la "
"description courte de la commande selon la convention des pages de manuel. "
"Cela peut sembler bizarre à certaines personnes mais ce sont les choix "
"voulus par l’auteur afin de garder cette documentation la plus simple "
"possible. Ces <emphasis role=\"strong\">locutions nominales</emphasis>, "
"selon cette convention de description courte, n’ont pas de majuscule à la "
"première lettre et ne se terminent pas par un point."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their "
"location."
msgstr ""
"Les noms propres, y compris les noms de commandes, gardent leur casse "
"indépendamment de l’endroit où ils se trouvent."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text "
"paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, "
"such as \"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">morceau de commande</emphasis> cité dans le "
"paragraphe d’un texte sera signalé par une police «&nbsp;"
"typewriter&nbsp;» (machine à écrire) entre guillemets, comme par exemple "
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file "
"quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double "
"quotation marks, such as \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les <emphasis role=\"strong\">données textuelles</emphasis> d’un fichier de "
"configuration citées dans un paragraphe seront signalées par une police de "
"type machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple «&nbsp;"
"<literal>deb-src</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in "
"the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in "
"parenthesis, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  You are encouraged "
"to obtain information by typing the following."
msgstr ""
"Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">commande</emphasis> sera indiquée par son nom "
"dans la police machine à écrire suivi, de manière facultative, par le numéro "
"de section de la page de manuel entre parenthèses, comme par exemple "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations "
"complémentaires en entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ man 1 bash"
msgstr "$ man 1 bash"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in "
"the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, "
"such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  You are encouraged "
"to obtain information by typing the following."
msgstr ""
"Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">page de manuel</emphasis> est indiquée par son "
"nom dans la police machine à écrire suivie, entre parenthèses, du numéro de "
"la section de la page de manuel, comme par exemple, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list </refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations "
"complémentaires en entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ man 5 sources.list"
msgstr "$ man 5 sources.list"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command "
"snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "
"\"<literal>info make</literal>\".  You are encouraged to obtain information "
"by typing the following."
msgstr ""
"Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">page info</emphasis> est indiquée par un "
"fragment entre guillemets de la commande correspondante dans la police "
"machine à écrire, comme par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>info make</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations "
"complémentaires en entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ info make"
msgstr "$ info make"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">filename</emphasis> is referred by the "
"typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>/etc/"
"passwd</literal>\".  For configuration files, you are encouraged to obtain "
"information by typing the following."
msgstr ""
"Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de fichier</emphasis> est indiqué par une "
"police machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;». En ce qui concerne les fichiers de "
"configuration, vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations "
"complémentaires en entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sensible-pager \"/etc/passwd\""
msgstr "$ sensible-pager \"/etc/passwd\""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the "
"typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>/etc/init."
"d/</literal>\".  You are encouraged to explore its contents by typing the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de répertoire</emphasis> est indiqué par la "
"police machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>&nbsp;». Vous êtes encouragé à explorer son "
"contenu en entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ mc \"/etc/init.d/\""
msgstr "$ mc \"/etc/init.d/\""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name "
"in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>.  You are encouraged "
"to obtain information by typing the following."
msgstr ""
"Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de paquet</emphasis> est indiqué par son "
"nom dans la police machine à écrire, comme par exemple <literal>vim</"
"literal>. Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations complémentaires "
"en entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ dpkg -L vim\n"
"$ apt-cache show vim\n"
"$ aptitude show vim"
msgstr ""
"$ dpkg -L vim\n"
"$ apt-cache show vim\n"
"$ aptitude show vim"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its "
"location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation "
"marks, such as \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</"
"literal>\"; or by its <ulink url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink url="
"\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>.  You are encouraged to "
"read the documentation by typing the following."
msgstr ""
"On peut indiquer l’emplacement d’une <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">documentation</emphasis> par son nom de fichier dans la police machine à "
"écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/"
"doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>&nbsp;» ou par son <ulink url="
"\"&url;\">URL</ulink>, comme par exemple <ulink url= \"&httpwwwdebianorg;"
"\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>. Vous êtes encouragé à lire la "
"documentation en entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ zcat \"/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz\" | sensible-pager\n"
"$ sensible-browser \"/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html\"\n"
"$ sensible-browse \"http://www.debian.org\""
msgstr ""
"$ zcat \"/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz\" | sensible-pager\n"
"$ sensible-browser \"/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html\"\n"
"$ sensible-browse \"http://www.debian.org\""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An <emphasis role=\"strong\">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by "
"its name with leading \"<literal>$</literal>\" in the typewriter font "
"between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\".  You "
"are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following."
msgstr ""
"Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">variable d’environnement</emphasis> est "
"indiquée par son nom précédé d’un «&nbsp;<literal>$</literal>&nbsp;» dans la "
"police machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$TERM</literal>&nbsp;». Vous êtes encouragé à obtenir sa valeur actuelle en "
"entrant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ echo \"$TERM\""
msgstr "$ echo \"$TERM\""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
msgid "The popcon"
msgstr "Le concours de popularité («&nbsp;popcon&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the "
"objective measure for the popularity of each package.  It was downloaded on "
"&pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports "
"over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures."
msgstr ""
"Les données du <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> sont présentées comme "
"une manière objective de mesurer la popularité de chaque paquet. Elles sont "
"téléchargées depuis &pop-date; et contiennent un total de &pop-submissions; "
"soumissions de rapports pour &pop-packages; paquets binaires et &pop-"
"architectures; architectures."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently.  The popcon data "
"contains reports from many old system installations."
msgstr ""
"Vous remarquerez que l’archive <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable </"
"literal> ne contient actuellement que &all-packages; paquets. Les données de "
"popularité contiennent des rapports venant de nombreuses installations "
"anciennes."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The popcon number preceded with \"V:\" for \"votes\" is calculated by \"1000 "
"* (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the "
"total popcon submissions)\"."
msgstr ""
"Le numéro de «&nbsp;popcon&nbsp;», précédé par un «&nbsp;V:&nbsp;» pour "
"«&nbsp;votes&nbsp;», est calculé par «&nbsp;1000 * (soumissions popcon pour "
"le paquet exécuté récemment sur le PC)/(nombre total des soumissions "
"popcon)&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The popcon number preceded with \"I:\" for \"installs\" is calculated by "
"\"1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the "
"total popcon submissions)\"."
msgstr ""
"Le numéro de «&nbsp;popcon&nbsp;», précédé par un «&nbsp;I:&nbsp;» pour "
"«&nbsp;installations&nbsp;», est calculé par «&nbsp;1000 * (soumissions "
"popcon pour le paquet installé sur le PC)/(nombre total des soumissions "
"popcon)&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the "
"importance of packages.  There are many factors which can skew statistics.  "
"For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories "
"such as \"<literal>/bin</literal>\" with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" "
"option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled \"vote\" "
"from such system."
msgstr ""
"Les données numériques de popcon ne doivent pas être considérées comme des "
"mesures absolues de l’importance des paquets. Il y a de nombreux facteurs "
"qui peuvent fausser les statistiques. Par exemple, certains systèmes "
"participant au popcon ont monté des répertoires tels que «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"bin</literal>&nbsp;» avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>noatime</literal>&nbsp;» "
"afin d’améliorer les performances du système et ont, de ce fait, désactivé "
"le «&nbsp;vote&nbsp;» de tels systèmes."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
msgid "The package size"
msgstr "Taille du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each "
"package.  It is based on the \"<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>\" reported "
"by \"<literal>apt-cache show</literal>\" or \"<literal>aptitude show</"
"literal>\" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> architecture for "
"the <literal>unstable</literal> release).  The reported size is in KiB "
"(<ulink url=\"&kibibyte;\">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 bytes)."
msgstr ""
"Les données correspondant à la taille du paquet sont aussi présentées comme "
"une mesure objective de chacun des paquets. Elles sont basées sur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;taille installée&nbsp;») "
"indiquée par la commande «&nbsp;<literal>apt-cache show</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude show </literal>&nbsp;» (actuellement sur "
"l’architecture <literal>&arch;</literal> et pour la version "
"<literal>unstable</literal>). La taille est indiquée en Kio (<ulink url="
"\"&kibibyte;\">kibioctet</ulink> = unité pour 1024 octets)."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package "
"in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs "
"other packages with significant contents by the dependency.  The dummy "
"package enables a smooth transition or split of the package."
msgstr ""
"Si un paquet a une taille de faible valeur numérique, cela peut vouloir dire "
"que le paquet de la version <literal>unstable</literal> est un paquet «&nbsp;"
"dummy&nbsp;» qui permet l’installation par dépendances d’autres paquets "
"ayant un contenu significatif. Un paquet dummy permet une transition en "
"douceur ou un éclatement du paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"A package size followed by \"(*)\" indicates that the package in the "
"<literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the "
"<literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead."
msgstr ""
"Une taille de paquet suivie de «&nbsp;(*)&nbsp;» indique que la version "
"<literal>unstable</literal> du paquet est absente et que la taille du paquet "
"venant de la version <literal>experimental</literal> a été utilisée en "
"remplacement."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
msgid "Bug reports on this document"
msgstr "Signalements de bogues concernant ce document"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package "
"using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> if you find any issues on this document. Please "
"include correction suggestion by \"<literal>diff -u</literal>\" to the plain "
"text version or to the source."
msgstr ""
"Si vous découvrez des problèmes dans ce document, veuillez signaler les "
"bogues du paquet <literal>debian-reference</literal> en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Veuillez inclure des suggestions de correction en "
"lançant «&nbsp;<literal>diff -u</literal>&nbsp;» sur la version en texte "
"brut ou sur le source."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
msgid "Some quotes for new users"
msgstr "Quelques citations pour les nouveaux utilisateurs"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help "
"enlighten new users."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques citations intéressantes venant de la liste de diffusion "
"Debian et qui peuvent aider les nouveaux utilisateurs à y voir plus "
"clair&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"This is Unix.  It gives you enough rope to hang yourself.\" --- Miquel van "
"Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;This is UNIX. It gives you enough rope to hang yourself.&nbsp;» --- "
"Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels@cistron.nl&gt;</literal> (C’est "
"UNIX. Il vous donne assez de corde pour vous pendre vous-même)."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are.\" "
"--- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;UNIX IS user friendly... It's just selective about who its friends "
"are.&nbsp;» --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef@add.no&gt;</literal> "
"(UNIX <emphasis role=\"strong\">est</emphasis> l’ami de l’utilisateur… Il "
"choisit juste qui sont ses amis)."

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
msgid ""
"Wikipedia has article \"<ulink url=\"&unixphilosophy;\">Unix philosophy</"
"ulink>\" which lists interesting quotes."
msgstr ""
"L’article Wikipédia «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&unixphilosophy;\">Philosophie "
"d’Unix</ulink>&nbsp;» contient une liste de citations intéressantes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "GNU/Linux tutorials"
msgstr "Didacticiels GNU/Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language.  "
"Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice "
"it yourself.  In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few "
"basic points."
msgstr ""
"Je pense qu’apprendre un système d’exploitation est comme apprendre une "
"nouvelle langue étrangère. Bien que les livres de didacticiels et de "
"documentation soient utiles, vous devrez pratiquer vous-même. Pour vous "
"aider à vous lancer en douceur, je vais développer quelques points "
"fondamentaux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The powerful design of <ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="
"\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> comes from the "
"<ulink url=\"&unix;\">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink url="
"\"&multiuser;\">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&multitasking;"
"\">multitasking</ulink> operating system.  You must learn to take advantage "
"of the power of these features and similarities between Unix and GNU/Linux."
msgstr ""
"La puissance de la conception de <ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> "
"<ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> vient "
"du système d’exploitation <ulink url=\"&unix;\">UNIX</ulink>, c’est-à-dire "
"un système d’exploitation <ulink url=\"&multiuser;\">multi-utilisateurs</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&multitasking;\">multi-tâches</ulink>. Vous devrez "
"apprendre à tirer parti de la puissance de ces fonctionnalités et des "
"similitudes entre UNIX et GNU/Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux "
"texts, as this robs you of much useful information."
msgstr ""
"N’écartez pas des textes orientés UNIX en ne vous reposant que sur les "
"textes GNU/Linux, cela vous priverait de beaucoup d’informations utiles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
msgid ""
"If you have been using any <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> "
"system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I "
"explain here.  Please use this as a reality check and refresher."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez utilisé pendant un certain temps des systèmes <ulink url="
"\"&unixlike;\">ressemblant à UNIX</ulink> avec des outils en ligne de "
"commande, vous connaissez sans doute tout ce que j’explique ici. Vous "
"pourrez utiliser ce document pour actualiser vos connaissances."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Console basics"
msgstr "Bases pour la console"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The shell prompt"
msgstr "L’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login "
"screen if you did not install <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window "
"System</ulink> with the display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal>. "
"Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the login prompt looks as "
"follows."
msgstr ""
"Au démarrage du système, si vous n’avez pas installé le <ulink url="
"\"&xwindowsystem;\">système X Window</ulink> avec un gestionnaire "
"d’affichage tel que <literal>gdm3</literal>, un écran d’identification en "
"mode caractères vous est présenté. Supposons que le nom d’hôte de votre "
"machine soit <literal>toto</literal>, l’invite d’identification ressemblera "
"alors à ceci&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "foo login:"
msgstr "toto login:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you did install a <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> environment such as "
"<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, "
"then you can get to a login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F1, and you can return to the "
"GUI environment via Alt-F7 (see <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/> below "
"for more)."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez installé un <ulink url=\"&gui;\">environnement graphique</"
"ulink> (GUI) tel que <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> ou <ulink url="
"\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, vous pouvez alors obtenir une telle invite "
"d’identification par Ctrl-Alt-F1, vous pourrez ensuite revenir à "
"l’environnement graphique par Alt-F7 (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_virtual_consoles\"/> ci-dessous pour davantage d’informations)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"At the login prompt, you type your username, e.g. <literal>penguin</"
"literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your password and press the "
"Enter-key again."
msgstr ""
"À l’invite d’identification, entrez votre nom d’utilisateur, par exemple "
"<literal>pingouin</literal>, et pressez la touche Entrée, entrez ensuite "
"votre mot de passe et pressez de nouveau la touche Entrée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system "
"are case sensitive.  The username is usually chosen only from the "
"lowercase.  The first user account is usually created during the "
"installation.  Additional user accounts can be created with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> by root."
msgstr ""
"Conformément à la tradition UNIX, l’identifiant de l’utilisateur et le mot "
"de passe sur un système Debian sont sensibles à la casse. L’identifiant de "
"l’utilisateur est habituellement choisi uniquement en minuscules. Le premier "
"compte d’utilisateur est normalement créé lors de l’installation. Des "
"comptes d’utilisateurs supplémentaires peuvent être créés avec la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> par l’administrateur (root)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The system starts with the greeting message stored in \"<literal>/etc/motd</"
"literal>\" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command prompt."
msgstr ""
"Le système démarre avec le message de bienvenue qui se trouve dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>&nbsp;» (Message du jour&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Message "
"Of The Day&nbsp;») et présente une invite de commande comme&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Debian GNU/Linux jessie/sid foo tty1\n"
"foo login: penguin\n"
"Password:\n"
"Last login: Mon Sep 23 19:36:44 JST 2013 on tty3\n"
"Linux snoopy 3.11-1-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.11.6-2 (2013-11-01) x86_64\n"
"\n"
"The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n"
"the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n"
"individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n"
"\n"
"Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n"
"permitted by applicable law.\n"
"foo:~$"
msgstr ""
"Debian GNU/Linux jessie/sid toto tty1\n"
"toto login: pingouin\n"
"Password:\n"
"Last login: Mon Sep 23 19:36:44 JST 2013 on tty3\n"
"Linux snoopy 3.11-1-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.11.6-2 (2013-11-01) x86_64\n"
"\n"
"The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n"
"the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n"
"individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n"
"\n"
"Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n"
"permitted by applicable law.\n"
"toto:~$"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, the main part of the greeting message can be customized by editing the "
"\"<literal>/etc/motd.tail</literal>\" file. The first line is generated from "
"the system information using \"<literal>uname -snrvm</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Dans cet exemple, la partie principale du message d’accueil peut être "
"personnalisée en éditant le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/motd.tail</"
"literal>&nbsp;». La première ligne est générée à partir des informations du "
"système obtenues par la commande «&nbsp; <literal>uname -snrvm</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Now you are in the <ulink url=\"&shell;\">shell</ulink>. The shell "
"interprets your commands."
msgstr ""
"Vous êtes maintenant sous <ulink url=\"&shell;\">l’interpréteur de "
"commandes</ulink> («&nbsp;shell&nbsp;»). Le shell interprète vos commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The shell prompt under X"
msgstr "Invite de l’interpréteur de commandes sous X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you installed <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window System</ulink> with "
"a display manager such as <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>'s "
"<literal>gdm3</literal> by selecting \"Desktop environment\" task during the "
"installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon "
"starting your system.  You type your username and your password to login to "
"the non-privileged user account.  Use tab to navigate between username and "
"password, or use the mouse and primary click."
msgstr ""
"Si, lors de l’installation, vous avez installé, avec le <ulink url="
"\"&xwindowsystem;\">système X Window</ulink>, un gestionnaire graphique de "
"session tel que <literal>gdm3</literal> de <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</"
"ulink> en sélectionnant la tâche «&nbsp;Environnement de bureau&nbsp;», un "
"écran d’identification graphique vous sera présenté au démarrage de votre "
"système. Entrez votre nom d’utilisateur et votre mot de passe pour vous "
"connecter à un compte d’utilisateur sans privilège. Utilisez la touche de "
"tabulation pour passer du champ d’entrée de l’utilisateur à celui du mot de "
"passe ou utilisez la souris et un clic-gauche."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can gain the shell prompt under X by starting a <literal>x-terminal-"
"emulator</literal> program such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-"
"terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  Under the GNOME "
"Desktop environment, clicking \"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Terminal"
"\" does the trick."
msgstr ""
"Sous X, vous pouvez obtenir une invite de l’interpréteur de commandes en "
"lançant un programme d’<literal>émulation de terminal-x</literal> comme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Sous l’environnement de bureau GNOME, il suffit de cliquer "
"«&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Accessoires&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;"
"Terminal&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can also see the section below <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi consulter la <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/> ci-"
"dessous."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there "
"may be no obvious starting point for the menu.  If this happens, just try "
"(right) clicking the background of the desktop screen and hope for a menu to "
"pop-up."
msgstr ""
"Sous d’autres environnements de bureau (comme <literal>fluxbox</literal>), "
"il peut ne pas y avoir de point d’accès évident au menu. Si cela se produit, "
"essayez simplement de faire un clic-droit sur le fond d’écran de "
"l’environnement de bureau en espérant voir apparaître un menu."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The root account"
msgstr "Compte de l’administrateur (root)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The root account is also called <ulink url=\"&superuser;\">superuser</ulink> "
"or privileged user.  From this account, you can perform the following system "
"administration tasks."
msgstr ""
"Le compte de l’administrateur (root) est encore appelé <ulink url="
"\"&superuser;\">superutilisateur</ulink> ou utilisateur privilégié. Depuis "
"ce compte, vous pouvez effectuer les opérations d’administration du système "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file "
"permissions"
msgstr ""
"lire, écrire et effacer n’importe quel fichier du système quelles que soient "
"ses permissions&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system"
msgstr ""
"définir le propriétaire et les permissions de n’importe quel fichier du "
"système&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system"
msgstr ""
"définir le mot de passe de n’importe quel utilisateur non-privilégié du "
"système&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Login to any accounts without their passwords"
msgstr "vous connecter à n’importe quel compte sans mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and "
"responsible when using it."
msgstr ""
"La puissance illimitée du compte de l’administrateur fait que vous devez "
"être attentif et responsable lorsque vous l’utilisez."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid "Never share the root password with others."
msgstr ""
"Ne donnez jamais le mot de passe de l’administrateur à d’autres personnes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM etc. "
"which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it unusable or "
"inaccessible by non-root users.  Although the use of root account is a quick "
"way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should be done through "
"proper setting of file permissions and user's group membership (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Les permissions d’un fichier (y compris les fichiers de périphériques tels "
"que les CD-ROM ou autres, qui ne sont que des fichiers parmi d’autres pour "
"le système Debian) peuvent le rendre inutilisable ou inaccessible à des "
"utilisateurs autres que l’administrateur. Bien que l’utilisation du compte "
"de l’administrateur soit un moyen rapide de test dans une telle situation, "
"sa résolution devra être effectuée en définissant correctement les droits de "
"fichiers et les membres des groupes d’utilisateurs (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The root shell prompt"
msgstr "Invite de l’interpréteur de commandes pour l’administrateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root "
"password."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques méthodes de base pour obtenir l’invite de l’interpréteur de "
"commande de l’administrateur en utilisant le mot de passe de «&nbsp;"
"root&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt."
msgstr ""
"entrez <literal>root</literal> à l’invite de connexion en mode "
"caractère&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Click \"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Root Terminal\", under the "
"GNOME Desktop environment."
msgstr ""
"sous l’environnement de bureau GNOME, cliquez «&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;» → "
"«&nbsp;Accessoires&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Terminal administrateur&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Type \"<literal>su -l</literal>\" from any user shell prompt."
msgstr ""
"entrez «&nbsp;<literal>su -l</literal>&nbsp;» depuis une invite quelconque "
"de l’interpréteur de commandes&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "This does not preserve the environment of the current user."
msgstr "cela ne préserve pas l’environnement de l’utilisateur actuel ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Type \"<literal>su</literal>\" from any user shell prompt."
msgstr ""
"entrez «&nbsp;<literal>su</literal>&nbsp;» depuis une invite quelconque de "
"l’interpréteur de commandes ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "This preserves some of the environment of the current user."
msgstr "cela préserve une partie de l’environnement de l’utilisateur actuel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "GUI system administration tools"
msgstr "Outils graphiques d’administration du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools "
"automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the "
"root shell prompt of the X terminal emulator, such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. See <xref linkend=\"_the_root_shell_prompt\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_running_x_clients_as_root\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque le menu de votre environnement de bureau ne démarre pas "
"automatiquement, avec les droits appropriés, l’interface graphique des "
"outils d’administration du système, vous pouvez les démarrer depuis l’invite "
"de l’interpréteur du compte de l’administrateur dans un émulateur de "
"terminal X, tel que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_root_shell_prompt\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_running_x_clients_as_root\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing "
"in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Ne jamais lancer un affichage X ou un gestionnaire de session avec le compte "
"de l’administrateur en entrant <literal>root</literal> à l’invite d’un "
"gestionnaire d’écran tel que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical "
"information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen."
msgstr ""
"Ne jamais faire tourner de programme distant non sûrs avec une interface "
"graphique sous X Window lorsque des informations critiques sont affichées "
"parce votre écran X peut être espionné."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Virtual consoles"
msgstr "Consoles virtuelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink url="
"\"&vtbaalike;\">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start the "
"command shell directly on the Linux host.  Unless you are in a GUI "
"environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the "
"<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — "
"<literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously.  Each character console allows "
"independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment.  This "
"multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive."
msgstr ""
"Il y a, dans le système Debian par défaut, six consoles commutables en mode "
"caractères de type <ulink url=\"&vtbaalike;\">VT100</ulink> disponibles pour "
"lancer directement l’interpréteur de commandes sur la machine Linux. À moins "
"que vous ne disposiez d’un environnement graphique, vous pouvez basculer "
"entre les consoles virtuelles en pressant la <literal>touche Alt de gauche</"
"literal> et, simultanément, l’une des touches <literal>F1</literal> à "
"<literal>F6</literal>. Chaque console en mode caractères permet de se "
"connecter de manière indépendante à un compte et offre un environnement "
"multi-utilisateurs. Cet environnement multi-utilisateurs est une "
"fonctionnalité intéressante d’UNIX, très vite, on ne peut plus s’en passer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are under the X Window System, you gain access to the character "
"console 1 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal> key, i.e., the "
"<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and "
"the <literal>F1-key</literal> are pressed together.  You can get back to the "
"X Window System, normally running on the virtual console 7, by pressing "
"<literal>Alt-F7</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Depuis le système X Window, vous avez accès à la console 1 en pressant la "
"combinaison de touches <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal>, c’est-à-dire que la "
"<literal>touche Ctrl de gauche</literal>, la <literal>touche Alt de gauche</"
"literal> et la <literal> touche F1</literal> sont pressées simultanément. "
"Vous pouvez revenir au système X Window, qui tourne normalement sur la "
"console virtuelle 7, en pressant <literal>Alt-F7</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console "
"1, from the commandline."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi changer de console virtuelle, par exemple pour la console "
"1, par la commande :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# chvt 1"
msgstr "# chvt 1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "How to leave the command prompt"
msgstr "Comment quitter l’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</"
"literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed together, at the command "
"prompt to close the shell activity.  If you are at the character console, "
"you return to the login prompt with this.  Even though these control "
"characters are referred as \"control D\" with the upper case, you do not "
"need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, <literal>^D</"
"literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>.  Alternately, you can "
"type \"exit\"."
msgstr ""
"Pour arrêter l’activité de l’interpréteur de commandes, entrez <literal>Ctrl-"
"D</literal>, c’est-à-dire la <literal>touche Ctrl de gauche</literal> et la "
"<literal>touche d</literal> pressées simultanément, à l’invite de "
"l’interpréteur. Si vous êtes sur une console en mode caractères, cela vous "
"fera retourner alors à l’invite d’identification. Même si on se réfère à ces "
"caractères de commande avec «&nbsp;control D&nbsp;» en majuscule, il n’est "
"pas nécessaire de presser la touche majuscule. Le raccourci <literal>^D</"
"literal>, est aussi utilisé pour <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>. Vous pouvez "
"aussi entrer «&nbsp;exit&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are at <citerefentry><refentrytitle>x-terminal-emulator</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, you can close "
"<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this."
msgstr ""
"Si vous êtes sur un <citerefentry><refentrytitle>émulateur de x-terminal</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, vous pouvez fermer la "
"fenêtre de <literal>l’émulateur de terminal-x</literal> de la même manière."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "How to shutdown the system"
msgstr "Comment arrêter le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink url="
"\"&cachingdata;\">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved performance, "
"the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before power can "
"safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, by forcing "
"all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software power control "
"is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off power of the "
"system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few seconds after "
"the shutdown procedure.)"
msgstr ""
"Comme tout autre système d’exploitation moderne où les opérations sur les "
"fichiers mettent en œuvre un <ulink url=\"&cachingdata;\">cache de données</"
"ulink> en mémoire afin d’améliorer les performances, le système Debian "
"demande que l’on exécute une procédure d’arrêt adaptée avant que le système "
"ne puisse être mis hors tension. Cela permet de maintenir l’intégrité des "
"fichiers, en forçant l’écriture sur disque de toutes les informations "
"conservées en mémoire. Si un logiciel de contrôle de l’alimentation est "
"disponible, la procédure d’arrêt coupera automatiquement l’alimentation du "
"système. (Sinon, vous devrez presser le bouton d’alimentation pendant "
"quelques secondes une fois la procédure d’arrêt terminée)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the "
"commandline."
msgstr ""
"Dans le mode normal multi-utilisateurs, vous pouvez arrêter le système "
"depuis la ligne de commandes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# shutdown -h now"
msgstr "# shutdown -h now"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline."
msgstr ""
"Dans le mode normal mono-utilisateur, vous pouvez arrêter le système depuis "
"la ligne de commandes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# poweroff -i -f"
msgstr "# poweroff -i -f"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you may type <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Delete</literal> (The "
"<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-Key</literal>, and "
"the <literal>Delete</literal> are pressed together) to shutdown if "
"\"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" contains \"<literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/"
"sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -h now</literal>\" in it.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details."
msgstr ""
"Pour arrêter le système, vous pouvez aussi utiliser <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Suppr</"
"literal> (la <literal>touche Ctrl de gauche</literal>, la <literal>touche "
"Alt de gauche</literal> et la <literal>touche Suppr</literal> pressées "
"simultanément) si la ligne <literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -"
"a -h now</literal>&nbsp;» se trouve dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"inittab</literal>&nbsp;». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage "
"d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recovering a sane console"
msgstr "Récupérer une console propre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as "
"\"<literal>cat &lt;some-binary-file&gt;</literal>\", type \"<literal>reset</"
"literal>\" at the command prompt. You may not be able to see the command "
"echoed as you type.  You may also issue \"<literal>clear</literal>\" to "
"clean up the screen."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque l’écran est corrompu après que vous ayez fait des choses amusantes "
"comme «&nbsp;<literal>cat &lt;un-fichier-binaire&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» entrez "
"«&nbsp;<literal>reset</literal>&nbsp;» à l’invite de commande. Il est "
"possible que vous ne voyiez pas ce que vous entrez. Vous pouvez aussi entrer "
"«&nbsp;<literal>clear</literal>&nbsp;» pour nettoyer l’écran."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Additional package suggestions for the newbie"
msgstr "Suggestions de paquets supplémentaires pour le débutant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any "
"desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a "
"good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character "
"terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> "
"with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for beginners to get started by the following."
msgstr ""
"Bien que même une installation minimale du système Debian sans aucune tâche "
"d’environnement de bureau fournisse les fonctionnalités UNIX de base, c’est "
"une bonne idée pour les débutants d’installer pour commencer quelques "
"paquets de ligne de commandes ou de terminal en mode caractères basé sur "
"«&nbsp;curses&nbsp;» comme <literal>mc</literal> et <literal>vim</literal> "
"avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> en utilisant les commandes suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# apt-get update\n"
" ...\n"
"# apt-get install mc vim sudo\n"
" ..."
msgstr ""
"# apt-get update\n"
" ...\n"
"# apt-get install mc vim sudo\n"
" ..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez déjà installé ces paquets, aucun nouveau paquet ne sera "
"installé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of interesting text-mode program packages"
msgstr "Liste de paquets de programmes intéressants en mode texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "package"
msgstr "paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "popcon"
msgstr "popcon"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "size"
msgstr "taille"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description"
msgstr "description"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DUMMY"
msgstr "DUMMY"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "A text-mode full-screen file manager"
msgstr "gestionnaire de fichiers plein écran en mode texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "A program to allow limited root privileges to users"
msgstr ""
"programme donnant aux utilisateurs des privilèges d’administration limités"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)"
msgstr ""
"éditeur de texte UNIX Vi amélioré (Vi IMproved), éditeur de texte pour "
"programmeurs (version standard)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)"
msgstr ""
"éditeur de texte UNIX Vi amélioré (Vi IMproved), éditeur de texte pour "
"programmeurs (version compacte)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor (version 23)"
msgstr ""
"projet GNU Emacs, éditeur de texte extensible basé sur Lisp (version 23)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Text-mode WWW browsers"
msgstr "navigateurs WWW en mode texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)"
msgstr "couper-coller à la mode UNIX sur une console texte (démon)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations."
msgstr "Ce peut être une bonne idée de lire quelques documentations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of informative documentation packages"
msgstr "Liste de paquets de documentation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents"
msgstr "projet de documentation Debian, (FAQ Debian) et autres documents"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Debian Policy Manual and related documents"
msgstr "Charte Debian et documents associés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Guidelines and information for Debian developers"
msgstr "Guides et informations pour les responsables Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Debian New Maintainers' Guide"
msgstr "Guide des nouveaux responsables Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "History of the Debian Project"
msgstr "Histoire du projet Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Debian FAQ"
msgstr "FAQ Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The Linux System Administrators' Guide"
msgstr ""
"Guide de l’administrateur système («&nbsp;The Linux System Administrators' "
"Guide&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can install some of these packages by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez installer quelques-uns de ces paquets en passant les commandes "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# apt-get install package_name"
msgstr "# apt-get install nom_paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "An extra user account"
msgstr "Compte pour un utilisateur supplémentaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training "
"activities, you can create a training user account, e.g. <literal>fish</"
"literal> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous ne souhaitez pas utiliser votre compte d’utilisateur principal pour "
"les activités de formation qui suivent, vous pouvez créer un compte de "
"formation, par exemple <literal>poisson</literal> en passant la commande qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# adduser fish"
msgstr "# adduser poisson"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Answer all questions."
msgstr "Répondez à toutes les questions."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>.  After your "
"practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Cela va créer un nouveau compte appelé <literal>poisson</literal>. Après vos "
"exercices, vous pourrez supprimer ce compte d’utilisateur et son répertoire "
"personnel par&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# deluser --remove-home fish"
msgstr "# deluser --remove-home poisson"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "sudo configuration"
msgstr "Configuration de sudo"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on "
"the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. "
"<literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his "
"user password but without the root password."
msgstr ""
"Pour une station de travail typique avec un seul utilisateur tel que le "
"système de bureau Debian sur un PC de bureau, il est habituel de mettre en "
"œuvre une configuration simple de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> comme suit afin que "
"l’utilisateur non privilégié, par exemple <literal>pingouin</literal>, "
"puisse obtenir les privilèges d’administration avec simplement son mot de "
"passe personnel et non avec le mot de passe de l’administrateur&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# echo \"penguin  ALL=(ALL) ALL\" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers"
msgstr "# echo \"pingouin  ALL=(ALL) ALL\" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged "
"user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege "
"without any password."
msgstr ""
"Il est aussi habituel, en remplacement, de faire comme suit afin que "
"l’utilisateur non privilégié, par exemple <literal>pingouin</literal>, "
"puisse obtenir les privilèges d’administration sans aucun mot de passe "
"personnel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# echo \"penguin  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL\" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers"
msgstr "# echo \"pingouin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL\" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you "
"administer and where you are the only user."
msgstr ""
"Cette astuce ne doit être utilisée qu’avec une station de travail mono-"
"utilisateur que vous administrez et dont vous êtes le seul utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this "
"because it would be very bad for system security."
msgstr ""
"Ne configurez pas de cette manière les utilisateurs normaux d’une station de "
"travail multi-utilisateurs parce que cela serait très grave pour la sécurité "
"du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above "
"example requires as much protection as the root password and the root "
"account."
msgstr ""
"Le mot de passe et le compte du <literal>pingouin</literal> de l’exemple "
"précédent doivent bénéficier de la même protection que le mot de passe et le "
"compte de l’administrateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to "
"perform the system administration task on the workstation.  Never give some "
"manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege "
"unless they are authorized and capable."
msgstr ""
"Le privilège d’administration, dans ce contexte, appartient à quelqu’un "
"autorisé à effectuer les tâches d’administration du système sur la station "
"de travail. Ne jamais donner un tel privilège à un responsable du "
"département administratif de votre entreprise ni à votre patron, à moins "
"qu’ils n’y soient autorisés et en soient capables."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you "
"should consider to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> to provide "
"limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Pour donner un accès privilégié à certains périphériques et certains "
"fichiers, vous devriez envisager l’utilisation d’un <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">groupe</emphasis> donnant un accès limité plutôt que d’utiliser le "
"privilège de <literal>root</literal> par l’intermédiaire de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"With more thoughtful and careful configuration, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on "
"a shared system without sharing the root password.  This can help with "
"accountability with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who "
"did what.  On the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such "
"privileges."
msgstr ""
"Avec une configuration plus approfondie et prudente, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> peut permettre à d’autres utilisateurs d’obtenir des "
"privilèges limités d’administration sur un système partagé sans partager le "
"mot de passe de l’administrateur. Cela peut améliorer la confiance sur les "
"machines ayant plusieurs administrateurs de manière à ce que vous puissiez "
"dire qui a fait quoi. D’un autre côté, vous ne devriez pas confier de tels "
"privilèges à quelqu’un d’autre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Play time"
msgstr "À vous de jouer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as "
"you use the non-privileged user account."
msgstr ""
"Vous êtres maintenant prêt à jouer avec le système Debian, sans risque aussi "
"longtemps que vous utiliserez un compte d’utilisateur sans privilège."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, "
"configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users "
"from damaging the system.  Of course, there may still be some holes which "
"can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be "
"reading this section but should be reading <ulink url="
"\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Cela, parce que le système Debian, même après l’installation initiale, est "
"configuré avec des permissions de fichiers adaptées qui évitent aux "
"utilisateurs non privilégiés d’endommager le système. Bien entendu, il peut "
"y avoir certaines failles qui peuvent être exploitées mais ceux qui "
"s’inquiètent de ces problèmes ne devraient pas lire cette section mais "
"plutôt le <ulink url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Manuel de sécurisation</"
"ulink> («&nbsp;Securing Debian Manual&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> "
"system with the following."
msgstr ""
"Nous allons apprendre le système Debian en tant que système <ulink url="
"\"&unixlike;\">semblable à UNIX</ulink> («&nbsp;UNIX-like&nbsp;») avec&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_filesystem\"/> (basic concept)"
msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_filesystem\"/> (concept de base)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/> (survival method)"
msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/> (méthode de survie)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment\"/> (basic method)"
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment\"/> (méthode de "
"base)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> (shell mechanism)"
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> (mécanisme de l’interpréteur "
"de commandes)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> (text processing method)"
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> (méthode de traitement des "
"données textuelles)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Unix-like filesystem"
msgstr "Système de fichiers de type UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> operating "
"systems, <ulink url=\"&files;\">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink url="
"\"&directories;\">directories</ulink>.  All files and directories are "
"arranged in one big tree rooted at \"<literal>/</literal>\". It's called a "
"tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is "
"upside down."
msgstr ""
"Avec GNU/Linux et d’autres systèmes d’exploitation <ulink url=\"&unixlike;"
"\">semblables à UNIX</ulink>, les <ulink url=\"&files;\">fichiers</ulink> "
"sont organisés en <ulink url=\"&directories;\">répertoires</ulink>. Tous les "
"fichiers et les répertoires sont disposés sous forme d’une grosse "
"arborescence ancrée sur «&nbsp;<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;». On l’appelle un "
"arbre parce que si vous dessinez le système de fichiers, il ressemble à un "
"arbre qui se trouverait disposé la tête en bas."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"These files and directories can be spread out over several devices. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the "
"big file tree.  Conversely, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> detaches it again.  On "
"recent Linux kernels, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with some options can "
"bind part of a file tree somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, "
"private, slave, or unbindable.  Supported mount options for each filesystem "
"are available in \"<literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/"
"</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ces fichiers et répertoires peuvent être répartis sur plusieurs "
"périphériques. La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sert à attacher les "
"systèmes de fichiers se trouvant sur certains périphériques à la grosse "
"arborescence des fichiers. À l’opposé, la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> les détachera de nouveau. Avec les noyaux Linux récents, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avec certaines options peut lier une partie d’une arborescence "
"de fichiers à un autre emplacement ou peut monter un système de fichiers de "
"manière partagée, privée, esclave ou «&nbsp;non-liable&nbsp;». Vous "
"trouverez les options de montage prises en compte par chaque système de "
"fichiers dans «&nbsp;<literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/"
"filesystems/</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">folders</emphasis> on some other systems.  Please "
"also note that there is no concept for <emphasis role=\"strong\">drive</"
"emphasis> such as \"<literal>A:</literal>\" on any Unix system.  There is "
"one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a huge advantage "
"compared to Windows."
msgstr ""
"Les <emphasis role=\"strong\">répertoires</emphasis> d’un système UNIX sont "
"appelés <emphasis role=\"strong\">dossiers</emphasis> sur d’autres systèmes. "
"Vous remarquez aussi qu’il n’y a, sur aucun système UNIX, de concept de "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">lecteur</emphasis> tel que «&nbsp;<literal>A:</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Il y a un système de fichiers qui comprend tout. C’est un "
"gros avantage comparé à Windows."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Unix file basics"
msgstr "Bases concernant les fichiers UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here are some Unix file basics."
msgstr "Voici les bases des fichiers UNIX&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Filenames are <emphasis role=\"strong\">case sensitive</emphasis>.  That is, "
"\"<literal>MYFILE</literal>\" and \"<literal>MyFile</literal>\" are "
"different files."
msgstr ""
"les noms de fichiers sont <emphasis role=\"strong\">sensibles à la casse</"
"emphasis>. Ce qui veut dire que «&nbsp;<literal>MONFICHIER</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;<literal>MonFichier</literal>&nbsp;» sont des fichiers "
"différents&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">root directory</emphasis> means root of the "
"filesystem referred as simply \"<literal>/</literal>\".  Don't confuse this "
"with the home directory for the root user: \"<literal>/root</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"on se réfère au <emphasis role=\"strong\">répertoire racine</emphasis> "
"(«&nbsp;root directory&nbsp;»), qui est la racine du système de fichiers, "
"simplement par «&nbsp;<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;». Ne pas le confondre avec "
"le répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur root : «&nbsp;<literal>/root</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">except \"<literal>/</literal>\"</emphasis>.  The "
"root directory is an exception; its name is \"<literal>/</literal>"
"\" (pronounced \"slash\" or \"the root directory\") and it cannot be renamed."
msgstr ""
"un nom de répertoire peut être constitué de n’importe quelle lettre ou "
"symbole <emphasis role=\"strong\">sauf «&nbsp;<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;»</"
"emphasis>. Le répertoire racine est une exception, son nom est «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;» (prononcé «&nbsp;slash&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;le "
"répertoire racine&nbsp;»), il ne peut pas être renommé&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-"
"qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong\">absolute filename</"
"emphasis>, or <emphasis role=\"strong\">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence "
"of directories which must be passed through to reach it.  The three terms "
"are synonymous."
msgstr ""
"chaque fichier ou répertoire est désigné par un <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">nom de fichier entièrement qualifié</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">nom de fichier absolu</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong\">chemin</"
"emphasis>, indiquant la séquence de répertoires que l’on doit traverser pour "
"l’atteindre. Les trois expressions sont synonymes&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"All <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin "
"with the \"<literal>/</literal>\" directory, and there's a \"<literal>/</"
"literal>\" between each directory or file in the filename.  The first "
"\"<literal>/</literal>\" is the top level directory, and the other "
"\"<literal>/</literal>\"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we "
"reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file.  The words used "
"here can be confusing.  Take the following <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-"
"qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: \"<literal>/usr/share/keytables/"
"us.map.gz</literal>\".  However, people also refers to its basename "
"\"<literal>us.map.gz</literal>\" alone as a filename."
msgstr ""
"tous les <emphasis role=\"strong\">noms de fichiers entièrement qualifiés</"
"emphasis> commencent par le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"il y a un <literal>/</literal>&nbsp;» entre chaque répertoire ou fichier "
"dans le nom du fichier. Le premier «&nbsp;<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;» est le "
"répertoire de plus haut niveau, et les autres «&nbsp;<literal>/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» séparent les sous-répertoires successifs jusqu’à ce que l’on "
"atteigne la dernière entrée qui est le nom fichier proprement dit. Les mots "
"utilisés ici peuvent être source de confusion. Prenez comme exemple le "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">nom pleinement qualifié</emphasis> suivant&nbsp;: "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>&nbsp;». Cependant, "
"les gens utiliseront souvent son nom de base «&nbsp;<literal>us.map.gz</"
"literal>&nbsp;» seul comme nom de fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The root directory has a number of branches, such as \"<literal>/etc/</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/</literal>\".  These subdirectories in turn "
"branch into still more subdirectories, such as \"<literal>/etc/init.d/</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\".  The whole thing viewed "
"collectively is called the <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory tree</"
"emphasis>.  You can think of an absolute filename as a route from the base "
"of the tree (\"<literal>/</literal>\") to the end of some branch (a file).  "
"You also hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">family</emphasis> tree encompassing all direct descendants "
"of a single figure called the root directory (\"<literal>/</literal>\"): "
"thus subdirectories have <emphasis role=\"strong\">parents</emphasis>, and a "
"path shows the complete ancestry of a file.  There are also relative paths "
"that begin somewhere other than the root directory.  You should remember "
"that the directory \"<literal>../</literal>\" refers to the parent "
"directory.  This terminology also applies to other directory like "
"structures, such as hierarchical data structures."
msgstr ""
"le répertoire racine comporte de nombreuses branches, telles que «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Ces sous-répertoires se décomposent eux-mêmes en d’autres sous-répertoires "
"comme «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/"
"local/</literal>&nbsp;». L’ensemble de la chose, vu globalement, s’appelle "
"l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">arborescence des répertoires</emphasis>. Vous "
"pouvez imaginer un nom de fichier absolu comme une route partant de la base "
"de l’arbre («&nbsp;<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;») jusqu’à l’extrémité de "
"certaines branches (le fichier). Vous entendrez aussi certains parler de "
"l’arborescence des répertoires comme d’un arbre <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">généalogique</emphasis> englobant tous les descendants directs d’un seul "
"personnage appelé le répertoire racine (« <literal>/</literal> ») : les sous-"
"répertoires ont alors des <emphasis role=\"strong\">parents</emphasis> et un "
"chemin montre l’ascendance complète d’un fichier. Il y a aussi des chemins "
"relatifs qui commencent quelque part ailleurs qu’au niveau du répertoire "
"racine. Il faut vous souvenir que le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>../</"
"literal>&nbsp;» indique le répertoire parent. Cette terminologie s’applique "
"de la même manière aux autres structures ressemblant aux répertoires comme "
"les structures de données hiérarchiques&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a "
"physical device, such as your hard disk.  This differs from <ulink url="
"\"&rtbb;\">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cpm;\">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&openvms;\">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&msdos;\">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&amigaos;\">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&microsoftwindows;"
"\">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path contains a device name such as "
"\"<literal>C:\\</literal>\".  (However, directory entries do exist that "
"refer to physical devices as a part of the normal filesystem.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_filesystem_internals\"/>.)"
msgstr ""
"il n’y a pas de chemin de répertoire spécial correspondant à un périphérique "
"physique tel que votre disque dur. C’est différent de <ulink url=\"&rtbb;"
"\">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cpm;\">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&openvms;"
"\">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&msdos;\">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&amigaos;\">AmigaOS</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&microsoftwindows;\">Microsoft "
"Windows</ulink>, où le chemin comporte le nom du périphérique comme «&nbsp;"
"<literal>C:\\</literal>&nbsp;». (Il existe cependant des entrées de "
"répertoire qui font référence aux périphériques physiques en tant qu’élément "
"du système de fichiers normal. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_filesystem_internals\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"While you <emphasis role=\"strong\">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or "
"symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so.  It is better "
"to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command "
"line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: "
"<literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` \" \\ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</"
"literal> .  If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the "
"period, hyphen, and underscore.  You could also capitalize each word, "
"\"<literal>LikeThis</literal>\". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid "
"spaces in filenames."
msgstr ""
"Bien que vous <emphasis role=\"strong\">puissiez</emphasis> utiliser la "
"plupart des lettres ou symboles dans un nom de fichier, c’est en pratique un "
"mauvaise idée de le faire. Il est préférable d’éviter tous les caractères "
"qui ont une signification particulière sur la ligne de commandes, comme les "
"espaces, tabulations, sauts de ligne, et autres caractères spéciaux&nbsp;: "
"<literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` \" \\ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</"
"literal>. Si vous voulez séparer des mots dans un nom, de bons choix sont le "
"point, le tiret et le tiret souligné. Vous pouvez aussi mettre une majuscule "
"en tête de chaque mot «&nbsp;<literal>CommeCeci</literal>&nbsp;». Les "
"utilisateurs Linux expérimentés on tendance à aussi à éviter les espaces "
"dans les noms de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The word \"root\" can mean either \"root user\" or \"root directory\".  The "
"context of their usage should make it clear."
msgstr ""
"Le mot «&nbsp;root&nbsp;» signifie soit «&nbsp;utilisateur root&nbsp;», soit "
"«&nbsp;répertoire root&nbsp;» Le contexte de son utilisation devrait "
"permettre de les distinguer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The word <emphasis role=\"strong\">path</emphasis> is used not only for "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but "
"also for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">command search path</emphasis>.  The "
"intended meaning is usually clear from the context."
msgstr ""
"Le mot <emphasis role=\"strong\">chemin</emphasis> («&nbsp;path&nbsp;») "
"n’est pas utilisé que pour les <emphasis role=\"strong\">noms de fichiers "
"entièrement qualifiés </emphasis> comme ci-dessus mais aussi pour le "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">chemin de recherche des commandes</emphasis>. La "
"signification voulue est habituellement claire selon le contexte."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the "
"Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/"
"fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>\" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hier</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>).  You should remember "
"the following facts as the starter."
msgstr ""
"Les meilleures façons de faire en ce qui concerne la hiérarchie des fichiers "
"sont détaillées dans la «&nbsp;norme de hiérarchie du système de "
"fichiers&nbsp;» («&nbsp;Filesystem Hierarchy Standard&nbsp;») («&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hier</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>). Vous devriez, pour commencer, mémoriser les éléments "
"suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of usage of key directories"
msgstr "Utilisation des répertoires-clés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "directory"
msgstr "répertoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "usage of the directory"
msgstr "utilisation du répertoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the root directory"
msgstr "répertoire racine"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "system wide configuration files"
msgstr "fichiers de configuration valables pour l’ensemble du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/log/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/log/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "system log files"
msgstr "fichiers journaux du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/home/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/home/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "all the home directories for all non-privileged users"
msgstr "tous les répertoires personnels des utilisateurs non privilégiés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Filesystem internals"
msgstr "Fonctionnement interne du système de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Following the <emphasis role=\"strong\">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the "
"Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</"
"ulink> under which physical data on hard disks and other storage devices "
"reside, and the interaction with the hardware devices such as console "
"screens and remote serial consoles are represented in an unified manner "
"under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"En suivant la <emphasis role=\"strong\">tradition UNIX</emphasis>, le "
"système Debian GNU/Linux fournit un <ulink url=\"&filesystem;\">système de "
"fichiers</ulink> où les données physiques se trouvent sur des disques durs "
"et d’autres périphériques de stockage et où les interaction avec les "
"périphériques physiques tels que les écrans de console et les consoles "
"distantes connectées en séries sont représentées de manière unifiée dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or "
"physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an "
"<ulink url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> which describes its associated "
"attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs "
"to, the time last accessed, etc.  If you are really interested, see "
"\"<literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal>\" for the exact definition of "
"\"<literal>struct inode</literal>\" in the Debian GNU/Linux system. The idea "
"of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix "
"innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever further. "
"Now, even information about processes running in the computer can be found "
"in the filesystem."
msgstr ""
"Chaque fichier, répertoire, tube nommé (une manière pour les programmes de "
"partager des données) ou périphérique physique sur un système Debian GNU/"
"Linux possède une structure de données appelée <ulink url=\"&inode;\">inœud</"
"ulink> («&nbsp;inode&nbsp;») qui décrit les attributs qui lui sont associés "
"comme l’utilisateur qui le possède (propriétaire), le groupe auquel il "
"appartient, l’heure de dernier accès, etc. Si vous êtes vraiment intéressé, "
"consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal>&nbsp;» la "
"définition exacte de «&nbsp;<literal>struct inode</literal>&nbsp;» dans le "
"système Debian GNU/Linux. L’idée de pouvoir presque tout représenter dans le "
"système de fichiers était une innovation d’UNIX, et les noyaux modernes de "
"Linux ont encore développé plus loin cette idée. À l’heure actuelle, même "
"les informations concernant les processus qui tournent sur le système se "
"trouvent sur le système de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal "
"processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for "
"the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even "
"possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files "
"that are linked to running processes."
msgstr ""
"Cette représentation abstraite et unifiée des entités physiques et des "
"processus internes est très puissante puisque cela nous permet d’utiliser la "
"même commande pour le même type d’opération sur des périphériques "
"complètement différents. Il est même possible de changer la manière dont "
"fonctionne le noyau en écrivant des données dans des fichiers spéciaux liés "
"aux processus en cours d’exécution."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the "
"physical entity, execute <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with no arguments."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez besoin de connaître la correspondance entre une arborescence de "
"fichiers et un périphérique physique, lancez la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sans paramètre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Filesystem permissions"
msgstr "Permissions du système de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&filesystempermissions;\">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of "
"<ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three "
"categories of affected users."
msgstr ""
"Les <ulink url=\"&filesystempermissions;\">permissions du système de "
"fichiers</ulink> d’un système <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">basé sur UNIX</"
"ulink> sont définies pour trois catégories d’utilisateurs&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">utilisateur</emphasis> qui possède le fichier "
"(<emphasis role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Other users in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file "
"belongs to (<emphasis role=\"strong\">g</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"les autres utilisateurs du <emphasis role=\"strong\">groupe</emphasis> à qui "
"appartient le fichier (<emphasis role=\"strong\">g</emphasis>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"All <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">o</emphasis>) also referred to as \"world\" and \"everyone\""
msgstr ""
"tous les <emphasis role=\"strong\">autres</emphasis> utilisateurs (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">o</emphasis>) dont on parle aussi en tant que «&nbsp;monde "
"entier&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;tout le monde&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions."
msgstr ""
"Pour les fichiers, chaque permission correspondante permet les actions "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">r</"
"emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of the file."
msgstr ""
"la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">lecture</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire de voir le contenu "
"du fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">w</"
"emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file."
msgstr ""
"la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire de modifier le "
"fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a command."
msgstr ""
"la permission d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">exécution</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire de lancer le fichier "
"comme une commande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions."
msgstr ""
"Pour les répertoires, chaque permission correspondante permet les actions "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">r</"
"emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of the directory."
msgstr ""
"la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">lecture</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire d’afficher le "
"contenu du répertoire&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">w</"
"emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files in the directory."
msgstr ""
"la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire d’ajouter ou "
"supprimer des fichiers de ce répertoires&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the directory."
msgstr ""
"la permission d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">exécution</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire d’accéder aux "
"fichiers du répertoire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, the <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> permission on a "
"directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but "
"also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the "
"modification time."
msgstr ""
"Ici, la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">exécution</emphasis> sur un "
"répertoire ne signifie pas uniquement l’autorisation de lire des fichiers "
"dans ce répertoire mais aussi l’autorisation de voir leurs attributs, tels "
"que leur taille et l’heure de modification."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is used to display permission information (and more) for files "
"and directories.  When it is invoked with the \"<literal>-l</literal>\" "
"option, it displays the following information in the order given."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est utilisé pour afficher les informations de permissions (et "
"davantage) des fichiers et répertoires. Lorsque cette commande est passée "
"avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-l</literal>&nbsp;», elle affiche les "
"informations suivantes dans l’ordre donné&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">type de fichier</emphasis> (premier "
"caractère)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Access <emphasis role=\"strong\">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine "
"characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other "
"in this order)"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">autorisation</emphasis> d’accès au fichier (neuf "
"caractères, constitués de trois caractères pour l’utilisateur, le groupe et "
"«&nbsp;les autres&nbsp;», dans cet ordre)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">nombre de liens physiques</emphasis> vers le "
"fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file"
msgstr ""
"nom de l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">utilisateur</emphasis> propriétaire du "
"fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file "
"belongs to"
msgstr ""
"nom du <emphasis role=\"strong\">groupe</emphasis> à qui appartient le "
"fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">taille</emphasis> du fichier en caractères "
"(octets)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">date et heure</emphasis> du fichier (mtime)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Name</emphasis> of the file"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">nom</emphasis> du fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of the first character of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output"
msgstr ""
"Liste des premiers caractères de la sortie de «&nbsp;<literal>ls -l</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "character"
msgstr "caractère"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "meaning"
msgstr "signification"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "normal file"
msgstr "fichier normal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>d</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>d</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>l</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>l</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "symlink"
msgstr "lien symbolique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>c</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>c</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "character device node"
msgstr "nœud de périphérique en mode caractère"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>b</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>b</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "block device node"
msgstr "nœud de périphérique en mode bloc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>p</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>p</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "named pipe"
msgstr "tube nommé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>s</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>s</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "socket"
msgstr "socket"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is used from the root account to change the owner of the "
"file.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> is used from the file's owner or root account to "
"change the group of the file.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used from the "
"file's owner or root account to change file and directory access "
"permissions.  Basic syntax to manipulate a <literal>foo</literal> file is "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est utilisé depuis le compte de l’administrateur pour modifier "
"le propriétaire d’un fichier. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chgrp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est utilisé depuis le "
"compte du propriétaire du fichier ou de l’administrateur pour changer le "
"groupe du fichier. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est utilisé depuis le "
"compte du propriétaire du fichier ou de l’administrateur pour changer les "
"droits d’accès à un fichier ou un répertoire. La syntaxe de base pour "
"manipuler le fichier <literal>toto</literal> est la suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# chown &lt;newowner&gt; foo\n"
"# chgrp &lt;newgroup&gt; foo\n"
"# chmod  [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] foo"
msgstr ""
"# chown &lt;nouvel_utilisateur&gt; toto\n"
"# chgrp &lt;nouveau_groupe&gt; toto\n"
"# chmod  [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user "
"<literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez, par exemple, faire qu’une arborescence de répertoires soit la "
"propriété de l’utilisateur <literal>toto</literal> et partagée par le groupe "
"<literal>titi</literal> en faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /some/location/\n"
"# chown -R foo:bar .\n"
"# chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX ."
msgstr ""
"# cd /un/emplacement/\n"
"# chown -R toto:titi .\n"
"# chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are three more special permission bits."
msgstr "Il existe trois bits qui donnent des permissions particulières&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="
"\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> instead of "
"user's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"le bit <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="
"\"strong\">s</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> situé à la "
"place du  <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) de l’utilisateur&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="
"\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> instead of "
"group's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"le bit <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="
"\"strong\">s</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> situé à la "
"place du <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) du groupe&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">T</emphasis> instead of other's "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"le <emphasis role=\"strong\">bit collant</emphasis> «&nbsp;sticky "
"bit&nbsp;» (<emphasis role=\"strong\">t</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">T</emphasis> situé à la place du <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) "
"des «&nbsp;autres&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here the output of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" for these bits is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these "
"outputs are <emphasis role=\"strong\">unset</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Ici la sortie de «&nbsp;<literal>ls -l</literal>&nbsp;» avec ces bits est "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">en majuscules</emphasis> si les bits d’exécution "
"cachés par ces sorties ne sont <emphasis role=\"strong\">pas positionnés</"
"emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable "
"file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the "
"file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>).  Similarly, "
"setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable "
"file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the "
"file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>).  Because these "
"settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution."
msgstr ""
"Définir <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> sur un fichier "
"exécutable permet à un utilisateur d’exécuter les fichiers avec "
"l’identifiant du propriétaire du fichier (par exemple <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">root</emphasis>). De la même manière, définir <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">set group ID</emphasis> sur un fichier exécutable permet d’exécuter le "
"fichier avec l’identifiant de groupe du fichier (par exemple <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">root</emphasis>). Parce que ces positionnements de bits peuvent "
"créer des risques de sécurité, il ne faut les activer qu’avec des "
"précautions extrêmes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory "
"enables the <ulink url=\"&bsdlike;\">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme "
"where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">group</emphasis> of the directory."
msgstr ""
"Définir <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> sur un répertoire "
"permet la création de fichiers <ulink url=\"&bsdlike;\">à la BSD</ulink> où "
"tous les fichiers créés dans un répertoire appartiennent au <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">groupe</emphasis> du répertoire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory "
"prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the "
"owner of the file.  In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable "
"directories such as \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\" or in group-writable "
"directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</"
"emphasis> permission for the file but also set the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory.  Otherwise, the file can be "
"removed and a new file can be created with the same name by any user who has "
"write access to the directory."
msgstr ""
"Positionner le <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> d’un "
"répertoire empêche un fichier de ce répertoire d’être supprimé par un "
"utilisateur qui n’est pas le propriétaire du fichier. Pour sécuriser le "
"contenu d’un fichier dans des répertoires pouvant être écrits par tout le "
"monde tels que «&nbsp;<literal>/tmp</literal>&nbsp;» ou dans des répertoires "
"pouvant être écrits par le groupe, il ne faut pas uniquement supprimer la "
"permission du fichier en <emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> mais "
"aussi positionner le <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> sur le "
"répertoire. Sinon, le fichier pourra être supprimé et un nouveau fichier "
"créé avec le même nom par un utilisateur quelconque ayant accès en écriture "
"au répertoire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions."
msgstr "Voici quelques exemples intéressants de permissions de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ls -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /dev/ppp /usr/sbin/exim4\n"
"crw------T 1 root root   108, 0 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/ppp\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     2761 Aug 30 10:38 /etc/passwd\n"
"-rw-r----- 1 root shadow   1695 Aug 30 10:38 /etc/shadow\n"
"-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root   973824 Sep 23 20:04 /usr/sbin/exim4\n"
"$ ls -ld /tmp /var/tmp /usr/local /var/mail /usr/src\n"
"drwxrwxrwt 14 root root  20480 Oct 16 21:25 /tmp\n"
"drwxrwsr-x 10 root staff  4096 Sep 29 22:50 /usr/local\n"
"drwxr-xr-x 10 root root   4096 Oct 11 00:28 /usr/src\n"
"drwxrwsr-x  2 root mail   4096 Oct 15 21:40 /var/mail\n"
"drwxrwxrwt  3 root root   4096 Oct 16 21:20 /var/tmp"
msgstr ""
"$ ls -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /dev/ppp /usr/sbin/exim4\n"
"crw------- 1 root root   108, 0 oct.  20 07:12 /dev/ppp\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     2718 oct.   5 22:09 /etc/passwd\n"
"-rw-r----- 1 root shadow   1741 oct.   5 22:09 /etc/shadow\n"
"-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root   973824 sept. 23 07:04 /usr/sbin/exim4\n"
"$ ls -ld /tmp /var/tmp /usr/local /var/mail /usr/src\n"
"drwxrwxrwt 17 root root  102400 oct.  20 16:42 /tmp\n"
"drwxrwsr-x 10 root staff   4096 nov.  29  2011 /usr/local\n"
"drwxr-xr-x 13 root root    4096 sept. 30 11:24 /usr/src\n"
"drwxrwsr-x  2 root mail    4096 sept. 27 11:07 /var/mail\n"
"drwxrwxrwt  5 root root    4096 oct.  20 09:14 /var/tmp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>.  This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal (radix=8) "
"numbers."
msgstr ""
"Il existe aussi un mode numérique pour décrire les permissions des fichiers "
"avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Ce mode numérique utilise des nombres en base 8 "
"(radix=8) codés sur 3 ou 4 chiffres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"The numeric mode for file permissions in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands"
msgstr ""
"Mode numérique des permissions de fichiers dans les commandes "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "digit"
msgstr "chiffre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1st optional digit"
msgstr "1er chiffre optionnel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)"
msgstr ""
"somme de <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), et <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "2nd digit"
msgstr "2ème chiffre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</"
"emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"somme des permissions de <emphasis role=\"strong\">lecture</emphasis> (=4), "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> (=2), et <emphasis role="
"\"strong\"> exécution</emphasis> (=1) pour l’<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">utilisateur</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "3rd digit"
msgstr "3ème chiffre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis>"
msgstr "identique pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">groupe</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "4th digit"
msgstr "4ème chiffre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis>"
msgstr "identique pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">autres</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple.  If you look at the "
"first few (2-10) columns from \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" command output "
"and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions (\"-\" "
"being \"0\" and \"rwx\" being \"1\"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode "
"value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file "
"permissions to you."
msgstr ""
"Cela peut sembler compliqué mais c’est en fait assez simple. Si vous "
"regardez les quelques premières colonnes (2-10) de la sortie de la commande "
"«&nbsp;<literal>ls -l</literal>&nbsp;» et que vous lisez en représentation "
"binaire (base 2) les permissions des fichiers (le «&nbsp;-&nbsp;» "
"représentant «&nbsp;0&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;rwx&nbsp;» représentant "
"«&nbsp;1&nbsp;»), les trois derniers chiffres de la valeur numérique du mode "
"devraient vous donner la représentation des permissions du fichier en octal "
"(base 8)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For example, try the following"
msgstr "Essayez, par exemple, ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ touch foo bar\n"
"$ chmod u=rw,go=r foo\n"
"$ chmod 644 bar\n"
"$ ls -l foo bar\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:39 bar\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo"
msgstr ""
"$ touch toto titi\n"
"$ chmod u=rw,go=r toto\n"
"$ chmod 644 titi\n"
"$ ls -l toto titi\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct.  20 16:46 titi\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct.  20 16:46 toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you need to access information displayed by \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" "
"in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>.  The shell builtin such as \"<literal>[</literal>"
"\" or \"<literal>test</literal>\" may be used too."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez besoin d’accéder aux informations affichées par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>ls -l</literal>&nbsp;» depuis un script de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes, vous devrez utiliser des commandes pertinentes telles que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vous pouvez aussi utiliser les commandes internes "
"du shell, telles que «&nbsp;<literal>[</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>test</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Control of permissions for newly created files: umask"
msgstr ""
"Contrôle des permissions pour les fichiers nouvellement créés&nbsp;: umask"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is "
"restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les permissions appliquées à un fichier ou à un répertoire venant d’être "
"créé sont restreintes par la commande interne du shell <literal>umask</"
"literal>. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid " (file permissions) = (requested file permissions) &amp; ~(umask value)"
msgstr " (permissions du fichier) = (permissions demandées pour le fichier) &amp; ~(valeur de umask)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">umask</emphasis> value examples"
msgstr "Exemples de valeurs de <emphasis role=\"strong\">umask</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "umask"
msgstr "umask"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "file permissions created"
msgstr "permissions des fichiers créés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "directory permissions created"
msgstr "permissions des répertoires créés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "usage"
msgstr "utilisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>0022</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>0022</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-rw-r--r--</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-rw-r--r--</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-rwxr-xr-x</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-rwxr-xr-x</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "writable only by the user"
msgstr "ne peut être écrit que par l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>0002</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>0002</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-rw-rw-r--</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-rw-rw-r--</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-rwxrwxr-x</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-rwxrwxr-x</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "writable by the group"
msgstr "peut être écrit par le groupe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A "
"UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the "
"same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only "
"member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it safe to set umask to <literal>0002</"
"literal> since every user has their own private group.  (In some Unix "
"variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging to a single "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> group and is a "
"good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security in such "
"cases.)"
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian utilise par défaut un schéma de groupe privé par "
"utilisateur (UPG). Un UPG est créé chaque fois qu’un utilisateur est ajouté "
"au système. Un UPG a le même nom que l’utilisateur pour lequel il a été créé "
"et cet utilisateur est le seul membre de l’UPG. Un principe d’UPG rend sûr "
"le positionnement de umask à <literal>0002</literal> car chaque utilisateur "
"a son propre groupe privé. (Sur certaines variantes d’UNIX, il est assez "
"courant de faire appartenir tous les utilisateurs au même groupe <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> et, dans ce cas, c’est "
"une bonne idée de définir umask à <literal>0022</literal> pour des raisons "
"de sécurité)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Enable UPG by putting \"<literal>umask 002</literal>\" in the <literal>~/."
"bashrc</literal> file."
msgstr ""
"Activez UPG en plaçant « <literal>umask 002</literal> » dans le fichier "
"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Permissions for groups of users (group)"
msgstr "Permissions pour les groupes d’utilisateurs (group)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to make group permissions to be applied to a particular user, that "
"user needs to be made a member of the group using \"<literal>sudo vigr</"
"literal>\" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> and \"<literal>sudo vigr -s</"
"literal>\" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>.  You need to login after "
"logout (or run \"<literal>exec newgrp</literal>\") to enable the new group "
"configuration."
msgstr ""
"Afin que des permissions attribuées à un groupe soient appliquées à un "
"utilisateur particulier, il faut que cet utilisateur soit déclaré membre du "
"groupe à l’aide de «&nbsp;<literal>sudo vigr</literal>&nbsp;» pour <literal>/"
"etc/group</literal> ou «&nbsp;<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>. La nouvelle configuration du groupe n’est "
"effective qu’après une [re]connexion de l’utilisateur (ou l’exécution de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>exec newgrp</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the "
"authentication process by adding \"<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</"
"literal>\" line to \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and setting "
"\"<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>\".  (See <xref linkend="
"\"_authentication\"/>.)"
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi ajouter dynamiquement des utilisateurs aux groupes durant "
"le processus d’authentification en ajoutant la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>auth "
"optional pam_group.so</literal>&nbsp;» au fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/pam.d/"
"common-auth</literal>&nbsp;» et en définissant «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/security/"
"group.conf</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend=\"_authentication\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system.  If "
"you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from "
"a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group."
msgstr ""
"Sous le système Debian, les périphériques ne sont qu’un autre type de "
"fichier. Si vous avez des problèmes pour accéder à des périphériques tel "
"qu’un CD-ROM ou une clé USB depuis le compte d’un utilisateur, il faudra "
"rendre cet utilisateur membre du groupe concerné."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular "
"files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege."
msgstr ""
"Certains groupes importants fournis par le système permettent à leurs "
"membres l’accès à des fichiers et des périphériques particuliers sans avoir "
"les privilèges de l’<literal>administrateur</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of notable system-provided groups for file access"
msgstr ""
"Liste des groupes importants fournis par le système pour l’accès aux fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "group"
msgstr "groupe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description for accessible files and devices"
msgstr "description des fichiers et périphériques accessibles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dialout</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dialout</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"full and direct access to serial ports (\"<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>"
"\")"
msgstr ""
"accès complet et direct aux ports série («&nbsp;<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dip</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dip</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup IP</"
"emphasis> connection to trusted peers"
msgstr ""
"accès limité aux ports série pour une connexion «&nbsp;<emphasis role="
"\"strong\">Dialup IP</emphasis> (réseau commuté) vers des pairs de confiance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cdrom</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cdrom</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives"
msgstr "lecteurs et graveurs de CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>audio</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>audio</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "audio device"
msgstr "périphérique audio"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>video</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>video</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "video device"
msgstr "périphérique vidéo"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>scanner</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>scanner</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "scanner(s)"
msgstr "dispositifs de numérisation (scanners)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>adm</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>adm</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "system monitoring logs"
msgstr "journaux de surveillance du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>staff</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>staff</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"some directories for junior administrative work: \"<literal>/usr/local</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>/home</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"quelques répertoires où effectuer du travail d’administration de "
"début&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"home</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure "
"modem, dial anywhere, etc.  But if <literal>root</literal> creates pre-"
"defined configuration files for trusted peers in \"<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</"
"literal>\", you only need to belong to the <literal>dip</literal> group to "
"create <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to those "
"trusted peers using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>poff</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez être membre du groupe <literal>dialout</literal> pour pouvoir "
"reconfigurer un modem, numéroter vers n’importe où, etc. Mais si "
"l’<literal>administrateur</literal> crée dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/"
"</literal>&nbsp;» des fichiers de configuration pour des pairs de confiance, "
"vous ne devrez appartenir qu’au groupe <literal>dip</literal> pour créer une "
"connexion <emphasis role=\"strong\">commutée</emphasis> («&nbsp;Dialup "
"IP&nbsp;») vers ces pairs de confiance avec commandes "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>poff</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute "
"particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege."
msgstr ""
"Certains groupes faisant partie du système, permettent à leurs membres "
"d’exécuter des commandes particulières sans les privilèges de "
"l’administrateur (<literal>root</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions"
msgstr ""
"Liste des groupes importants fournis par le système pour l’exécution de "
"commandes particulières"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "accessible commands"
msgstr "commandes accessibles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>sudo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>sudo</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "execute <literal>sudo</literal> without their password"
msgstr "exécuter <literal>sudo</literal> sans son mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>lpadmin</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>lpadmin</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases"
msgstr ""
"exécuter des commandes pour ajouter, modifier et supprimer des imprimantes "
"de la base de données des imprimantes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent "
"version of the \"Users and Groups\" document in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\" provided by the <literal>base-"
"passwd</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Pour une liste complète des groupes et des utilisateurs fournis par le "
"système, veuillez consulter une version récente du document «&nbsp;"
"Utilisateurs et groupes&nbsp;» («&nbsp;Users and Groups&nbsp;» se trouvant "
"dans &nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui est fourni par le paquet <literal>base-passwd</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vipw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vigr</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for management commands of the user and group "
"system."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vipw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vigr</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour les commande de gestion des utilisateurs et "
"des groupes du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Timestamps"
msgstr "Horodatage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file."
msgstr "Il existe trois types d’horodatage pour un fichier GNU/Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of types of timestamps"
msgstr "Liste des types d’horodatage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "type"
msgstr "type"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)"
msgstr "date de modification du fichier (<literal>ls -l</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)"
msgstr "date de changement d’état du fichier (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)"
msgstr "date de dernier accès au fichier (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time."
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> n’est pas la date de création du "
"fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</"
"emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file."
msgstr ""
"Écraser un fichier va modifier tous les attributs <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> et <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> du fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> "
"attributes of the file."
msgstr ""
"Modifier le propriétaire ou les droits d’un fichier va changer les attributs "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">atime</emphasis> du fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Reading a file changes the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> of the "
"file."
msgstr ""
"La lecture d’un fichier va modifier l’attribut <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">atime</emphasis> du fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Even simply reading a file on the Debian system normally causes a file write "
"operation to update <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> information "
"in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">inode</emphasis>.  Mounting a filesystem "
"with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" or \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" "
"option makes the system skip this operation and results in faster file "
"access for the read. This is often recommended for laptops, because it "
"reduces hard drive activity and saves power. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Sur un système Debian, même la simple lecture d’un fichier provoque "
"normalement une opération d’écriture afin de mettre à jour les informations "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> dans l’<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">inœud</emphasis>. Monter un système de fichiers avec l’option «&nbsp;"
"<literal>noatime</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>relatime</"
"literal>&nbsp;» fait que le système n’effectuera pas cette opération et, en "
"conséquence, les accès aux fichiers en lecture seront plus rapides. C’est "
"souvent recommandé pour les portables, parce que cela réduit l’activité "
"disque et préserve l’autonomie de la batterie. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command to change timestamps of existing files."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour modifier "
"l’horodatage des fichiers existants."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs different strings "
"under non-English locale (\"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\") from under the "
"old one (\"<literal>C</literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"En ce qui concerne l’horodatage, la commande <literal>ls</literal> affiche "
"des chaînes différentes avec les paramètres linguistiques non anglais "
"(«&nbsp;<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;») qu’avec le vénérable («&nbsp;"
"<literal>C</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8  ls -l foo\n"
"-rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 oct. 16 21:35 foo\n"
"$ LANG=C  ls -l foo\n"
"-rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo"
msgstr ""
"$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8  ls -l foo\n"
"-rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct. 16 21:35 foo\n"
"$ LANG=C  ls -l foo\n"
"-rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8  ls -l toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/> to customize "
"\"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/> pour "
"personnaliser la sortie de «&nbsp;<literal>ls -l</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Links"
msgstr "Liens"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are two methods of associating a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with "
"a different filename \"<literal>bar</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Il existe deux méthodes pour associer le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>toto</"
"literal>&nbsp;» avec un nom de fichier différent «&nbsp;<literal>titi</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&hardlink;\">Hard link</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&hardlink;\">Lien physique</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Duplicate name for an existing file"
msgstr "Nom dupliqué d’un fichier existant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>ln foo bar</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>ln toto titi</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&symboliclinkorsymlink;\">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&symboliclinkorsymlink;\">Lien symbolique ou &lt;symlink&gt;</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Special file that points to another file by name"
msgstr "Fichier spécial pointant vers un autre fichier par son nom"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>ln -s foo bar</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>ln -s toto titi</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle "
"differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command."
msgstr ""
"Consultez l’exemple suivant pour des modifications du nombre de liens et les "
"subtiles différences dans le résultat de la commande <literal>rm</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ umask 002\n"
"$ echo \"Original Content\" &gt; foo\n"
"$ ls -li foo\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 foo\n"
"$ ln foo bar     # hard link\n"
"$ ln -s foo baz  # symlink\n"
"$ ls -li foo bar baz\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 bar\n"
"1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin  3 Oct 16 21:47 baz -&gt; foo\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 foo\n"
"$ rm foo\n"
"$ echo \"New Content\" &gt; foo\n"
"$ ls -li foo bar baz\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 bar\n"
"1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin  3 Oct 16 21:47 baz -&gt; foo\n"
"1450183 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 Oct 16 21:48 foo\n"
"$ cat bar\n"
"Original Content\n"
"$ cat baz\n"
"New Content"
msgstr ""
"$ umask 002\n"
"$ echo \"Contenu d'origine\" &gt; toto\n"
"$ ls -li toto\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 18 oct.  20 16:50 toto\n"
"$ ln toto titi     # lien physique\n"
"$ ln -s toto tutu  # lien symbolique\n"
"$ ls -li toto titi tutu\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct.  20 16:50 titi\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 18 oct.  20 16:50 toto\n"
"1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct.  20 16:55 tutu -&gt; toto\n"
"$ rm toto\n"
"$ echo \"Nouveau contenu\" &gt; toto\n"
"$ ls -li toto titi tutu\n"
"1450183 -rw-rw-r-- 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct.  20 16:56 titi\n"
"1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 18 oct.  20 16:50 toto\n"
"1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct.  20 16:55 tutu -&gt; toto\n"
"$ cat titi\n"
"Contenu d'origine\n"
"$ cat tutu\n"
"Nouveau contenu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same "
"inode number which the \"<literal>-i</literal>\" option with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> reveals."
msgstr ""
"Un lien physique peut être mis en place à l’intérieur du même système de "
"fichiers, il partage le même numéro d’inœud, ce que montre l’option «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-i</literal>&nbsp;» de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of "
"\"<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>\", as shown in the above example, with the "
"effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it "
"points to."
msgstr ""
"Le lien symbolique a les permissions d’accès nominales au fichier de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>&nbsp;» comme il apparaît dans l’exemple ci-"
"dessus, alors que les permissions d’accès effectives sont celles du fichier "
"vers lequel il pointe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"It is generally a good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or "
"hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason.  It may cause "
"nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in "
"loops in the filesystem."
msgstr ""
"En règle générale — à moins d’avoir une très bonne raison pour cela — il "
"faudrait s’abstenir de créer des liens physiques ou des liens symboliques "
"compliqués. Cela peut provoquer des cauchemars lorsque la combinaison "
"logique des liens symboliques crée une boucle dans le système de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks "
"unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink."
msgstr ""
"Il est généralement préférable d’utiliser des liens symboliques plutôt que "
"des liens physiques à moins que vous n’ayez une bonne raison d’utiliser un "
"lien physique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>.</literal>\" directory links to the directory that it "
"appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2.  The "
"\"<literal>..</literal>\" directory links to the parent directory, thus the "
"link count of the directory increases with the addition of new "
"subdirectories."
msgstr ""
"Le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;» est lié au répertoire dans "
"lequel il apparaît, le nombre de liens de n’importe quel nouveau répertoire "
"commence donc à 2. Le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>..</literal>&nbsp;» est lié "
"au répertoire parent, le nombre de liens du répertoire augmente donc lors de "
"l’ajout de nouveaux sous-répertoires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how well-"
"designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest Windows "
"equivalent of \"shortcuts\".  Because it is implemented in the filesystem, "
"applications can't see any difference between a linked file and the "
"original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference."
msgstr ""
"Si vous venez de passer à Linux depuis Windows, la bonne conception d’un "
"système de fichiers UNIX comparé à l’équivalent le plus proche que sont les "
"«&nbsp;raccourcis Windows&nbsp;» deviendra vite claire. Parce qu’il est "
"implémenté dans le système de fichiers, les applications ne voient pas de "
"différence entre un fichier lié et son original. Dans le cas de liens "
"physiques, il n’y a vraiment aucune différence."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Named pipes (FIFOs)"
msgstr "Tubes nommés (FIFO)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <ulink url=\"&namedpipe;\">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a "
"pipe.  You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end.  "
"Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in "
"the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end."
msgstr ""
"Un <ulink url=\"&namedpipe;\">tube nommé</ulink> est un fichier qui se "
"comporte comme un tuyau. Vous mettez quelque chose dans le tuyau et il "
"ressort à l’autre bout. C’est donc appelé une FIFO, ou «&nbsp;premier entré-"
"premier sorti&nbsp;» (First-In-First-Out)&nbsp;: la première chose que vous "
"mettez dans le tuyau est la première chose qui ressortira à l’autre bout."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe "
"doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the "
"pipe.  If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there "
"is nothing to read before terminating.  The size of the pipe is always zero "
"--- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the "
"functionality offered by the shell \"<literal>|</literal>\" syntax.  "
"However, since this pipe has a name, the two processes don't have to be on "
"the same command line or even be run by the same user. Pipes were a very "
"influential innovation of Unix."
msgstr ""
"Si vous écrivez vers un tube nommé, le processus qui écrit dans le tube ne "
"se termine pas avant que l’information ne soit lue depuis le tube. Si vous "
"effectuez une lecture depuis un tube nommé, le processus de lecture attendra "
"jusqu’à ce qu’il n’y ait plus rien à lire avant de se terminer. La taille "
"d’un tube est toujours nulle — il ne stocke pas de données, ce n’est qu’un "
"lien entre deux processus, comparable à la fonction fournie par l’opérateur "
"«&nbsp;<literal>|</literal>&nbsp;» dans l’interpréteur de commandes. "
"Cependant, comme ce tube a un nom, il n’est pas nécessaire que les deux "
"processus se trouvent sur la même ligne de commandes ni même qu’ils soient "
"lancés par le même utilisateur. Les tubes sont une innovation déterminante "
"d’UNIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd; mkfifo mypipe\n"
"$ echo \"hello\" &gt;mypipe &amp; # put into background\n"
"[1] 8022\n"
"$ ls -l mypipe\n"
"prw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:49 mypipe\n"
"$ cat mypipe\n"
"hello\n"
"[1]+  Done                    echo \"hello\" &gt;mypipe\n"
"$ ls mypipe\n"
"mypipe\n"
"$ rm mypipe"
msgstr ""
"$ cd; mkfifo montube\n"
"$ echo \"salut\" &gt;montube &amp; # mettre en arrière-plan\n"
"[1] 8022\n"
"$ ls -l montube\n"
"prw-r--r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct.  20 17:02 montube\n"
"$ cat montube\n"
"salut\n"
"[1]+  Fini                    echo \"salut\" > montube\n"
"$ ls montube\n"
"montube\n"
"$ rm montube"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Sockets"
msgstr "Sockets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, "
"and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and "
"allows processes to exchange information even between different computers.  "
"For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time "
"nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process.  This is the "
"endpoint for <ulink url=\"&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;\">the inter "
"process communication (IPC)</ulink>.  The exchange of information may occur "
"over the network between different hosts.  The two most common ones are "
"<ulink url=\"&theinternetsocket;\">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&theunixdomainsocket;\">the Unix domain socket</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Les sockets sont utilisées de manière intensives dans les communications par "
"Internet, les bases de données et le système d’exploitation lui-même. Elles "
"sont semblables aux tubes nommés (FIFO) et permettent aux processus "
"d’échanger des informations même s’ils tournent sur des ordinateurs "
"différents. Pour la socket, ces processus n’ont pas besoin de tourner en "
"même temps ni de tourner en tant que fils du même processus père. C’est le "
"point d’aboutissement du <ulink url=\"&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;"
"\">processus d’intercommunication (IPC)</ulink>. («&nbsp;interprocess "
"communication&nbsp;»). L’échange d’informations peut avoir lieu entre deux "
"machines au travers du réseau. Les deux plus courantes sont la <ulink url="
"\"&theinternetsocket;\">socket Internet</ulink> («&nbsp;Internet "
"socket&nbsp;») et la <ulink url=\"&theunixdomainsocket;\">socket du domaine "
"UNIX</ulink> («&nbsp;UNIX domain socket&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>netstat -an</literal>\" provides a very useful overview of "
"sockets that are open on a given system."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>netstat -an</literal>&nbsp;» fournit un aperçu très utile "
"des sockets qui sont ouvertes sur un système donné."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Device files"
msgstr "Fichiers de périphériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&devicefiles;\">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or "
"virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, "
"or keyboard.  An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by "
"\"<literal>/dev/console</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&devicefiles;\">Fichiers de périphériques</ulink> fait "
"référence aux périphériques virtuels ou physiques de votre système, tels que "
"vos disques durs, carte vidéo, écran ou clavier. Un exemple de périphérique "
"virtuel est la console, représentée par «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/console</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are 2 types of device files."
msgstr "Il y a 2 types de fichiers de périphériques&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Character device</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">périphérique en mode caractère</emphasis> («&nbsp;"
"character device&nbsp;») :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Accessed one character at a time"
msgstr "permettent l’accès à un caractère à la fois"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "1 character = 1 byte"
msgstr "1 caractère = 1 octet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …"
msgstr "par exemple, les claviers, les ports série, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Block device</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Périphériques en mode bloc</emphasis> («&nbsp;"
"block device&nbsp;»)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "accessed in larger units called blocks"
msgstr "accèdent aux données par éléments plus importants appelés blocs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "1 block &gt; 1 byte"
msgstr "1 bloc &gt; 1 octet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "E.g. hard disk, …"
msgstr "par exemple, les disques durs, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary "
"data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish.  Writing data "
"directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of "
"hardware connections.  For example, you can dump a text file to the printer "
"device \"<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>\" or send modem commands to the "
"appropriate serial port \"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\".  But, unless this "
"is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster.  So be cautious."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez lire et écrire sur les fichiers de périphériques, cependant, le "
"fichier peut fort bien contenir des données binaires qui peuvent être du "
"charabia incompréhensible pour les êtres humains. Écrire des données "
"directement dans ces fichiers est parfois utile pour déboguer des connexions "
"matérielles. Vous pouvez, par exemple, vider un fichier texte vers le "
"périphérique d’impression «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"envoyer des commandes de modem vers le port série approprié «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"dev/ttyS0</literal>&nbsp;». Mais, à moins que ce ne soit fait avec "
"précautions, cela peut provoquer un désastre majeur. Soyez donc prudent."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For the normal access to a printer, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Pour l’accès normal à une imprimante, utilisez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The device node number are displayed by executing "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> as the following."
msgstr ""
"On affiche le numéro de nœud du périphérique en utilisant la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ls -l /dev/sda /dev/sr0 /dev/ttyS0 /dev/zero\n"
"brw-rw---T  1 root disk     8,  0 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/sda\n"
"brw-rw---T+ 1 root cdrom   11,  0 Oct 16 21:53 /dev/sr0\n"
"crw-rw---T  1 root dialout  4, 64 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/ttyS0\n"
"crw-rw-rw-  1 root root     1,  5 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/zero"
msgstr ""
"$ ls -l /dev/sda /dev/sr0 /dev/ttyS0 /dev/zero\n"
"brw-rw----  1 root disk     8,  0 20 oct.  07:13 /dev/sda\n"
"brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom   11,  0 20 oct.  07:13 /dev/sr0\n"
"crw-rw----  1 root dialout  4, 64 20 oct.  07:13 /dev/ttyS0\n"
"crw-rw-rw-  1 root root     1,  5 20 oct.  07:13 /dev/zero"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\" has the major device number 8 and the minor "
"device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the "
"<literal>disk</literal> group."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda</literal>&nbsp;» a le numéro majeur de périphérique "
"8 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 0. Il est accessible en lecture et "
"écriture aux utilisateurs qui appartiennent au groupe <literal>disk</"
"literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>\" has the major device number 11 and the minor "
"device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the "
"<literal>cdrom</literal> group."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>&nbsp;» a le numéro majeur de périphérique "
"11 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 0. Il est accessible en lecture et "
"écriture aux utilisateurs qui appartiennent au groupe <literal>cdrom</"
"literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\" has the major device number 4 and the "
"minor device number 64.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to "
"the <literal>dialout</literal> group."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>&nbsp;» a le numéro majeur de "
"périphérique 4 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 64. Il est accessible en "
"lecture et écriture aux utilisateurs qui appartiennent au groupe "
"<literal>dialout</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/zero</literal>\" has the major device number 1 and the minor "
"device number 5.  This is read/write accessible by anyone."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/zero</literal>&nbsp;» a le numéro majeur de "
"périphérique 1 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 5. Il est accessible en "
"lecture et écriture à tout le monde."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"On the modern Linux system, the filesystem under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>"
"\" is automatically populated by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> mechanism."
msgstr ""
"Sur les systèmes Linux modernes, le système de fichiers sous «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/</literal>&nbsp;» est automatiquement rempli par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Special device files"
msgstr "Fichiers spéciaux de périphériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are some special device files."
msgstr "Il y a aussi certains fichiers spéciaux de périphériques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of special device files"
msgstr "Liste des fichiers spéciaux de périphériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "device file"
msgstr "fichier de périphérique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "action"
msgstr "action"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of response"
msgstr "description de la réponse"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/dev/null</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/dev/null</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "read"
msgstr "lire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "return \"end-of-file (EOF) character\""
msgstr "retourne le «&nbsp;caractère fin de fichier (EOF)&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "write"
msgstr "écrire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)"
msgstr "ne retourne rien (un puits de données sans fond)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"return \"the <literal>\\0</literal> (NUL) character\" (not the same as the "
"number zero ASCII)"
msgstr ""
"retourne le «&nbsp;caractère <literal>\\0</literal> (NULL)&nbsp;» (qui n’est "
"pas identique au chiffre zéro ASCII)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/dev/random</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/dev/random</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering "
"real entropy (slow)"
msgstr ""
"retourne des caractères aléatoires depuis un générateur de nombres "
"aléatoires réel, en donnant une vraie entropie (lent)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/dev/urandom</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/dev/urandom</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number "
"generator"
msgstr ""
"retourne des caractères aléatoires depuis un générateur de nombres pseudo-"
"aléatoires, sécurisé par chiffrement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/dev/full</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/dev/full</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error"
msgstr "retourne une erreur disque plein (ENOSPC)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Ils sont fréquemment utilisés en conjonction avec une redirection du shell "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"
"\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "procfs and sysfs"
msgstr "procfs et sysfs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&procfs;\">procfs</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</"
"ulink> mounted on \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" and \"<literal>/sys</literal>"
"\" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal data structures of the "
"kernel to the userspace.  In other word, these entries are virtual, meaning "
"that they act as a convenient window into the operation of the operating "
"system."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&procfs;\">procfs</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</"
"ulink> montés sur «&nbsp;<literal>/proc</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"sys</literal> sont des pseudo-systèmes de fichiers, ils présentent dans "
"l’espace utilisateur des structures de données internes du noyau. En "
"d’autres termes, ces entrées sont virtuelles, ce qui signifie qu’elles "
"présentent une fenêtre sur le fonctionnement du système d’exploitation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The directory \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" contains (among other things) one "
"subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after "
"the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such "
"as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, get their information from this directory structure."
msgstr ""
"Le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/proc</literal>&nbsp;» contient (entre autres "
"choses), pour chacun des processus tournant sur le système, un sous-"
"répertoire dont le nom est l’identifiant du processus (PID). Les utilitaires "
"du système qui accèdent aux information des processus, tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, obtiennent leurs informations depuis cette structure de "
"répertoires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The directories under \"<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>\" contain interfaces "
"to change certain kernel parameters at run time.  (You may do the same "
"through the specialized <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command or its preload/"
"configuration file \"<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""
"Les répertoires qui se trouvent sous «&nbsp;<literal>/proc/sys/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» contiennent des interfaces permettant de modifier certains "
"paramètres du système alors qu’il est en fonctionnement. (Vous pouvez faire "
"la même chose au travers de la commande spécialisée "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou de son fichier de configuration «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/sysctl."
"conf</literal>&nbsp;)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - "
"\"<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>\" - which is generally huge.  This is (more "
"or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory.  It's used to "
"debug the kernel.  It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so "
"don't worry about its size."
msgstr ""
"Certaines personnes paniquent lorsqu’elles remarquent un fichier particulier "
"- «&nbsp;<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>&nbsp;» — qui est particulièrement "
"énorme. C’est (plus ou moins) le contenu de la mémoire de votre ordinateur. "
"Il est utilisé pour déboguer le noyau. C’est un fichier virtuel qui pointe "
"vers la mémoire de l’ordinateur, ne vous inquiétez donc pas de sa taille."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The directory under \"<literal>/sys</literal>\" contains exported kernel "
"data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also "
"contains interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time."
msgstr ""
"Les répertoires sous «&nbsp;<literal>/sys</literal>&nbsp;» contiennent des "
"structures de données exportées depuis le noyau, leurs attributs et les "
"liens entre elles. Ils contiennent aussi des interfaces pour modifier "
"certains paramètres du noyau pendant son fonctionnement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>\", \"<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>"
"\" and other related documents in the Linux kernel documentation "
"(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>"
"\") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>&nbsp;» et d’autres documents en rapport "
"dans la documentation du noyau de Linux («&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>&nbsp;») fournie par le "
"paquet <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "tmpfs"
msgstr "tmpfs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&tmpfs;\">tmpfs</ulink> is a temporary filesystem which "
"keeps all files in the <ulink url=\"&virtualmemory;\">virtual memory</"
"ulink>.  The data of the tmpfs in the <ulink url=\"&pagecache;\">page cache</"
"ulink> on memory may be swapped out to the <ulink url=\"&swapspace;\">swap "
"space</ulink> on disk as needed."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&tmpfs;\">tmpfs</ulink> est un système de fichiers "
"temporaire qui garde tous les fichiers en <ulink url=\"&virtualmemory;"
"\">mémoire virtuelle</ulink>. Les données du tmpfs dans le <ulink url="
"\"&pagecache;\">page cache</ulink> en mémoire peuvent être déplacées dans "
"l’<ulink url=\"&swapspace;\">espace d’échange</ulink> sur disque en cas de "
"besoin."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The directory \"<literal>/run</literal>\" is mounted as the tmpfs in the "
"early boot process.  This enables writing to it even when the directory "
"\"<literal>/</literal>\" is mounted as read-only.  This is the new location "
"for the storage of transient state files and replaces several locations "
"described in the <ulink url=\"&filesystemhierarchystandard;\">Filesystem "
"Hierarchy Standard</ulink> version 2.3:"
msgstr ""
"Le répertoire « <literal>/run</literal> » est monté en tmpfs au tout début "
"du processus de démarrage. Cela permet d’écrire dessus même quand le "
"répertoire racine « <literal>/</literal> » est monté en lecture seule. C’est "
"le nouvel emplacement pour le stockage de fichiers en état transitoire qui "
"remplace plusieurs emplacements décrits dans la <ulink url="
"\"&filesystemhierarchystandard;\">norme de hiérarchie du système de fichiers "
"(« Filesystem Hierarchy Standard »)</ulink> version 2.3 :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/var/run</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run</literal>\""
msgstr "« <literal>/var/run</literal> » → « <literal>/run</literal> »"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lock</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run/lock</literal>\""
msgstr "« <literal>/var/lock</literal> » → « <literal>/run/lock</literal> »"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/dev/shm</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run/shm</literal>\""
msgstr "« <literal>/dev/shm</literal> » → « <literal>/run/shm</literal> »"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>\" in the Linux kernel documentation "
"(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>"
"\") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>&nbsp;» dans la "
"documentation du noyau de Linux («&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/"
"Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>&nbsp;») fournie par le paquet "
"<literal>linux-doc-*</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Midnight Commander (MC)"
msgstr "Midnight Commander (MC)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&midnightcommandermc;\">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a "
"GNU \"Swiss army knife\" for the Linux console and other terminal "
"environments.  This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is "
"much easier to learn than standard Unix commands."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&midnightcommandermc;\">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> est un "
"«&nbsp;couteau Suisse&nbsp;» GNU pour la console Linux et d’autres "
"environnements de terminaux. Il permet au débutant d’acquérir une expérience "
"de la console pilotée par des menus, ce qui est bien plus facile à apprendre "
"que les commandes UNIX standard."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled "
"\"<literal>mc</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Il vous faudra peut-être installer le paquet Midnight Commander dont le nom "
"est «&nbsp;<literal>mc</literal>&nbsp;» en effectuant ce qui suit :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo apt-get install mc"
msgstr "$ sudo apt-get install mc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command to explore the Debian system.  This is the "
"best way to learn.  Please explore few interesting locations just using the "
"cursor keys and Enter key."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour parcourir le "
"système Debian. C’est la meilleure manière d’apprendre. Vous pouvez explorer "
"certains emplacements intéressants en utilisant simplement les touches de "
"curseur et la touche Entrée&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/etc</literal>\" and its subdirectories"
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>/etc</literal>&nbsp;» et ses sous-répertoires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/var/log</literal>\" and its subdirectories"
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>/var/log</literal>&nbsp;» et ses sous-répertoires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" and its subdirectories"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>&nbsp;» et ses sous-répertoires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/sbin</literal>\" and \"<literal>/bin</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/sbin</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/bin</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customization of MC"
msgstr "Personnalisation de MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and <literal>cd</"
"literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>"
"\" to include a script provided by the <literal>mc</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Pour que MC modifie le répertoire de travail en quittant, et <literal>cd</"
"literal> vers le répertoire, je vous suggère de modifier «&nbsp;<literal>~/."
"bashrc</literal>&nbsp;» afin d’inclure un script fourni par le paquet "
"<literal>mc</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh"
msgstr ". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (under the \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option) for the reason. "
"(If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, you can do this "
"later.)"
msgstr ""
"Vous trouverez une explication dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (option «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-P</literal>&nbsp;»). (Si vous ne comprenez pas exactement ce dont "
"je parle ici, vous pourrez le faire plus tard)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Starting MC"
msgstr "Démarrer MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "MC can be started by the following."
msgstr "MC peut être lancé par&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ mc"
msgstr "$ mc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal "
"user effort.  Just press F1 to get the help screen.  You can play with MC "
"just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys."
msgstr ""
"MC prend en charge toutes les opérations sur les fichiers par "
"l’intermédiaire de son menu, ce qui ne demande que peu d’effort de la part "
"de l’utilisateur. Pressez simplement F1 pour obtenir l’écran d’aide. Vous "
"pouvez jouer avec MC simplement en pressant les touches de curseur et les "
"touches de fonctions."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"In some consoles such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, key strokes of "
"function-keys may be stolen by the console program.  You can disable these "
"features by \"Edit\" → \"Keyboard Shortcuts\" for <literal>gnome-terminal</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""
"Sur certaines consoles telles que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-"
"terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les actions "
"sur les touches de fonctions peuvent être récupérées par le programme de "
"console. Vous pouvez désactiver cette fonctionnalité par «&nbsp;"
"Éditer&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Raccourcis clavier&nbsp;» pour le <literal>terminal "
"gnome</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage "
"characters, adding \"<literal>-a</literal>\" to MC's command line may help "
"prevent problems."
msgstr ""
"Si vous rencontrez un problème de codage de caractères qui entraîne une "
"corruption de l’affichage, ajouter «&nbsp;<literal>-a</literal>&nbsp;» à la "
"ligne de commandes de MC peut aider à éviter les problèmes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_terminal_configuration\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Si cela ne résout pas vos problèmes d’affichage avec MC, consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_terminal_configuration\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "File manager in MC"
msgstr "Gestionnaire de fichiers de MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The default is two directory panels containing file lists.  Another useful "
"mode is to set the right window to \"information\" to see file access "
"privilege information, etc.  Following are some essential keystrokes.  With "
"the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux "
"character consoles, too.  (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the "
"normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)"
msgstr ""
"Il y a par défaut, deux panneaux de répertoires affichant les listes de "
"fichiers. Un autre mode utile est de définir la fenêtre de droite à «&nbsp;"
"information&nbsp;» afin de voir les informations de privilèges d’accès aux "
"répertoires. Vous trouverez ci-après quelques raccourcis clavier essentiels. "
"Si le démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> tourne, une souris est utilisable avec les "
"consoles Linux en mode caractères. (Assurez-vous de presser la touche "
"majuscules pour obtenir le comportement normal de couper-coller avec MC)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The key bindings of MC"
msgstr "Touches de raccourcis de MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "key"
msgstr "touche"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "key binding"
msgstr "affectation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>F1</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>F1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "help menu"
msgstr "menu d’aide"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>F3</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>F3</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "internal file viewer"
msgstr "visualisateur interne de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>F4</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>F4</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "internal editor"
msgstr "éditeur interne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>F9</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>F9</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "activate pull down menu"
msgstr "activer le menu déroulant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>F10</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>F10</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "exit Midnight Commander"
msgstr "quitter Midnight Commander"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Tab</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Tabulation</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "move between two windows"
msgstr "passer d’une fenêtre à l’autre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ins</literal> ou <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy"
msgstr ""
"marquer le fichier pour des opérations sur plusieurs fichiers telles que "
"copier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Del</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Suppr</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)"
msgstr ""
"effacer le fichier (attention, configurez MC dans le mode d’effacement "
"sécurisé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Cursor keys"
msgstr "Touches de curseur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "self-explanatory"
msgstr "autoexplicatif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Command-line tricks in MC"
msgstr "Astuces de la ligne de commandes dans MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected "
"screen."
msgstr ""
"la commande <literal>cd</literal> changera le répertoire affiché sur l’écran "
"sélectionné&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a "
"filename to the command line. Use this with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> commands together with command-line editing."
msgstr ""
"<literal>Ctrl-Entrée</literal> ou <literal>Alt-Entrée</literal> copiera un "
"nom de fichier sur la ligne de commandes. Utilisez cela avec les commandes "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mv</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> en association avec "
"l’édition de la ligne de commandes&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices."
msgstr ""
"<literal>Alt-Tab</literal> affichera les choix de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes pour l’expansion du nom de fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; "
"for example, \"<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"on peut indiquer le répertoire de départ pour les deux fenêtres en paramètre "
"de MC. Par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (i."
"e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, "
"etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>touche n</literal> → <literal>Fn</"
"literal> (par exemple <literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → "
"<literal>F1</literal>, etc. ; <literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>0</"
"literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as "
"pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type "
"<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>.  "
"<literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as "
"\"<literal>M-</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Presser la touche <literal>Échap</literal> avant une touche a le même effet "
"que presser simultanément <literal>Alt</literal> et la touche. Par exemple, "
"entrez <literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>c</literal> pour <literal>Alt-C</"
"literal>. <literal>Échap</literal> est appelée métatouche et parfois notée "
"«&nbsp;<literal>M-</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The internal editor in MC"
msgstr "Éditeur interne de MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme.  Pressing "
"<literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second <literal>F3</"
"literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the selection.  Then you "
"can move your cursor.  If you press F6, the selected area is moved to the "
"cursor location.  If you press F5, the selected area is copied and inserted "
"at the cursor location.  <literal>F2</literal> saves the file.  "
"<literal>F10</literal> gets you out.  Most cursor keys work intuitively."
msgstr ""
"L’éditeur interne possède une manière intéressante d’effectuer un copier-"
"coller. Presser <literal>F3</literal> marque le début de la sélection, "
"<literal>F3</literal> pressé une seconde fois marque la fin de la sélection "
"et la met en surbrillance. Vous pouvez ensuite déplacer votre curseur. Si "
"vous appuyez sur F6, la zone sélectionnée sera déplacée jusqu’à "
"l’emplacement du curseur. Si vous pressez sur F5, la zone sélectionnée sera "
"copiée et insérée à l’emplacement du curseur. <literal>F2</literal> "
"enregistrera le fichier. <literal>F10</literal> vous permettra de quitter "
"l’éditeur. La plupart des touches de déplacement du curseur fonctionnent de "
"manière intuitive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following "
"commands."
msgstr ""
"Cet éditeur peut être directement lancé avec un fichier en utilisant l’une "
"des commandes suivantes :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ mc -e filename_to_edit"
msgstr "$ mc -e fichier_à_éditer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ mcedit filename_to_edit"
msgstr "$ mcedit fichier_à_éditer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles "
"to achieve the same effect.  To copy between windows, use Alt-F&lt;n&gt; "
"keys to switch virtual consoles and use \"File→Insert file\" or \"File→Copy "
"to file\" to move a portion of a file to another file."
msgstr ""
"Il ne s’agit pas d’un éditeur multi-fenêtres mais on peut faire usage de "
"plusieurs consoles Linux pour obtenir le même effet. Pour copier d’une "
"fenêtre sur l’autre, utilisez les touches Alt-F&lt;n&gt; pour basculer d’une "
"console virtuelle à l’autre et utilisez «&nbsp;File→Insert file&nbsp;» ou "
"«File→Copy to file» pour déplacer une portion de fichier dans un autre "
"fichier. "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice."
msgstr ""
"Cet éditeur interne peut être remplacé par n’importe quel autre éditeur "
"externe de votre choix."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Also, many programs use the environment variables \"<literal>$EDITOR</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide which editor to use.  "
"If you are uncomfortable with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> initially, you may set these to \"<literal>mcedit</literal>\" "
"by adding the following lines to \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux programmes utilisent aussi les variables d’environnement «&nbsp;"
"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>$VISUAL</"
"literal>&nbsp;» afin de décider quel éditeur utiliser. Si, au départ, vous "
"n’êtes à l’aise ni avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ni avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, vous pouvez définir ces variable à «&nbsp;<literal>mcedit</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en ajoutant les lignes suivantes au fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>&nbsp;» :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"export EDITOR=mcedit\n"
"export VISUAL=mcedit"
msgstr ""
"export EDITOR=mcedit\n"
"export VISUAL=mcedit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "I do recommend setting these to \"<literal>vim</literal>\" if possible."
msgstr ""
"Je recommande de les définir à «&nbsp;<literal>vim</literal>&nbsp;» si "
"possible."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are uncomfortable with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, you can keep using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mcedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for most system maintenance tasks."
msgstr ""
"Si vous n’êtes pas à l’aise avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, vous pouvez continuer "
"à utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mcedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour la plupart des tâches de maintenance du "
"système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The internal viewer in MC"
msgstr "Visualisateur interne de MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"MC is a very smart viewer.  This is a great tool for searching words in "
"documents.  I always use this for files in the \"<literal>/usr/share/doc</"
"literal>\" directory.  This is the fastest way to browse through masses of "
"Linux information.  This viewer can be directly started using one of the "
"following commands."
msgstr ""
"MC possède un visualisateur intelligent. C’est un très bon outil pour "
"rechercher des mots dans des documents. Je l’utilise toujours pour lire les "
"fichiers qui sont dans le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc</"
"literal>&nbsp;». C’est la manière la plus rapide de naviguer dans les masses "
"d’informations sur Linux. Ce visualisateur peut être chargé directement "
"utilisant l’une des commandes suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ mc -v path/to/filename_to_view"
msgstr "$ mc -v chemin/vers/fichier_à_voir"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ mcview path/to/filename_to_view"
msgstr "$ mcview chemin/vers/fichier_à_voir"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Auto-start features of MC"
msgstr "Possibilités de démarrage automatique de MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of "
"the file (see <xref linkend=\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>).  This "
"is a very convenient MC feature."
msgstr ""
"Pressez Entrée sur un fichier, et le programme approprié prendra en charge "
"le contenu du fichier (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). Il s’agit là d’une fonctionnalité "
"très pratique de MC."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The reaction to the enter key in MC"
msgstr "Réaction à la touche Entrée dans MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "file type"
msgstr "type de fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "reaction to enter key"
msgstr "réaction à la touche Entrée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "executable file"
msgstr "fichier exécutable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "execute command"
msgstr "exécuter la commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "man file"
msgstr "fichier de page de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "pipe content to viewer software"
msgstr "envoyer («&nbsp;pipe&nbsp;») le contenu au logiciel de visualisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "html file"
msgstr "fichier html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "pipe content to web browser"
msgstr "envoyer («&nbsp;pipe&nbsp;») le contenu au navigateur web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>\" and \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""
"fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>*.deb</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "browse its contents as if subdirectory"
msgstr "parcourir le contenu comme si c’était un sous-répertoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, "
"viewable files should not be set as executable.  Change their status using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or via the MC file menu."
msgstr ""
"Afin de permettre le fonctionnement de ces visualisateurs et de ces "
"fonctionnalités de fichiers virtuels, les fichiers pouvant être visualisés "
"ne doivent pas être définis comme étant exécutables. Modifiez leur état avec "
"la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ou par l’intermédiaire du menu fichiers de MC."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "FTP virtual filesystem of MC"
msgstr "Système de fichiers FTP virtuel de MC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"MC can be used to access files over the Internet using FTP.  Go to the menu "
"by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, then type \"<literal>p</literal>\" to "
"activate the FTP virtual filesystem.  Enter a URL in the form "
"\"<literal>username:passwd@hostname.domainname</literal>\", which retrieves "
"a remote directory that appears like a local one."
msgstr ""
"MC peut être utilisé pour accéder à des fichiers au travers d’Internet en "
"utilisant FTP. Allez au menu en pressant <literal>F9</literal>, entrez "
"ensuite «&nbsp;<literal>p</literal>&nbsp;» pour activer le système de "
"fichiers virtuel FTP. Entrez une URL sous la forme «&nbsp;"
"<literal>nomutilisateur:motdepasse@nommachine.nomdomaine</literal>&nbsp;» ce "
"qui va permettre de récupérer un répertoire distant qui apparaît alors comme "
"s’il était local."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Try \"[http.us.debian.org/debian]\" as the URL and browse the Debian archive."
msgstr ""
"Essayez l’URL «&nbsp;[http.us.debian.org/debian]&nbsp;» et parcourez "
"l’archive Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The basic Unix-like work environment"
msgstr "L’environnement élémentaire de travail de type UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for "
"you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt "
"and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment."
msgstr ""
"Bien que MC vous permette de faire à peu près n’importe quoi, il est très "
"important que vous appreniez comment utiliser les outils en ligne de "
"commande appelés depuis l’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes et que vous "
"vous familiarisiez avec un environnement de travail de type UNIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The login shell"
msgstr "L’interpréteur de commandes de connexion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can select your login shell with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez choisir votre interpréteur de commandes de connexion à l’aide de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of shell programs"
msgstr "Liste d’interpréteurs de commandes («&nbsp;shells&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "POSIX shell"
msgstr "Interpréteur POSIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Yes"
msgstr "Oui"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bash;\">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto "
"standard)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bash;\">Bash</ulink>&nbsp;: Shell GNU Bourne Again. (standard "
"de fait)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "No"
msgstr "Non"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tenexcshell;\">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of "
"<ulink url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&tenexcshell;\">Shell TENEX C</ulink>&nbsp;: version améliorée "
"de <ulink url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">csh de Berkeley</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Debian <ulink url=\"&almquistshell;\">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell "
"script"
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&almquistshell;\">Shell Almquist</ulink> de Debian. Bon pour "
"les scripts en shell"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&zshell;\">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many "
"enhancements"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&zshell;\">Z shell</ulink> : interpréteur standard avec de "
"nombreuses améliorations"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"public domain version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn shell</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"version du domaine public de l’interpréteur <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink url="
"\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"C Shell <ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, une version de <ulink url="
"\"&berkeleycsh;\">csh de Berkeley</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&standaloneshell;\">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin "
"commands (Not meant for standard \"<literal>/bin/sh</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&standaloneshell;\">Interpréteur de commandes autonome</ulink> "
"avec des commandes intégrées. (Ne convient pas en tant que «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"bin/sh</literal>&nbsp;» standard)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"the real, AT&amp;T version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn shell</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"la vraie version de AT&amp;T du <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">shell Korn</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"implementation of the <ulink url=\"&attplanj;\">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink> "
"<ulink url=\"&rcshell;\">rc shell</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"implémentation du <ulink url=\"&rcshell;\">shell rc</ulink> <ulink url="
"\"&attplanj;\">Plan 9 de AT&amp;T</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)"
msgstr "Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (dérivé de <literal>pdksh</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Although POSIX-like shells share the basic syntax, they can differ in "
"behavior for things as basic as shell variables and glob expansions.  Please "
"check their documentation for details."
msgstr ""
"Les interpréteurs de commandes POSIX partagent une syntaxe commune, mais "
"leur comportement peut diverger, même pour des choses aussi élémentaires que "
"les variables de l’interpréteur ou les expansions de motifs. Veuillez "
"consulter leur documentation pour une description détaillée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means <literal>bash</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""
"Dans ce chapitre du didacticiel, l’interpréteur interactif sera toujours "
"<literal>bash</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customizing bash"
msgstr "Personnaliser bash"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can customize <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior by "
"\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez personnaliser le comportement de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> à l’aide de «&nbsp;<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For example, try the following."
msgstr "Essayez, par exemple, ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# CD upon exiting MC\n"
". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh\n"
"\n"
"# set CDPATH to a good one\n"
"CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~:~/Desktop:~\n"
"export CDPATH\n"
"\n"
"PATH=\"${PATH}\":/usr/sbin:/sbin\n"
"# set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists\n"
"if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then\n"
"  PATH=~/bin:\"${PATH}\"\n"
"fi\n"
"export PATH\n"
"\n"
"EDITOR=vim\n"
"export EDITOR"
msgstr ""
"# CD en quittant MC\n"
". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh\n"
"\n"
"# définir une valeur valable de CDPATH\n"
"CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~/Desktop:~\n"
"export CDPATH\n"
"\n"
"PATH=\"${PATH}\":/usr/sbin:/sbin\n"
"# définir le PATH pour qu'il comporte un répertoire bin privé de l’utilisateur s'il existe\n"
"if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then\n"
"  PATH=~/bin:\"${PATH}\"\n"
"fi\n"
"export PATH\n"
"\n"
"EDITOR=vim\n"
"export EDITOR"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref "
"linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>, in <xref linkend=\"_system_tips\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pourrez trouver davantage d’informations concernant les astuces de "
"personnalisation de <literal>bash</literal>, comme <xref linkend="
"\"_colorized_commands\"/>, dans <xref linkend=\"_system_tips\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Special key strokes"
msgstr "Combinaisons particulières de touches"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are "
"few key strokes which have special meanings.  Please note that on a normal "
"Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and "
"<literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected.  Here are few notable key "
"strokes to remember."
msgstr ""
"Dans un environnement «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">de type UNIX</"
"ulink>&nbsp;», certaines séquences de touches ont une signification "
"particulière. Vous remarquerez que sur une console Linux normale en mode "
"caractères, seules les touches <literal>Ctrl</literal> et <literal>Alt</"
"literal> situées à gauche fonctionnent de la manière voulue. Voici quelques "
"séquences de touches dont il est intéressant de se souvenir&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of key bindings for bash"
msgstr "Liste des raccourcis clavier de bash"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of key binding"
msgstr "description des raccourcis clavier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-U</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-U</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "erase line before cursor"
msgstr "effacer la ligne avant le curseur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-H</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-H</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "erase a character before cursor"
msgstr "effacer le caractère précédant le curseur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-D</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-D</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)"
msgstr "terminer l’entrée (quitter l’interpréteur si vous en utilisez un)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "terminate a running program"
msgstr "terminer un programme en cours d’exécution"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Z</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-Z</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job"
msgstr "arrêter temporairement un programme en le mettant en tâche de fond"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-S</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-S</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "halt output to screen"
msgstr "arrêter le défilement de l’affichage à l’écran"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Q</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-Q</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "reactivate output to screen"
msgstr "reprendre le défilement de l’affichage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Alt-Del</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-Alt-Suppr</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"reboot/halt the system, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"redémarrer ou arrêter le système, consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<literal>Touche Alt de gauche</literal> (optionnellement, <literal>touche "
"Windows</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI"
msgstr ""
"touche «&nbsp;meta&nbsp;» pour les interfaces utilisateurs Emacs et "
"similaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Up-arrow</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Flèche haute</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>"
msgstr ""
"lancer la recherche dans l’historique des commandes sous <literal>bash</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-R</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-R</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>"
msgstr ""
"lancer la recherche incrémentale dans l’historique des commandes sous "
"<literal>bash</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"complete input of the filename to the command line under <literal>bash</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"complèter l’entrée du nom de fichier de la ligne de commandes sous "
"<literal>bash</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-V</literal> <literal>Tab</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-V</literal> <literal>Tab</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under "
"<literal>bash</literal>"
msgstr ""
"entrer une <literal>Tabulation</literal> sans expansion de la ligne de "
"commande sous <literal>bash</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"La fonctionnalité <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> du terminal peut être désactivée "
"en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Unix style mouse operations"
msgstr "Opérations de style UNIX avec la souris"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Unix style mouse operations are based on the 3 button mouse system."
msgstr ""
"Les opérations de style UNIX avec la souris sont basées sur une souris ayant "
"3 boutons."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of Unix style mouse operations"
msgstr "Liste des opérations de style UNIX avec la souris"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "response"
msgstr "réponse"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Left-click-and-drag mouse"
msgstr "Clic-gauche et glisser de la souris"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "select and copy to the clipboard"
msgstr "sélectionner et copier dans le presse-papiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Left-click"
msgstr "Clic-gauche"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "select the start of selection"
msgstr "sélectionner le début de la sélection"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Right-click"
msgstr "Clic-droit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "select the end of selection and copy to the clipboard"
msgstr ""
"sélectionner la fin de la sélection et placez-là dans le presse-papiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Middle-click"
msgstr "Clic du milieu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "paste clipboard at the cursor"
msgstr "coller le contenu du presse-papiers à l’emplacement du curseur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button "
"and can be used for middle-click.  Clicking left and right mouse buttons "
"together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system "
"situation.  In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to "
"have <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> running as daemon."
msgstr ""
"La molette centrale des souris à molette modernes est considérée comme le "
"bouton du milieu et peut être utilisée pour les clics-milieu. Cliquer "
"simultanément le bouton de gauche et le bouton de droite sert à émuler le "
"bouton du milieu sur les systèmes ayant une souris à 2 boutons. Pour pouvoir "
"utiliser une souris avec les consoles Linux en mode caractère, il faut que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> tourne en tant que  démon."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The pager"
msgstr "Le visualisateur de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command is the enhanced pager (file content "
"browser). It reads the file specified by its command argument or its "
"standard input.  Hit \"<literal>h</literal>\" if you need help while "
"browsing with the <literal>less</literal> command.  It can do much more than "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and can be supercharged by executing \"<literal>eval "
"$(lesspipe)</literal>\" or \"<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>\" in the "
"shell startup script. See more in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/lessf/LESSOPEN</"
"literal>\".  The \"<literal>-R</literal>\" option allows raw character "
"output and enables ANSI color escape sequences.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> invoque le visualisateur avancé (afficheur de "
"contenu de fichier). Il affiche le contenu du fichier passé en argument ou "
"de l’entrée standard. Pressez «&nbsp;<literal>h</literal>&nbsp;» si vous "
"avez besoin d’une aide en ligne. Il peut faire beaucoup plus de choses que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et peut être surchargé en exécutant «&nbsp;<literal>eval "
"$(lesspipe)</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>eval $(lessfile)</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans le script de démarrage de l’interpréteur de commandes. "
"Vous trouverez davantage d’informations dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"lessf/LESSOPEN</literal>&nbsp;». L’option «&nbsp;<literal>-R</"
"literal>&nbsp;» permet la sortie en mode caractères bruts et permet les "
"séquences d’échappement de couleurs ANSI. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The text editor"
msgstr "L’éditeur de texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</"
"ulink> or <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> programs which are popular in "
"the Unix-like system."
msgstr ""
"Il faudrait que vous soyez compétant avec l’une des variantes des programmes "
"<ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> qui "
"sont très populaires sur les systèmes semblables à UNIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since Vi-"
"editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world.  (Actually, original "
"<literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find "
"everywhere.  I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through "
"<literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)"
msgstr ""
"Je pense que s’habituer aux commandes de Vim est une bonne chose, car "
"l’éditeur Vi est toujours présent dans le monde Linux et UNIX. (En pratique, "
"le <literal>vi</literal> d’origine ou le nouveau <literal>nvi</literal> sont "
"des programmes que vous trouvez partout. Pour les débutants, j’ai plutôt "
"choisi Vim parce qu’il propose de l’aide par l’intermédiaire de la touche "
"<literal>F1</literal> tout en restant assez semblable et plus puissant)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you chose either <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink url="
"\"&xemacs;\">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that is "
"another good choice indeed, particularly for programming.  Emacs has a "
"plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, "
"directory editor, mail program, etc.  When used for programming or editing "
"shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are "
"working on, and tries to provide assistance.  Some people maintain that the "
"only program they need on Linux is Emacs.  Ten minutes learning Emacs now "
"can save hours later.  Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when "
"learning Emacs is highly recommended."
msgstr ""
"Si vous choisissez plutôt <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> ou <ulink url="
"\"&xemacs;\">XEmacs</ulink> comme éditeur, c’est aussi un bon choix "
"évidemment, particulièrement pour la programmation. Emacs possède une "
"pléthore d’autres fonctionnalités, y compris un lecteur de nouvelles, un "
"éditeur de répertoires, un programme de courriel, etc. Lorsqu’il est utilisé "
"pour programmer ou éditer des scripts en shell, il reconnaît de manière "
"intelligente le format de ce sur quoi vous être en train de travailler et il "
"essaie de vous aider. Certaines personnes affirment que le seul programme "
"dont ils ont besoin sous Linux est Emacs. Dix minutes d’apprentissage "
"d’Emacs maintenant vous économiseront des heures plus tard. Il est "
"grandement recommandé d’avoir le manuel de GNU Emacs comme référence lors de "
"son apprentissage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them "
"by practice.  Start Vim by typing \"<literal>vim</literal>\" and press F1-"
"key.  You should at least read the first 35 lines.  Then do the online "
"training course by moving cursor to \"<literal>|tutor|</literal>\" and "
"pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Tous ces programmes sont habituellement accompagnés d’un programme "
"d’apprentissage pour vous aider à les utiliser par la pratique. Lancez Vim "
"en entrant «&nbsp;<literal>vim</literal>&nbsp;» et en pressant la touche F1. "
"Vous devriez au moins en lire les 35 premières lignes. Suivez ensuite le "
"cours en ligne en déplaçant le curseur sur «&nbsp;<literal>|tutor|</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et en pressant <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can handle UTF-8 and other exotic "
"encoding texts correctly.  It is a good idea to use the X environment in the "
"UTF-8 locale and to install required programs and fonts to it.  Editors have "
"options to set the file encoding independent of the X environment.  Please "
"refer to their documentation on multibyte text."
msgstr ""
"De bons éditeurs, tels que Vim et Emacs, traitent correctement les textes "
"codés en UTF-8 et autres codages exotiques. Il est préconisé d’utiliser "
"l’environnement X en utilisant les paramètres linguistiques UTF-8 et "
"d’installer les programmes requis ainsi que les polices assorties. Les "
"éditeurs permettent de régler le codage des fichiers indépendamment de celui "
"de l’environnement X. Veuillez vous référer à leur documentation relative au "
"texte multi-octets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Setting a default text editor"
msgstr "Définir un éditeur de texte par défaut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the "
"<literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above."
msgstr ""
"Debian est fourni avec de nombreux éditeurs différents. Nous recommandons "
"d’installer le paquet <literal>vim</literal>, comme indiqué ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command "
"\"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\" so other programs (e.g., "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>) can invoke it.  You can change it by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Debian offre un accès unifié à l’éditeur par défaut du système par "
"l’intermédiaire de la commande «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/editor</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Cela permet à d’autres programmes (par exemple "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>) de pourvoir l’appeler. Vous pouvez le modifier "
"par la commande qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo update-alternatives --config editor"
msgstr "$ sudo update-alternatives --config editor"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The choice \"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>\" over \"<literal>/usr/"
"bin/vim.tiny</literal>\" is my recommendation for newbies since it supports "
"syntax highlighting."
msgstr ""
"Pour les débutants, je recommande de choisir «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/vim."
"basic</literal>&nbsp;» plutôt que «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</"
"literal>&nbsp;» car il prend en charge la mise en évidence de la syntaxe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Many programs use the environment variables \"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide which editor to use (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_internal_editor_in_mc\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>).  For the consistency on the "
"Debian system, set these to \"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\". "
"(Historically, \"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" was \"<literal>ed</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" was \"<literal>vi</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""
"De nombreux programmes utilisent les variables d’environnement «&nbsp;"
"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>$VISUAL</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour décider de l’éditeur à utiliser (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_internal_editor_in_mc\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). Pour des raisons de cohérence sur "
"le système Debian, définissez-les à «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/editor</"
"literal>&nbsp;». (Historiquement «&nbsp;<literal>$EDITOR</literal>&nbsp;» "
"était défini à «&nbsp;<literal>ed</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$VISUAL</literal>&nbsp;» était défini à «&nbsp;<literal>vi</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customizing vim"
msgstr "Personnaliser vim"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can customize <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior by "
"\"<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez personnaliser le comportement de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> à l’aide de «&nbsp;<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\" -------------------------------\n"
"\" Local configuration\n"
"\"\n"
"set nocompatible\n"
"set nopaste\n"
"set pastetoggle=&lt;f2&gt;\n"
"syn on\n"
"if $USER == \"root\"\n"
" set nomodeline\n"
" set noswapfile\n"
"else\n"
" set modeline\n"
" set swapfile\n"
"endif\n"
"\" filler to avoid the line above being recognized as a modeline\n"
"\" filler\n"
"\" filler"
msgstr ""
"\" -------------------------------\n"
"\" Configuration des paramètres linguistiques\n"
"\"\n"
"set nocompatible\n"
"set nopaste\n"
"set pastetoggle=&lt;f2&gt;\n"
"syn on\n"
"if $USER == \"root\"\n"
" set nomodeline\n"
" set noswapfile\n"
"else\n"
" set modeline\n"
" set swapfile\n"
"endif\n"
"\" remplissage pour éviter que la ligne du dessus ne soit identifiée comme une ligne de mode (modeline)\n"
"\" remplissage\n"
"\" remplissage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recording the shell activities"
msgstr "Enregistrer les actions de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost "
"forever.  It is a good practice to log shell activities into the file for "
"you to review them later.  This kind of record is essential when you perform "
"any system administration tasks."
msgstr ""
"La sortie d’une commande de l’interpréteur peut défiler, quitter votre écran "
"et être définitivement perdue. C’est une bonne habitude d’enregistrer "
"l’activité de l’interpréteur de commandes dans un fichier afin de la "
"consulter plus tard. Ce type d’enregistrement est essentiel lorsque vous "
"effectuez une tâche d’administration quelconque."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"La méthode de base pour enregistrer l’activité de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes est de la lancer sous <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ script\n"
"Script started, file is typescript"
msgstr ""
"$ script\n"
"Script started, file is typescript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>."
msgstr "Lancez une commande quelconque sous <literal>script</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Pressez <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> pour quitter le <literal>script</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ vim typescript"
msgstr "$ vim typescript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly\"/> ."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly\"/> ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic Unix commands"
msgstr "Commandes UNIX de base"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's learn basic Unix commands.  Here I use \"Unix\" in its generic sense.  "
"Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands.  The Debian system is "
"no exception.  Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If "
"<literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command "
"outputs are different.  These examples are not meant to be executed in this "
"order."
msgstr ""
"Apprenons les commandes UNIX de base. J’utilise ici «&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;» dans "
"son sens générique. Tous les clones d’UNIX proposent habituellement des "
"commandes équivalentes. Le système Debian ne fait pas exception. Ne vous "
"inquiétez pas si certaines commandes ne fonctionnent pas comme vous le "
"voudriez maintenant. Si un <literal>alias</literal> est utilisé dans le "
"shell, la sortie correspondante sera différente. Ces exemples ne sont pas "
"destinés à être exécutés dans cet ordre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account."
msgstr ""
"Essayez toutes les commandes qui suivent en utilisant un compte non "
"privilégié&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of basic Unix commands"
msgstr "Liste des commandes UNIX de base"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "command"
msgstr "commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>pwd</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>pwd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display name of current/working directory"
msgstr "afficher le nom du répertoire actuel ou de travail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>whoami</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>whoami</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display current user name"
msgstr "afficher le nom de l’utilisateur actuel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>id</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>id</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)"
msgstr ""
"afficher l’identité de l’utilisateur actuel (nom, uid, gid, et groupes "
"associés)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>file &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>file &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display a type of file for the file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"afficher le type de fichier du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>type -p &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>type -p &lt;nom-de-commande&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display a file location of command \"<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"afficher l’emplacement du fichier de la commande «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom-de-"
"commande&gt; </literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>which &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>which &lt;nom-de-commande&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ", ,"
msgstr ", ,"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>type &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>type &lt;nom-de-commande&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display information on command \"<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"afficher des informations sur la commande «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom-de-"
"commande&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apropos &lt;key-word&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apropos &lt;mot-clé&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "find commands related to \"<literal>&lt;key-word&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"rechercher les commandes ayant un rapport avec «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;mot-"
"clé&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>man -k &lt;key-word&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>man -k &lt;mot-clé&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>whatis &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>whatis &lt;nom-de-commande&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display one line explanation on command \"<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"afficher une ligne d’explication sur la commande «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom-de-"
"commande&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>man -a &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>man -a &lt;nom-de-commande&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display explanation on command \"<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
"\" (Unix style)"
msgstr ""
"afficher une explication sur la commande «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom-de-"
"commande&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» (style UNIX)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>info &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>info &lt;nom-de-commande&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display rather long explanation on command \"<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</"
"literal>\" (GNU style)"
msgstr ""
"afficher une explication assez longue de la commande «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom-"
"de-commande&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» (style GNU)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ls</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ls</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)"
msgstr ""
"afficher le contenu du répertoire (tous les fichiers et répertoires non "
"cachés)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ls -a</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ls -a</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list contents of directory (all files and directories)"
msgstr "afficher le contenu du répertoire (tous les fichiers et répertoires)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ls -A</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ls -A</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip "
"\"<literal>..</literal>\" and \"<literal>.</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"afficher le contenu du répertoire (presque tous les fichiers et répertoires, "
"par exemple sauter «&nbsp;<literal>..</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>.</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ls -la</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ls -la</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list all contents of directory with detail information"
msgstr "afficher tout le contenu du répertoire de façon détaillée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ls -lai</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ls -lai</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information"
msgstr ""
"afficher tout le contenu du répertoire avec les numéros d’inœuds et les "
"informations détaillées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ls -d</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ls -d</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list all directories under the current directory"
msgstr "afficher tous les sous-répertoires du répertoire actuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tree</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tree</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display file tree contents"
msgstr "afficher le contenu de l’arborescence des fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>lsof &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>lsof &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list open status of file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"afficher l’état d’ouverture du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>lsof -p &lt;pid&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>lsof -p &lt;pid&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list files opened by the process ID: \"<literal>&lt;pid&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"afficher les fichiers ouverts par le processus de numéro&nbsp;: «&nbsp;"
"<literal>&lt;pid&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mkdir &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mkdir &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"make a new directory \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" in the current "
"directory"
msgstr ""
"créer le nouveau répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"dans le répertoire en cours"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>rmdir &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>rmdir &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"remove a directory \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" in the current "
"directory"
msgstr ""
"supprimer le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» du "
"répertoire actuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cd &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cd &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"change directory to the directory \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" in the "
"current directory or in the directory listed in the variable \"<literal>"
"$CDPATH</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"allez au répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» se "
"trouvant dans le répertoire actuel ou dans le répertoire figurant dans la "
"variable «&nbsp;<literal>$CDPATH</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cd /</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cd /</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "change directory to the root directory"
msgstr "aller au répertoire racine"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cd</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "change directory to the current user's home directory"
msgstr "aller au répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur actuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cd /&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cd /&lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"change directory to the absolute path directory \"<literal>/&lt;foo&gt;</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"aller au répertoire de chemin absolu «&nbsp;<literal>/&lt;toto&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cd ..</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cd ..</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "change directory to the parent directory"
msgstr "aller au répertoire parent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cd ~&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cd ~&lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"change directory to the home directory of the user \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"aller au répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» se trouvant "
"dans le répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cd -</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cd -</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "change directory to the previous directory"
msgstr "aller au répertoire précédent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;/etc/motd pager</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;/etc/motd visualisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display contents of \"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>\" using the default pager"
msgstr ""
"afficher le contenu de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/motd</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"utilisant le visualisateur («&nbsp;pager&nbsp;») par défaut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>touch &lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>touch &lt;fichier-poubelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "create a empty file \"<literal>&lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"créer un fichier vide «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;fichier-poubelle&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cp &lt;foo&gt; &lt;bar&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cp &lt;toto&gt; &lt;titi&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"copy a existing file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to a new file "
"\"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"copier le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» existant "
"dans le nouveau fichier «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>rm &lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>rm &lt;fichier-poubelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove a file \"<literal>&lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"supprimer le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;fichier-poubelle&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mv &lt;foo&gt; &lt;bar&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mv &lt;toto&gt; &lt;titi&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"rename an existing file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to a new name "
"\"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>\" (\"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>\" must "
"not exist)"
msgstr ""
"renommer le fichier existant «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"avec le nouveau nom «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;"
"<literal>&lt;titi&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» ne doit pas exister)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"move an existing file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to a new location "
"\"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" (the directory \"<literal>&lt;"
"bar&gt;</literal>\" must exist)"
msgstr ""
"déplacer le fichier existant «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"vers le nouvel emplacement «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;/&lt;toto&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"doit exister)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mv &lt;foo&gt; &lt;bar&gt;/&lt;baz&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mv &lt;toto&gt; &lt;titi&gt;/&lt;tutu&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"move an existing file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to a new location "
"with a new name \"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/&lt;baz&gt;</literal>\" (the "
"directory \"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>\" must exist but the directory "
"\"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/&lt;baz&gt;</literal>\" must not exist)"
msgstr ""
"déplacer le fichier existant «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"vers un nouvel emplacement avec le nouveau nom «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;/"
"&lt;tutu&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» (le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;» doit exister mais le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;/"
"&lt;tutu&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» ne doit pas exister)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>chmod 600 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>chmod 600 &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"make an existing file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to be non-readable "
"and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)"
msgstr ""
"rendre le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» non lisible "
"et non modifiable par les autres personnes (non exécutable pour tous)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>chmod 644 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>chmod 644 &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"make an existing file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to be readable but "
"non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)"
msgstr ""
"rendre un fichier existant «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"accessible en lecture mais non modifiable par les autres personnes (non "
"exécutable pour tous)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>chmod 755 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>chmod 755 &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"make an existing file \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to be readable but "
"non-writable by the other people (executable for all)"
msgstr ""
"rendre un fichier existant «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"accessible en lecture mais non modifiable par les autres utilisateurs "
"(exécutable pour tous)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>find .  -name &lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>find . -name &lt;motif&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"find matching filenames using shell \"<literal>&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
"\" (slower)"
msgstr ""
"rechercher les noms de fichier contenant le «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;motif&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de l’interpréteur de commandes (plus lent)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>locate -d .  &lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>locate -d .  &lt;motif&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"find matching filenames using shell \"<literal>&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
"\" (quicker using regularly generated database)"
msgstr ""
"rechercher les noms de fichiers contenant en utilisant un «&nbsp;"
"<literal>&lt;motif&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» de l’interpréteur de commandes (plus "
"rapide si on utilise une base de données régulièrement générée)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>grep -e \"&lt;pattern&gt;\" *.html</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>grep -e \"&lt;motif&gt;\" *.html</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"find a \"<literal>&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>\" in all files ending with "
"\"<literal>.html</literal>\" in current directory and display them all"
msgstr ""
"rechercher un «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;motif&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» dans tous les "
"fichiers se terminant par «&nbsp;<literal>.html</literal>&nbsp;» dans le "
"répertoire actuel et tous les afficher"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>top</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>top</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display process information using full screen, type \"<literal>q</literal>\" "
"to quit"
msgstr ""
"afficher en plein écran les informations sur les processus, pressez «&nbsp;"
"<literal>q</literal>&nbsp;» pour quitter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ps aux | pager</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ps aux | visualisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display information on all the running processes using BSD style output"
msgstr ""
"afficher les informations concernant tous les processus actifs en utilisant "
"un affichage de type BSD"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ps -ef | pager</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ps -ef | visualisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style "
"output"
msgstr ""
"afficher les informations concernant tous les processus actifs en utilisant "
"un affichage de type UNIX System-V"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display all processes running \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>exim4</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"afficher tous les processus faisant appel à «&nbsp;<literal>exim</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>exim4</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ps axf | pager</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ps axf | visualisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output"
msgstr ""
"afficher les informations concernant tous les processus en cours en "
"utilisant une sortie ASCII pseudo-graphique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>kill &lt;1234&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>kill &lt;1234&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "kill a process identified by the process ID: \"&lt;1234&gt;\""
msgstr ""
"tuer le processus identifié par l’identifiant de processus : «&nbsp;"
"&lt;1234&gt;&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gzip &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gzip &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"compress \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to create \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;."
"gz</literal>\" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)"
msgstr ""
"compresser «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» afin de créer "
"«&nbsp;<literal> &lt;toto&gt;.gz</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant le codage "
"Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gunzip &lt;foo&gt;.gz</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gunzip &lt;toto&gt;.gz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"decompress \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.gz</literal>\" to create \"<literal>&lt;"
"foo&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"décompresser «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.gz</literal>&nbsp;» afin de créer "
"«&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>bzip2 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>bzip2 &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"compress \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to create \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;."
"bz2</literal>\" using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression "
"algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression than <literal>gzip</"
"literal>)"
msgstr ""
"compresser «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» pour créer «&nbsp;"
"<literal> &lt;toto&gt;.bz2</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant l’algorithme de "
"compression de tri de texte Burrows-Wheeler et le codage de Huffman "
"(meilleure compression que <literal>gzip</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>bunzip2 &lt;foo&gt;.bz2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>bunzip2 &lt;toto&gt;.bz2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"decompress \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.bz2</literal>\" to create \"<literal>&lt;"
"foo&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"décompresser «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.bz2</literal>&nbsp;» afin de créer "
"«&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>xz &lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>xz &lt;toto&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"compress \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>\" to create \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;."
"xz</literal>\" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better "
"compression than <literal>bzip2</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"compresser «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» pour créer «&nbsp;"
"<literal> &lt;toto&gt;.xz</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant l’algorithme de "
"compression de Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain (meilleure compression que "
"<literal>bzip2</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>unxz &lt;foo&gt;.xz</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>unxz &lt;toto&gt;.xz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"decompress \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.xz</literal>\" to create \"<literal>&lt;"
"foo&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"décompresser «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.xz</literal>&nbsp;» afin de créer "
"«&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -xvf &lt;foo&gt;.tar</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -xvf &lt;toto&gt;.tar</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract files from \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"extraire les fichiers de l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -xvzf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -xvzf &lt;toto&gt;.tar.gz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"extract files from gzipped \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"extraire les fichiers d’une archive «&nbsp;gzippée&nbsp;» «&nbsp;"
"<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar.gz</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -xvjf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -xvjf &lt;toto&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract files from \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"extraire les fichiers de l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar.bz2</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -xvJf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -xvJf &lt;toto&gt;.tar.xz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract files from \"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"extraire les fichiers de l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar.xz</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -cvf &lt;foo&gt;.tar &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -cvf &lt;toto&gt;.tar &lt;titi&gt;/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"archiver le contenu du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -cvzf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -cvzf &lt;toto&gt;.tar.gz &lt;titi&gt;/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>\" in compressed "
"\"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"archiver le contenu du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans l’archive compressée «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar."
"gz</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -cvjf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2 &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -cvjf &lt;toto&gt;.tar.bz2 &lt;titi&gt;/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"archiver le contenu du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sans l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar.bz2</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tar -cvJf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tar -cvJf &lt;toto&gt;.tar.xz &lt;titi&gt;/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""
"archiver le contenu du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;titi&gt;/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sans l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;toto&gt;.tar.xz</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz | pager</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>zcat README.gz | visualisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display contents of compressed \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" using the "
"default pager"
msgstr ""
"afficher le contenu du fichier compressé «&nbsp;<literal>README.gz</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant le visualisateur («&nbsp;pager&nbsp;») par "
"défaut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz &gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>zcat README.gz &gt; toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"create a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with the decompressed content of "
"\"<literal>README.gz</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"créer le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>toto</literal>&nbsp;» avec le contenu "
"décompressé de «&nbsp;<literal>README.gz</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz &gt;&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>zcat README.gz &gt;&gt; toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"append the decompressed content of \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" to the "
"end of the file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" (if it does not exist, create it "
"first)"
msgstr ""
"ajouter le contenu décompressé de «&nbsp;<literal>README.gz</literal>&nbsp;» "
"à la fin du fichier. (S’il n’existe pas, créez-le d’abord)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with \"<literal>.</"
"literal>\".  They are traditionally files that contain configuration "
"information and user preferences."
msgstr ""
"UNIX a pour tradition de cacher les fichiers dont le nom commence par un "
"«&nbsp;<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;». Ce sont traditionnellement des fichiers "
"qui contiennent des informations de configuration et des préférences de "
"l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For <literal>cd</literal> command, see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Pour la commande <literal>cd</literal>, consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> which cannot scroll back.  By installing the <literal>less</"
"literal> package using command line \"<literal>apt-get install less</literal>"
"\", <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> becomes default pager and you can scroll back with "
"cursor keys."
msgstr ""
"Le visualisateur («&nbsp;pager&nbsp;») par défaut d’un système Debian non "
"personnalisé est <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui ne permet pas le "
"défilement vers l’arrière. En installant le paquet <literal>less</literal> à "
"l’aide de la ligne de commandes «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get install less</"
"literal>&nbsp;», <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> deviendra le "
"visualisateur par défaut et vous pourrez faire défiler le texte vers "
"l’arrière à l’aide des touches de curseur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>[</literal>\" and \"<literal>]</literal>\" in the regular "
"expression of the \"<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>\" "
"command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself.  The "
"\"<literal>4*</literal>\" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats "
"of character \"<literal>4</literal>\" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> "
"to match both \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and \"<literal>exim4</literal>\".  "
"Although \"<literal>*</literal>\" is used in the shell filename glob and the "
"regular expression, their meanings are different.  Learn the regular "
"expression from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>[</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>]</literal>&nbsp;» "
"dans l’expression rationnelle de la commande «&nbsp;<literal>ps aux | grep -"
"e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>\"&nbsp;» ci-dessus permet d’éviter une "
"correspondance de grep avec lui-même. Le «&nbsp;<literal>4*</literal>&nbsp;» "
"de l’expression rationnelle signifie 0 ou plusieurs instances du caractère "
"«&nbsp;<literal>4</literal>&nbsp;» et permet donc à <literal>grep</literal> "
"de trouver la correspondance à la fois avec «&nbsp;<literal>exim</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>exim4</literal>&nbsp;». Bien que «&nbsp;"
"<literal>*</literal>&nbsp;» soit utilisé dans le motif générique («&nbsp;"
"glob&nbsp;») des noms de fichiers de l’interpréteur de commandes et dans "
"l’expression rationnelle, leurs significations sont différentes. Vous "
"pourrez apprendre les expressions rationnelles dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above "
"commands as training.  If you have questions on any of console commands, "
"please make sure to read the manual page."
msgstr ""
"À titre d’exercice, parcourez les répertoires et jetez un coup d’œil au "
"système en vous servant des commandes ci-dessus. Si vous avez des questions "
"sur ces commandes de la console, veuillez consulter la page de manuel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ man man\n"
"$ man bash\n"
"$ man builtins\n"
"$ man grep\n"
"$ man ls"
msgstr ""
"$ man man\n"
"$ man bash\n"
"$ man builtins\n"
"$ man grep\n"
"$ man ls"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are "
"rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you "
"get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness."
msgstr ""
"Il peut être un peu difficile de s’habituer au style des pages de manuel "
"parce qu’elles sont plutôt succinctes, particulièrement les plus anciennes, "
"celles qui sont vraiment traditionnelles. Mais une fois que vous y serez "
"familiarisé, vous apprécierez leur concision."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD "
"display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following "
"ways (or without any arguments in some cases)."
msgstr ""
"Remarquez que beaucoup de commandes UNIX, y compris celles de GNU et BSD, "
"affichent une information d’aide courte si vous les exécutez de l’une des "
"façons suivantes (ou parfois sans paramètre)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ &lt;commandname&gt; --help\n"
"$ &lt;commandname&gt; -h"
msgstr ""
"$ &lt;nom-de-commande&gt; --help\n"
"$ &lt;nom-de-commande&gt; -h"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The simple shell command"
msgstr "La commande simple de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system.  Let's look deep "
"into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I "
"have simplified reality for the newbie.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for the exact explanation."
msgstr ""
"Vous avez maintenant une certaine sensation sur la manière d’utiliser un "
"système Debian. Nous allons regarder plus profondément le mécanisme "
"d’exécution des commandes sous le système Debian. J’ai ici, pour les "
"débutants, simplifié la réalité. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour l’explication exacte."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "A simple command is a sequence of components."
msgstr "Une simple commande est une séquence de&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Variable assignments (optional)"
msgstr "assignations de variables (optionnelles)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Command name"
msgstr "nom de la commande&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Arguments (optional)"
msgstr "paramètres (optionnels)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Redirections (optional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</"
"literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , etc.)"
msgstr ""
"redirections (optionnelles&nbsp;: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;"
"</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal>, "
"etc.)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Control operator (optional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</"
"literal> , &lt;newline&gt; , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</"
"literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )"
msgstr ""
"opérateurs de contrôle (optionnels&nbsp;: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal>, "
"<literal>|| </literal> , &lt;nouvelle ligne&gt; , <literal>;</literal>, "
"<literal>&amp;</literal>, <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Command execution and environment variable"
msgstr "Exécution d’une commande et variables d’environnement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The values of some <ulink url=\"&environmentvariables;\">environment "
"variables</ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands."
msgstr ""
"Les valeurs de certaines <ulink url=\"&environmentvariables;\">variables "
"d’environnement</ulink> modifient le comportement de certaines commandes "
"UNIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system "
"and then some of them may be reset by some application programs."
msgstr ""
"Les valeurs par défaut des variables d’environnement sont définies "
"initialement par le système PAM, certaines d’entre-elles peuvent donc être "
"réinitialisées par certains programmes d’application&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> resets environment "
"variables."
msgstr ""
"le gestionnaire graphique de session tel que <literal>gdm3</literal> "
"réinitialise les variables d’environnement&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell in its start up codes resets environment variables in "
"\"<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>\" and \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"dans son code de démarrage, l’interpréteur de commandes réinitialise les "
"variables d’environnement dans «&nbsp;<literal>~/.bash_profile</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable"
msgstr "La variable «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The full locale value given to \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable "
"consists of 3 parts: \"<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La valeur complète des paramètres linguistiques indiqués par la variable "
"«&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal> est constituée de trois parties «&nbsp;"
"<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The 3 parts of locale value"
msgstr "Les trois parties des paramètres linguistiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "locale value"
msgstr "valeur des paramètres linguistiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>xx</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>xx</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;\">ISO 639 language codes "
"(lower case) such as \"en\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;\">codes de langue ISO 639 "
"(en minuscules) tel que «&nbsp;fr&nbsp;»</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>YY</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>YY</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;\">ISO 3166 country codes "
"(upper case) such as \"US\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;\">codes de pays ISO 3166 (en "
"majuscules), par exemple «&nbsp;FR&nbsp;»</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&codesetalwayssettoutfi;\">codeset, always set to \"UTF-8\"</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&codesetalwayssettoutfi;\">le jeu de caractères, toujours "
"défini à «&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;»</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For language codes and country codes, see pertinent description in the "
"\"<literal>info gettext</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Pour les codes de langues et de pays, consultez la description dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>info gettext</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the codeset on the modern Debian system, you should always set it to "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>UTF-8</literal></emphasis> unless you "
"specifically want to use the historic one with good reason and background "
"knowledge."
msgstr ""
"Vous devriez toujours définir le codage des caractères d’un système Debian "
"moderne en <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>UTF-8</literal></emphasis> à "
"moins que vous ne vouliez spécifiquement en utiliser un ancien avec de "
"bonnes raisons et les connaissances de bases associées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref linkend=\"_the_locale"
"\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour des informations détaillées sur la configuration des paramètres "
"linguistiques, consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>\" is not \"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" "
"nor \"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\". It is \"<literal>LANG=en_US."
"ISO-8859-1</literal>\" (see <xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>&nbsp;» n’est pas «&nbsp;"
"<literal>LANG=C</literal>&nbsp;» ni «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</"
"literal>&nbsp;». C’est «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of locale recommendations"
msgstr "Liste des recommandations de paramètres linguistiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "locale recommendation"
msgstr "recommandation de paramètres linguistiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Language (area)"
msgstr "Langue (zone)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "English (USA)"
msgstr "anglais (USA)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>en_GB.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>en_GB.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "English (Great Britain)"
msgstr "anglais (Grande-Bretagne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "French (France)"
msgstr "français (France)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "German (Germany)"
msgstr "allemand (Allemagne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Italian (Italy)"
msgstr "italien (Italie)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>es_ES.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>es_ES.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Spanish (Spain)"
msgstr "espagnol (Espagne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ca_ES.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ca_ES.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Catalan (Spain)"
msgstr "catalan (Espagne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>sv_SE.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>sv_SE.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Swedish (Sweden)"
msgstr "suédois (Suède)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>pt_BR.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>pt_BR.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Portuguese (Brazil)"
msgstr "portugais (Brésil)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ru_RU.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ru_RU.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Russian (Russia)"
msgstr "russe (Russie)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Chinese (P.R. of China)"
msgstr "chinois (RP de Chine)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Chinese (Taiwan R.O.C.)"
msgstr "chinois (Taiwan)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ja_JP.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ja_JP.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Japanese (Japan)"
msgstr "japonais (Japon)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Korean (Republic of Korea)"
msgstr "coréen (République de Corée)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>vi_VN.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>vi_VN.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Vietnamese (Vietnam)"
msgstr "vietnamien (Vietnam)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following."
msgstr ""
"L’exécution typique d’une commande utilise une séquence de lignes telle que "
"la suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ date\n"
"Sun Jun  3 10:27:39 JST 2007\n"
"$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 date\n"
"dimanche 3 juin 2007, 10:27:33 (UTC+0900)"
msgstr ""
"$ date\n"
"lundi 29 octobre 2012, 10:38:53 (UTC-0400)\n"
"$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8 date\n"
"Mon Oct 29 10:39:00 AST 2012"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, the program <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is executed with "
"different values of the environment variable \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ici, le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est exécuté comme "
"tâche au premier plan avec différentes valeurs de la variable "
"d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"For the first command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the system "
"default <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value \"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Avec la première commande, «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;» est "
"définie à la valeur des <ulink url=\"&locale;\">paramètres linguistiques</"
"ulink> par défaut du système «&nbsp;<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"For the second command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the French "
"UTF-8 <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value \"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Avec la deuxième commande, «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;» est "
"définie à la valeur des <ulink url=\"&locale;\">paramètres linguistiques</"
"ulink> UTF-8 anglais des États-Unis «&nbsp;<literal>en_US.UTF-8</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable "
"definition.  For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Habituellement, la plupart des exécutions de commandes ne sont pas précédées "
"de la définition de variables d’environnement. Pour les exemples ci-dessus, "
"vous pouvez aussi exécuter&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8\n"
"$ date\n"
"dimanche 3 juin 2007, 10:27:33 (UTC+0900)"
msgstr ""
"$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8\n"
"$ date\n"
"Mon Oct 29 10:40:50 AST 2012"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"As you can see here, the output of command is affected by the environment "
"variable to produce French output.  If you want the environment variable to "
"be inherited to subprocesses (e.g., when calling shell script), you need to "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">export</emphasis> it instead by the following."
msgstr ""
"Comme vous pouvez le voir ici, la sortie de la commande est affectée par la "
"variable d’environnement afin que la sortie s’effectue en anglais. Si vous "
"désirez que les sous-processus héritent de la variable d’environnement (par "
"exemple en appelant un script shell), vous devrez alors l’<emphasis role="
"\"strong\">exporter</emphasis> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ export LANG"
msgstr "$ export LANG"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"When you use a typical console terminal, the \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" "
"environment variable is usually set to be <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">exported</emphasis> by the desktop environment.  So the above is not "
"really a good example to test the effect of <literal>export</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous utilisez un émulateur de terminal classique, la variable "
"d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;» est en général réglée "
"pour être <emphasis role=\"strong\">exportée</emphasis> par l’environnement "
"de bureau. De sorte que ce qui précède n’est pas vraiment un bon exemple "
"pour tester l’effet de <literal>export</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under "
"\"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" is a good idea if you use non-"
"English environment."
msgstr ""
"En déposant un signalement de bogue, c’est une bonne idée de lancer et de "
"vérifier la commande «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;» si "
"vous utilisez un environnement autre que l’environnement anglais."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for \"<literal>$LANG</"
"literal>\" and related environment variables."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour les variables "
"d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;» et associées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the \"<literal>"
"$LANG</literal>\" variable and to stay away from \"<literal>$LC_*</literal>"
"\" variables unless it is absolutely needed."
msgstr ""
"Je vous recommande de configurer l’environnement du système en ne touchant "
"qu’à la variable «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;» en laissant de côté "
"les variables «&nbsp;<literal>$LC_*</literal>&nbsp;» à moins que ce ne soit "
"absolument nécessaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" variable"
msgstr "La variable «&nbsp;<literal>$PATH</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in "
"the list of directories contained in the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" "
"environment variable.  The value of the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" "
"environment variable is also called the shell's search path."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous entrez une commande dans l’interpréteur, il recherche la "
"commande dans la liste des répertoires contenus dans la variable "
"d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$PATH</literal>&nbsp;». La valeur de la "
"variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$PATH</literal>&nbsp;» est aussi "
"appelée «&nbsp;chemin de recherche de l’interpréteur de commandes&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the default Debian installation, the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" "
"environment variable of user accounts may not include \"<literal>/sbin</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>\".  For example, the "
"<literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with full path as "
"\"<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>\". (Similar <literal>ip</literal> "
"command is located in \"<literal>/bin</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""
"Dans une installation Debian par défaut, la variable d’environnement «&nbsp;"
"<literal>$PATH</literal>&nbsp;» des comptes d’utilisateurs peut ne pas "
"inclure «&nbsp;<literal>/sbin</literal>&nbsp;» ni «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/sbin</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Par exemple, la commande <literal>ifconfig</literal> doit "
"être lancée avec son chemin complet «&nbsp;<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</"
"literal>&nbsp;». (La commande similaire <literal>ip</literal> est située "
"dans «&nbsp;<literal>/bin</literal>&nbsp;».)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can change the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" environment variable of Bash "
"shell by \"<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/.bashrc</"
"literal>\" files."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez modifier la variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$PATH</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de l’interpréteur de commandes Bash par l’intermédiaire des "
"fichiers«&nbsp;<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" variable"
msgstr "La variable «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and "
"changes their behavior by their contents.  The home directory is identified "
"by the environment variable \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"De nombreuses commandes enregistrent la configuration spécifique à un "
"utilisateur dans son répertoire personnel et modifient leur comportement en "
"fonction de son contenu. Le répertoire personnel est identifié par la "
"variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" values"
msgstr ""
"Afficher les valeurs de la variable «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "value of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\""
msgstr "valeur de «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "program execution situation"
msgstr "situation d’exécution d’un programme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program run by the init process (daemon)"
msgstr "programme lancé par le processus init (démon)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/root</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/root</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program run from the normal root shell"
msgstr ""
"programme lancé depuis l’interpréteur de commandes normal de "
"l’administrateur («&nbsp;root&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/home/&lt;normal_user&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/home/&lt;utilisateur_normal&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program run from the normal user shell"
msgstr ""
"programme lancé depuis l’interpréteur de commandes d’un utilisateur normal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu"
msgstr ""
"programme lancé depuis le menu du bureau de l’interface graphique de "
"l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo program</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"programme lancé en tant qu’administrateur avec «&nbsp;<literal>sudo "
"programme</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo -H program</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"programme lancé en tant qu’administrateur avec «&nbsp;<literal>sudo -H "
"programme</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Shell expands \"<literal>~/</literal>\" to current user's home directory, i."
"e., \"<literal>$HOME/</literal>\". Shell expands \"<literal>~foo/</literal>"
"\" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, i.e., \"<literal>/home/foo/</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’interpréteur de commandes étend «&nbsp;<literal>~/</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"former le répertoire personnel réel de l’utilisateur, par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>$HOME/</literal>&nbsp;». L’interpréteur de commandes étend «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~foo/</literal>&nbsp;» sous la forme du répertoire personnel de "
"<literal>foo</literal>, par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>/home/foo/</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Command line options"
msgstr "Options de la ligne de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Some commands take arguments.  Arguments starting with \"<literal>-</literal>"
"\" or \"<literal>--</literal>\" are called options and control the behavior "
"of the command."
msgstr ""
"Certaines commandes prennent des paramètres. Les paramètres qui commencent "
"par «&nbsp;<literal>-</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>--</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sont appelés options et contrôlent le comportement de la "
"commande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ date\n"
"Mon Oct 27 23:02:09 CET 2003\n"
"$ date -R\n"
"Mon, 27 Oct 2003 23:02:40 +0100"
msgstr ""
"$ date\n"
"lundi 29 octobre 2012, 10:34:38 (UTC-0400)\n"
"$ date -R\n"
"Mon, 29 Oct 2012 10:34:40 -0400"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here the command-line argument \"<literal>-R</literal>\" changes "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> behavior to output <ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">RFC2822</ulink> "
"compliant date string."
msgstr ""
"Ici, le paramètre de la ligne de commandes «&nbsp;<literal>-R</"
"literal>&nbsp;» modifie le comportement de la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> afin qu’elle donne en sortie une chaîne de date conforme à la "
"<ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">RFC2822</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Shell glob"
msgstr "Motifs génériques («&nbsp;glob&nbsp;») de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of "
"them.  The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need."
msgstr ""
"Souvent, vous voudrez utiliser une commande sur un groupe de fichiers sans "
"avoir à tous les entrer. C’est facilité par l’utilisation des motifs "
"génériques d’expansion du nom de fichier de l’interpréteur de commandes "
"(<emphasis role=\"strong\">glob</emphasis>), (on les appelle parfois "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">jokers</emphasis>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Shell glob patterns"
msgstr ""
"Motifs génériques d’expansion du nom de fichier de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "shell glob pattern"
msgstr "motif générique de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of match rule"
msgstr "description de la règle de correspondance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>*</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>*</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "filename (segment) not started with \"<literal>.</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"nom de fichier (segment) ne commençant pas par «&nbsp;<literal>.</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.*</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.*</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "filename (segment) started with \"<literal>.</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"nom de fichier (segment) commençant par «&nbsp;<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>?</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>?</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "exactly one character"
msgstr "exactement un caractère"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[…]</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[…]</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets"
msgstr ""
"exactement un caractère, chaque caractère étant l’un de ceux entre crochets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[a-z]</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[a-z]</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"exactly one character with any character between \"<literal>a</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>z</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"exactement un caractère, chaque caractère étant compris entre «&nbsp;"
"<literal>a</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>z</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[^…]</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[^…]</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets "
"(excluding \"<literal>^</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"exactement un caractère devant être différent de tous les caractères entre "
"crochets (sauf «&nbsp;<literal>^</literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ mkdir junk; cd junk; touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h .5.txt ..6.txt\n"
"$ echo *.txt\n"
"1.txt 2.txt\n"
"$ echo *\n"
"1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h\n"
"$ echo *.[hc]\n"
"3.c 4.h\n"
"$ echo .*\n"
". .. .5.txt ..6.txt\n"
"$ echo .*[^.]*\n"
".5.txt ..6.txt\n"
"$ echo [^1-3]*\n"
"4.h\n"
"$ cd ..; rm -rf junk"
msgstr ""
"$ mkdir poubelle; cd poubelle; touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h .5.txt ..6.txt\n"
"$ echo *.txt\n"
"1.txt 2.txt\n"
"$ echo *\n"
"1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h\n"
"$ echo *.[hc]\n"
"3.c 4.h\n"
"$ echo .*\n"
". .. .5.txt ..6.txt\n"
"$ echo .*[^.]*\n"
".5.txt ..6.txt\n"
"$ echo [^1-3]*\n"
"4.h\n"
"$ cd ..; rm -rf poubelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern "
"\"<literal>*</literal>\" tested in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with \"<literal>-name</"
"literal>\" test etc., matches the initial \"<literal>.</literal>\" of the "
"filename. (New <ulink url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> feature)"
msgstr ""
"Contrairement à l’expansion normale du nom de fichier par l’interpréteur de "
"commandes, le motif «&nbsp;<literal>*</literal>&nbsp;» de l’interpréteur "
"testé par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec «&nbsp;<literal>-name</literal>&nbsp;» test "
"etc., correspond au «&nbsp;<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;» du nom de fichier. "
"(Nouvelle fonctionnalité <ulink url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin "
"options such as \"<literal>dotglob</literal>\", \"<literal>noglob</literal>"
"\", \"<literal>nocaseglob</literal>\", \"<literal>nullglob</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>extglob</literal>\", etc.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"On peut modifier le comportement d’expansion de fichiers selon des motifs "
"génériques de BASH («&nbsp;glob&nbsp;») avec ses options «&nbsp;shopt&nbsp;» "
"incluses telles que «&nbsp;<literal>dotglob</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>noglob</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>nocaseglob</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>nullglob</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>extglob</literal>&nbsp;», etc. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Return value of the command"
msgstr "Valeur de retour d’une commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each command returns its exit status (variable: \"<literal>$?</literal>\") "
"as the return value."
msgstr ""
"Toutes les commandes retournent comme valeur de retour leur état de fin "
"d’exécution (variable&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>$?</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Command exit codes"
msgstr "Codes de retour de la commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "command exit status"
msgstr "état de sortie de la commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "numeric return value"
msgstr "valeur numérique de retour"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "logical return value"
msgstr "valeur logique de retour"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "success"
msgstr "succès"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "zero, 0"
msgstr "zéro, 0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">VRAI</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "error"
msgstr "erreur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "non-zero, -1"
msgstr "non-nulle, -1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">FALSE</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">FAUX</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ [ 1 = 1 ] ; echo $?\n"
"0\n"
"$ [ 1 = 2 ] ; echo $?\n"
"1"
msgstr ""
"$ [ 1 = 1 ] ; echo $?\n"
"0\n"
"$ [ 1 = 2 ] ; echo $?\n"
"1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value.  This is "
"somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here."
msgstr ""
"Vous remarquerez que, dans le contexte logique de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes, un <emphasis role=\"strong\">succès</emphasis> est traité comme "
"la valeur logique <emphasis role=\"strong\">VRAIE</emphasis> qui possède la "
"valeur 0 (zéro). C’est parfois un peu contre-intuitif et il fallait le "
"rappeler ici."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Typical command sequences and shell redirection"
msgstr ""
"Séquences de commandes typiques et redirection de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a "
"part of shell command."
msgstr ""
"Essayez de retenir les idiomes suivants de l’interpréteur de commandes "
"entrés sur une seule ligne en tant qu’extrait d’une commande de "
"l’interpréteur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Shell command idioms"
msgstr "Idiomes des commandes de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "command idiom"
msgstr "idiome de commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command &amp;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande &amp;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">background</emphasis> execution of "
"<literal>command</literal> in the subshell"
msgstr ""
"exécuter la <literal>commande</literal> en <emphasis role=\"strong\">arrière-"
"plan</emphasis> dans le sous-shell"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command1 | command2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande1 | commande2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of "
"<literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</"
"literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> execution)"
msgstr ""
"la sortie standard de <literal>commande1</literal> est passée («&nbsp;"
"piped&nbsp;») à l’entrée standard de <literal>commande2</literal>. Les deux "
"commandes peuvent tourner <emphasis role=\"strong\">simultanément</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command1 2&gt;&amp;1 | command2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande1 2&gt;&amp;1 | commande2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard "
"error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of "
"<literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> "
"execution)"
msgstr ""
"La sortie standard et la sortie d’erreur standard de <literal>commande1</"
"literal> sont toutes les deux passées à l’entrée standard de "
"<literal>commande2</literal>. Les deux commandes peuvent tourner <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">simultanément</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command1 ; command2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande1 ; commande2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"exécuter <literal>commande1</literal> et <literal>commande2</literal> "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">séquentiellement</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command1 &amp;&amp; command2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande1 &amp;&amp; commande2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute "
"<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</"
"emphasis> (return success if both <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">and</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)"
msgstr ""
"exécuter <literal>commande1</literal>, en cas de succès, exécuter "
"<literal>commande2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">séquentiellement</"
"emphasis> (retourne un succès si à la fois <literal>commande1</literal> "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"> et </emphasis> <literal>commande2</literal> ont "
"été réussies)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command1 || command2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande1 || commande2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute "
"<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</"
"emphasis> (return success if <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">or</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)"
msgstr ""
"exécuter <literal>commande1</literal>, en cas d’échec, exécuter "
"<literal>commande2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">séquentiellement</"
"emphasis> (retourne un succès si <literal>commande1</literal> <emphasis role="
"\"strong\"> ou </emphasis> <literal>commande2</literal> a été réussie)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command &gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande &gt; toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)"
msgstr ""
"rediriger la sortir standard de <literal>commande</literal> vers le fichier "
"<literal>toto</literal> (l’écraser)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command 2&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande 2&gt; toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)"
msgstr ""
"rediriger la sortie d’erreur standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers "
"le fichier <literal>toto</literal> (l’écraser)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command &gt;&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande &gt;&gt; toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (append)"
msgstr ""
"rediriger la sortie standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers le "
"fichier <literal>toto</literal> (ajouter à la fin du fichier)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande 2&gt;&gt; toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (append)"
msgstr ""
"rediriger la sortie d’erreur standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers "
"le fichier <literal>toto</literal> (ajouter à la fin du fichier)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande &gt; toto 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect both standard output and standard error of <literal>command</"
"literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>"
msgstr ""
"rediriger à la fois la sortie standard et l’erreur standard de la "
"<literal>commande </literal> vers le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>toto</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command &lt; foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande &lt; toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal>"
msgstr ""
"rediriger l’entrée standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers le "
"fichier <literal>toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command &lt;&lt; delimiter</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>commande &lt;&lt; délimiteur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines "
"until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document)"
msgstr ""
"rediriger l’entrée standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers les "
"lignes suivantes jusqu’à ce que le «&nbsp;<literal>délimiteur</"
"literal>&nbsp;» soit rencontré (ce document)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>command &lt;&lt;- delimiter</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>command &lt;&lt;- délimiteur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines "
"until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document, the leading "
"tab characters are stripped from input lines)"
msgstr ""
"rediriger l’entrée standard de <literal>commande</literal> vers les lignes "
"qui suivent jusqu’à ce que le «&nbsp;<literal>délimiteur</literal>&nbsp;» "
"soit rencontré, les caractères de tabulation de tête sont supprimés des "
"lignes d’entrée)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to "
"run multiple programs in a single shell.  The management of the background "
"process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</"
"literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>.  Please read "
"sections of bash(1) under \"SIGNALS\", and \"JOB CONTROL\", and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian est un système multi-tâches. Les travaux s’exécutant en "
"arrière-plan permettent aux utilisateurs de faire tourner plusieurs "
"programmes depuis un seul interpréteur de commandes. La gestion des "
"processus en arrière-plan fait appel aux commandes internes de "
"l’interpréteur&nbsp;: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, "
"<literal>bg</literal> et <literal>kill</literal>. Veuillez lire les sections "
"de bash(1) se trouvant sous «&nbsp;SIGNAUX&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;CONTRÔLE DES "
"TÂCHES&nbsp;» ainsi que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ &lt;/etc/motd pager"
msgstr "$ &lt;/etc/motd visualisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ pager &lt;/etc/motd"
msgstr "$ visualisateur &lt;/etc/motd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ pager /etc/motd"
msgstr "$ visualisateur /etc/motd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cat /etc/motd | pager"
msgstr "$ cat /etc/motd | visualisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the "
"last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes "
"resources with no reason."
msgstr ""
"Bien que ces 4 exemples de redirections d’interpréteur de commande affichent "
"la même chose, le dernier exemple utilise la commande supplémentaire "
"<literal>cat</literal> et gaspille des ressources sans raison."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin "
"with an arbitrary file descriptor."
msgstr ""
"L’interpréteur de commande vous permet d’ouvrir des fichiers en utilisant la "
"commande interne <literal>exec</literal> avec un descripteur de fichier "
"arbitraire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ echo Hello &gt;foo\n"
"$ exec 3&lt;foo 4&gt;bar  # open files\n"
"$ cat &lt;&amp;3 &gt;&amp;4       # redirect stdin to 3, stdout to 4\n"
"$ exec 3&lt;&amp;- 4&gt;&amp;-    # close files\n"
"$ cat bar\n"
"Hello"
msgstr ""
"$ echo Hello &gt;toto\n"
"$ exec 3&lt;toto 4&gt;titi  # ouvrir les fichiers\n"
"$ cat &lt;&amp;3 &gt;&amp;4       # rediriger stdin vers 3, stdout vers 4\n"
"$ exec 3&lt;&amp;- 4&gt;&amp;-    # fermer les fichiers\n"
"$ cat titi\n"
"Hello"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined."
msgstr "Les descripteurs de fichiers 0-2 sont prédéfinis."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Predefined file descriptors"
msgstr "Descripteurs de fichier prédéfinis"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "device"
msgstr "périphérique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "file descriptor"
msgstr "descripteur de fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>stdin</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>stdin</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "standard input"
msgstr "entrée standard"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "0"
msgstr "0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>stdout</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>stdout</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "standard output"
msgstr "sortie standard"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1"
msgstr "1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>stderr</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>stderr</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "standard error"
msgstr "erreur standard"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "2"
msgstr "2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Command alias"
msgstr "Alias de commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can set an alias for the frequently used command."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez définir des alias pour les commandes fréquemment utilisées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ alias la='ls -la'"
msgstr "$ alias la='ls -la'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Now, \"<literal>la</literal>\" works as a short hand for \"<literal>ls -la</"
"literal>\" which lists all files in the long listing format."
msgstr ""
"Maintenant, «&nbsp;<literal>la</literal>&nbsp;» fonctionnera comme un "
"raccourci pour «&nbsp;<literal>ls -la</literal>&nbsp;» qui donne la liste de "
"tous les fichier dans le format de liste long."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> under \"SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\")."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez afficher la liste de tous les alias existants par la commande "
"<literal>alias</literal> (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sous «&nbsp;COMMANDES "
"INTERNES DU SHELL&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ alias\n"
"...\n"
"alias la='ls -la'"
msgstr ""
"$ alias\n"
"...\n"
"alias la='ls -la'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can identity exact path or identity of the command by <literal>type</"
"literal> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> under \"SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\")."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez identifier le chemin exact ou identifier la commande par "
"<literal>type</literal> (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sous «&nbsp;COMMANDES "
"INTERNES DU SHELL &nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ type ls\n"
"ls is hashed (/bin/ls)\n"
"$ type la\n"
"la is aliased to ls -la\n"
"$ type echo\n"
"echo is a shell builtin\n"
"$ type file\n"
"file is /usr/bin/file"
msgstr ""
"$ type ls\n"
"ls is hashed (/bin/ls)\n"
"$ type la\n"
"la is aliased to ls -la\n"
"$ type echo\n"
"echo is a shell builtin\n"
"$ type file\n"
"file is /usr/bin/file"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while \"<literal>file</"
"literal>\" was not, thus \"<literal>ls</literal>\" is \"hashed\", i.e., the "
"shell has an internal record for the quick access to the location of the "
"\"<literal>ls</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""
"Ici, <literal>ls</literal> a été récemment recherché alors que «&nbsp;"
"<literal>file</literal>&nbsp;» ne l’a pas été, donc «&nbsp;<literal>ls</"
"literal>&nbsp;» est «&nbsp;hachée&nbsp;», c’est-à-dire que l’interpréteur de "
"commandes possède un enregistrement interne permettant un accès rapide à "
"l’emplacement de la commande «&nbsp;<literal>ls</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>."
msgstr "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Unix-like text processing"
msgstr "Traitement des données textuelles à la UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text "
"through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial "
"Unix innovation."
msgstr ""
"Dans un environnement de travail à la UNIX, le traitement du texte est "
"effectué en passant le texte par des tubes au travers d’une chaîne d’outils "
"standards de traitement de texte. C’est une autre innovation cruciale d’UNIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Unix text tools"
msgstr "Outils de traitement de texte d’UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on "
"the Unix-like system."
msgstr ""
"Il existe quelques outils standard de traitement de texte qui sont très "
"souvent utilisés sur les systèmes «&nbsp;UNIX-like&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "No regular expression is used:"
msgstr "Aucune expression rationnelle n’est utilisée&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> concatenates files and outputs the whole content."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> concatène des fichiers et en affiche le contenu complet&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> concatenates files and outputs in reverse."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> concatène des fichiers et les affiche en ordre inverse&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> selects parts of lines and outputs."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sélectionne des parties de lignes et les affiche &nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>head</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> outputs the first part of files."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>head</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> affiche le début d’un fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> outputs the last part of files."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> affiche la fin d’un fichier&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sorts lines of text files."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> trie des lignes de texte&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>uniq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> removes duplicate lines from a sorted file."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>uniq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> supprime les lignes dupliquées d’un fichier trié &nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> translates or deletes characters."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> traduit ou supprime des caractères&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> compares files line by line."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> compare des fichiers ligne par ligne."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Basic regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>) is used:"
msgstr ""
"Une expression rationnelle de base («&nbsp;Basic regular expression - "
"BRE&nbsp;») est utilisée&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> matches text with patterns."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> analyse la correspondance d’un texte avec des motifs&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is a primitive line editor."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est un éditeur par ligne primitif&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is a stream editor."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est un éditeur de flux&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is a screen editor."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est un éditeur en mode écran&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">BRE</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est un éditeur en mode écran. (un peu étendu <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Extended regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>) is "
"used:"
msgstr ""
"Une expression rationnelle étendue («&nbsp;Extended regular expression - "
"ERE&nbsp;») est utilisée&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> matches text with patterns."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> fait correspondre du texte avec des motifs&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> does simple text processing."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> effectue un traitement simple du texte&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tcl</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> can do every conceivable text processing: See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>re_syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Often used with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tk</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tcl</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> peut effectuer tous les traitements possibles du "
"texte&nbsp;: voir <citerefentry><refentrytitle>re_syntax</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Souvent utilisé avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tk</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> can do every conceivable text processing. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> peut effectuer tous les traitements imaginables sur du texte. "
"Voir <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcregrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>pcregrep</literal> package "
"matches text with <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">Perl "
"Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcregrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet <literal>pcregrep</literal> fait la "
"correspondance de texte avec des motifs d’<ulink url="
"\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">expressions rationnelles compatibles "
"avec Perl (PCRE)</ulink> («&nbsp;Perl Compatible Regular "
"Expressions&nbsp;»)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with the <literal>re</literal> module can do every conceivable "
"text processing. See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avec le module <literal>re</literal> peut faire tous les "
"traitements imaginables sur du texte. Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/"
"doc/python/html/index.html</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use "
"\"<literal>man command</literal>\" to figure it out by yourself."
msgstr ""
"Si vous n’êtes pas certain de ce que font exactement ces commandes veuillez "
"utiliser la commande «&nbsp;<literal>man</literal>&nbsp;» pour vous en faire "
"une idée par vous-même."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Sort order and range expression are locale dependent.  If you wish to obtain "
"traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis role=\"strong\">C</"
"emphasis> locale instead of <emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> ones "
"by prepending command with \"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/> and <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/"
">)."
msgstr ""
"L’ordre de tri et la plage d’une expression dépendent des paramètres "
"linguistiques. Si vous désirez obtenir le comportement traditionnel d’une "
"commande, utilisez alors <emphasis role=\"strong\">C</emphasis> plutôt que "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> en faisant précéder la commande "
"de «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=C</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/> et <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> regular expressions "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>), <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;"
"\">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url="
"\"&python;\">Python</ulink> regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</"
"literal> module have many common extensions to the normal <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Les expressions rationnelles de <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>), <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;"
"\">Expressions rationnelles compatible avec Perl (PCRE)</ulink> et les "
"expressions rationnelles de <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink> proposées "
"par le module <literal>re</literal> ont de nombreuses extensions courantes "
"par rapport aux expressions rationnelles étendues <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">ERE</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Regular expressions"
msgstr "Expressions rationnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&regularexpressions;\">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in "
"many text processing tools.  They are analogous to the shell globs, but they "
"are more complicated and powerful."
msgstr ""
"Les <ulink url=\"&regularexpressions;\">expressions rationnelles</ulink> "
"sont utilisées avec de nombreux outils de traitement du texte. Elles sont "
"analogues aux motifs génériques «&nbsp;globs&nbsp;» du shell mais elles sont "
"plus compliquées et plus puissantes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text "
"characters and <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"L’expression rationnelle décrit le motif de correspondance, elle est "
"constituée de caractères de texte et de <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">métacaractères</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character "
"with a special meaning.  There are 2 major styles, <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>, depending on "
"the text tools as described above."
msgstr ""
"Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">métacaractère</emphasis> est simplement un "
"caractère ayant une signification particulière. Il en existe deux styles "
"principaux, <emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> et <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> suivant les outils de texte décrits ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Metacharacters for BRE and ERE"
msgstr "Métacaractères pour BRE et ERE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "BRE"
msgstr "BRE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "ERE"
msgstr "ERE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of the regular expression"
msgstr "description de l’expression rationnelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\ .  [ ] ^ $ *</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\ .  [ ] ^ $ *</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "common <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">métacaractères</emphasis> courants"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\+ \\? \\( \\) \\{ \\} \\|</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\+ \\? \\( \\) \\{ \\} \\|</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid " "
msgstr " "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"BRE only \"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">metacharacters</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">métacaractères</emphasis> uniquement BRE, "
"déspécifiés par «&nbsp;<literal>\\</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>+ ? ( ) { } |</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>+ ? ( ) { } |</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"ERE only non-\"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">metacharacters</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">métacaractères</emphasis> uniquement ERE, non "
"déspécifiés par «&nbsp;<literal>\\</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match <emphasis role=\"strong\">non-metacharacter</emphasis> \"<literal>c</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"correspond au <emphasis role=\"strong\">non métacaractère</emphasis> «&nbsp;"
"<literal>c</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\c</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\c</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match a literal character \"<literal>c</literal>\" even if \"<literal>c</"
"literal>\" is <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself"
msgstr ""
"correspond au caractère littéral «&nbsp;<literal>c</literal>&nbsp;» même si "
"«&nbsp;<literal>c</literal>&nbsp;» est un <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">métacaractère</emphasis> en lui-même"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match any character including newline"
msgstr "correspond à n’importe quel caractère y compris le saut de ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "position at the beginning of a string"
msgstr "position au début d’une chaîne de caractères"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "position at the end of a string"
msgstr "position à la fin d’une chaîne de caractères"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\&lt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\&lt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "position at the beginning of a word"
msgstr "position au début d’un mot"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "position at the end of a word"
msgstr "position à la fin d’un mot"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[abc…]</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[abc…]</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match any characters in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"correspond à n’importe quel caractère dans «&nbsp;<literal>abc…</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[^abc…]</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[^abc…]</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match any characters except in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"correspond à n’importe quel caractère sauf ceux se trouvant dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>abc…</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r*</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r*</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match zero or more regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"correspond à aucune ou plusieurs instances de l’expression rationnelle "
"identifiée par «&nbsp;<literal>r</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r\\+</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r\\+</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r+</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r+</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match one or more regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"correspond à une ou plusieurs instances de l’expression rationnelle "
"identifiée par «&nbsp;<literal>r</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r\\?</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r\\?</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r?</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r?</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match zero or one regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"correspond à aucune ou une instance de l’expression rationnelle identifiée "
"par «&nbsp;<literal>r</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r1\\|r2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r1\\|r2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r1|r2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r1|r2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>r2</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"correspond à une instance de l’expression rationnelle identifiée par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>r1</literal>&nbsp;» ou«&nbsp;<literal>r2</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\(r1\\|r2\\)</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\(r1\\|r2\\)</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>(r1|r2)</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>(r1|r2)</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>r2</literal>\" and treat it as a <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression"
msgstr ""
"correspond à une des expressions rationnelles identifiées par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>r1</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>r2</literal>&nbsp;» et la "
"traite comme une expression rationnelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">entre "
"crochets</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The regular expression of <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>emacs</"
"literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> "
"but has been extended to treat \"<literal>+</literal>\"and \"<literal>?</"
"literal>\" as the <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis> as in "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>.  Thus, there are no needs to "
"escape them with \"<literal>\\</literal>\" in the regular expression of "
"<literal>emacs</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Une expression rationnelle d’<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>emacs</"
"literal></emphasis> est <emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE de base</emphasis> "
"mais elle a été étendue afin de traiter «&nbsp;<literal>+</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;<literal>?</literal>&nbsp;» comme des <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">métacaractères</emphasis> comme dans les <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</"
"emphasis>. Il n’est dont pas nécessaire de les échapper avec «&nbsp;<literal>"
"\\</literal>&nbsp;» dans les expressions rationnelles d’<literal>emacs</"
"literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> can be used to perform the text search using the regular "
"expression."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> peut être utilisé pour effectuer de la recherche de texte en "
"utilisant une expression rationnelle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ egrep 'GNU.*LICENSE|Yoyodyne' /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL\n"
"GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n"
"GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n"
"Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program"
msgstr ""
"$ egrep 'GNU.*LICENSE|Yoyodyne' /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL\n"
"GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n"
"GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n"
"Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Replacement expressions"
msgstr "Expressions de remplacement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings."
msgstr ""
"Pour l’expression de remplacement, certains caractères ont une signification "
"particulière."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The replacement expression"
msgstr "Expressions de remplacement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "replacement expression"
msgstr "expressions de remplacement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of the text to replace the replacement expression"
msgstr "description du texte destiné à remplacer l’expression de replacement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&amp;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&amp;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\\&amp;</literal> in "
"<literal>emacs</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"ce à quoi correspond l’expression rationnelle (utilisez <literal>\\&amp;</"
"literal> avec <literal>emacs</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\n</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\n</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"what the n-th <emphasis role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular "
"expression matched (\"n\" being number)"
msgstr ""
"ce à quoi la nième expression rationnelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">entre "
"crochets</emphasis> correspond («&nbsp;n&nbsp;» étant un nombre)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For Perl replacement string, \"<literal>$n</literal>\" is used instead of "
"\"<literal>\\n</literal>\" and \"<literal>&amp;</literal>\" has no special "
"meaning."
msgstr ""
"Pour les chaînes de remplacement en Perl «&nbsp;<literal>$n</literal>&nbsp;» "
"est utilisé à la place de «&nbsp;<literal>\\n</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>&amp;</literal>&nbsp;» n’a pas de signification particulière."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/=&amp;=/'\n"
"zzz=1abc2efg3hij4=\n"
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/\\2===\\1/'\n"
"zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n"
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/$2===$1/'\n"
"zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n"
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/=&amp;=/'\n"
"zzz=&amp;="
msgstr ""
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/=&amp;=/'\n"
"zzz=1abc2efg3hij4=\n"
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/\\2===\\1/'\n"
"zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n"
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/$2===$1/'\n"
"zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n"
"$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n"
"perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/=&amp;=/'\n"
"zzz=&amp;="

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched strings are "
"used in the text replacement process on different tools."
msgstr ""
"Vous prêterez ici une attention particulière au style de l’expression "
"rationnelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">entre crochets</emphasis> et à la "
"manière dont les chaînes qui correspondent sont utilisées dans le processus "
"de remplacement du texte avec les différents outils."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text "
"replacement actions in some editors too."
msgstr ""
"Ces expressions rationnelles peuvent aussi être utilisées pour les "
"déplacements du curseur et des actions de remplacement de texte dans "
"certains éditeurs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The back slash \"<literal>\\</literal>\" at the end of line in the shell "
"commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell "
"command line input to the next line."
msgstr ""
"Un «&nbsp;back slash&nbsp;» («&nbsp;<literal>\\</literal>&nbsp;») en fin de "
"ligne sur la ligne de commandes du shell déspécifie le saut de ligne en un "
"caractère d’espacement et permet de poursuivre la ligne de commandes de "
"l’interpréteur sur la ligne suivante."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands."
msgstr ""
"Pour apprendre ces commandes, veuillez lire les pages de manuel "
"correspondantes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Global substitution with regular expressions"
msgstr "Substitution globale avec des expressions rationnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command can replace all instances of \"<literal>FROM_REGEX</"
"literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in \"<literal>file</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut remplacer toutes les instances de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>REGEX_SOURCE</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>TEXTE_DESTINATION</literal> dans «&nbsp;<literal>fichier</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ed file &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
",s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g\n"
"w\n"
"q\n"
"EOF"
msgstr ""
"$ ed fichier &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
",s/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXT_DESTINATION/g\n"
"w\n"
"q\n"
"EOF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command can replace all instances of "
"\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>file</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut remplacer toutes les instances de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>REGEX_SOURCE</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>TEXTE_DESTINATION</literal> dans «&nbsp;<literal>fichier</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sed -ie 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g' file"
msgstr "$ sed -ie 's/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXTE_DESTINATION/g' fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command can replace all instances of "
"\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>file</literal>\" by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ex</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut remplacer toutes les instances de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>REGEX_SOURCE</literal>&nbsp;» avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>TEXTE_DESTINATION</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>file</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant les commandes «&nbsp;"
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ vim '+%s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/gc' '+w' '+q' file"
msgstr "$ vim '+%s/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXTE_DESTINATION/gc' '+w' '+q' fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>c</literal>\" flag in the above ensures interactive "
"confirmation for each substitution."
msgstr ""
"L’indicateur «&nbsp;<literal>c</literal>&nbsp;» dans l’exemple qui précède "
"permet une confirmation interactive de chaque substitution."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Multiple files (\"<literal>file1</literal>\", \"<literal>file2</literal>\", "
"and \"<literal>file3</literal>\") can be processed with regular expressions "
"similarly with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Plusieurs fichiers (&nbsp;<literal>fichier1</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>fichier2</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>fichier3</"
"literal>&nbsp;») peuvent être traités de manière similaire par une "
"expression rationnelle avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ vim '+argdo %s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/ge|update' '+q' file1 file2 file3"
msgstr "$ vim '+argdo %s/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXT_DESTINATION/ge|update' '+q' fichier1 fichier2 fichier3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>e</literal>\" flag in the above prevents the \"No match\" "
"error from breaking a mapping."
msgstr ""
"L’indicateur «&nbsp;<literal>e</literal>&nbsp;» de l’exemple précédent évite "
"qu’une erreur «&nbsp;No match&nbsp;» (pas de correspondance) ne casse un "
"mapping&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ perl -i -p -e 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g;' file1 file2 file3"
msgstr "$ perl -i -p -e 's/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXTE_DESTINATION/g;' fichier1 fichier2 fichier3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the perl(1) example, \"<literal>-i</literal>\" is for the in-place "
"editing of each target file, and \"<literal>-p</literal>\" is for the "
"implicit loop over all given files."
msgstr ""
"Dans l’exemple en perl(1) ci-dessus, le «&nbsp;<literal>-i</literal>&nbsp;» "
"force l’édition directe de chaque fichier cible, et le «&nbsp;<literal>-p</"
"literal>&nbsp;» induit une boucle implicite sur tous les fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use of argument \"<literal>-i.bak</literal>\" instead of \"<literal>-i</"
"literal>\" keeps each original file by adding \"<literal>.bak</literal>\" to "
"its filename.  This makes recovery from errors easier for complex "
"substitutions."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation du paramètre «&nbsp;<literal>-i.bak</literal>&nbsp;» à la "
"place de «&nbsp; <literal>-i</literal>&nbsp;» conserve le fichier d’origine "
"en ajoutant «&nbsp;<literal>.bak</literal>&nbsp;» à son nom de fichier. Cela "
"permet la récupération plus facile d’erreurs lors de substitutions complexes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>; <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sont <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>&nbsp;; <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Extracting data from text file table"
msgstr "Extraire des données d’un tableau contenu dans un fichier texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's consider a text file called \"<literal>DPL</literal>\" in which some "
"pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation date are listed "
"in a space-separated format."
msgstr ""
"Considérons un fichier texte «&nbsp;<literal>DPL</literal>&nbsp;» dans "
"lequel les noms de certains des responsables du projet Debian d’avant 2004 "
"et leur date d’investiture sont présentés dans un format séparés par des "
"espaces&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Ian     Murdock   August  1993\n"
"Bruce   Perens    April   1996\n"
"Ian     Jackson   January 1998\n"
"Wichert Akkerman  January 1999\n"
"Ben     Collins   April   2001\n"
"Bdale   Garbee    April   2002\n"
"Martin  Michlmayr March   2003"
msgstr ""
"Ian     Murdock   August  1993\n"
"Bruce   Perens    April   1996\n"
"Ian     Jackson   January 1998\n"
"Wichert Akkerman  January 1999\n"
"Ben     Collins   April   2001\n"
"Bdale   Garbee    April   2002\n"
"Martin  Michlmayr March   2003"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&abriefhistoryofdebian;\">\"A Brief History of Debian\"</"
"ulink> for the latest <ulink url=\"&debianleadershiphistory;\">Debian "
"leadership history</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&abriefhistoryofdebian;\">Bref historique de "
"Debian</ulink>&nbsp;» pour la dernière <ulink url=\"&debianleadershiphistory;"
"\">Debian leadership history</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files."
msgstr ""
"Awk est fréquemment utilisé pour extraire des données de ce type de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ awk '{ print $3 }' &lt;DPL                   # month started\n"
"August\n"
"April\n"
"January\n"
"January\n"
"April\n"
"April\n"
"March\n"
"$ awk '($1==\"Ian\") { print }' &lt;DPL          # DPL called Ian\n"
"Ian     Murdock   August  1993\n"
"Ian     Jackson   January 1998\n"
"$ awk '($2==\"Perens\") { print $3,$4 }' &lt;DPL # When Perens started\n"
"April 1996"
msgstr ""
"$ awk '{ print $3 }' &lt;DPL                   # mois d'investiture\n"
"August\n"
"April\n"
"January\n"
"January\n"
"April\n"
"April\n"
"March\n"
"$ awk '($1==\"Ian\") { print }' &lt;DPL          # DPL appelé Ian\n"
"Ian     Murdock   August  1993\n"
"Ian     Jackson   January 1998\n"
"$ awk '($2==\"Perens\") { print $3,$4 }' &lt;DPL # quand Perens a été investi\n"
"April 1996"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file."
msgstr ""
"Des interpréteurs de commandes comme Bash peuvent aussi être utilisés pour "
"analyser ce genre de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ while read first last month year; do\n"
"    echo $month\n"
"  done &lt;DPL\n"
"... same output as the first Awk example"
msgstr ""
"$ while read first last month year; do\n"
"    echo $month\n"
"  done &lt;DPL\n"
"... même sortie que le premier exemple Awk"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in "
"\"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" (internal field separators) to split lines into "
"words."
msgstr ""
"Ici, la commande interne <literal>read</literal> utilise les caractères de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>$IFS</literal>&nbsp;» (séparateurs de champs internes) pour "
"scinder les lignes en mots."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you change \"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" to \"<literal>:</literal>\", you "
"can parse \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" with shell nicely."
msgstr ""
"Si vous changez «&nbsp;<literal>$IFS</literal>&nbsp;» en «&nbsp;<literal>:</"
"literal>&nbsp;», vous pouvez analyser facilement le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ oldIFS=\"$IFS\"   # save old value\n"
"$ IFS=':'\n"
"$ while read user password uid gid rest_of_line; do\n"
"    if [ \"$user\" = \"bozo\" ]; then\n"
"      echo \"$user's ID is $uid\"\n"
"    fi\n"
"  done &lt; /etc/passwd\n"
"bozo's ID is 1000\n"
"$ IFS=\"$oldIFS\"   # restore old value"
msgstr ""
"$ oldIFS=\"$IFS\"   # préserver l’ancienne valeur\n"
"$ IFS=\":\"\n"
"$ while read user password uid gid rest_of_line; do\n"
"    if [ \"$user\" = \"osamu\" ]; then\n"
"      echo \"ID de $user est $uid\"\n"
"    fi\n"
"  done &lt; /etc/passwd\n"
"ID de osamu est 1001\n"
"$ IFS=\"$oldIFS\"   # remet l’ancienne valeur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"(If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use \"<literal>FS=':'</literal>\" to "
"set the field separator.)"
msgstr ""
"(Si Awk est utilisé pour faire la même chose, utilisez «&nbsp;"
"<literal>FS=':'</literal>&nbsp;» pour définir le séparateur de champs)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, "
"command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  These do not occur within "
"double or single quoted words.  The default value of IFS is &lt;space&gt;, "
"&lt;tab&gt;, and &lt;newline&gt; combined."
msgstr ""
"IFS est aussi utilisé par l’interpréteur de commandes pour scinder le "
"résultat de l’expansion des paramètres, de la substitution de commande et de "
"l’expansion arithmétique. Cela ne se produit pas pour les mots entre double "
"ou simple apostrophes. La valeur de IFS par défaut est &lt;space&gt;, &lt;"
"tab&gt; et &lt;newline&gt; combinés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks.  Strange things may happen, "
"when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">input</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Faites attention en utilisant cette astuce IFS dans un shell. Des choses "
"étranges peuvent survenir lorsque le shell interprète certaines parties du "
"script comme son <emphasis role=\"strong\">entrée</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ IFS=\":,\"                        # use \":\" and \",\" as IFS\n"
"$ echo IFS=$IFS,   IFS=\"$IFS\"     # echo is a Bash builtin\n"
"IFS=  , IFS=:,\n"
"$ date -R                         # just a command output\n"
"Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:15 +0200\n"
"$ echo $(date -R)                 # sub shell --&gt; input to main shell\n"
"Sat  23 Aug 2003 08 30 36 +0200\n"
"$ unset IFS                       # reset IFS to the default\n"
"$ echo $(date -R)\n"
"Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200"
msgstr ""
"$ IFS=\":,\"                        # utiliser «&nbsp;:&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;,&nbsp;» pour IFS\n"
"$ echo IFS=$IFS,   IFS=\"$IFS\"     # echo est une commande interne de Bash\n"
"IFS=  , IFS=:,\n"
"$ date -R                         # simplement une sortie de commande\n"
"Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:15 +0200\n"
"$ echo $(date -R)                 # sous-shell --&gt; entrée du shell principal\n"
"Sat  23 Aug 2003 08 30 36 +0200\n"
"$ unset IFS                       # réinitialiser IFS à sa valeur par défaut\n"
"$ echo $(date -R)\n"
"Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Script snippets for piping commands"
msgstr "Bouts de scripts pour les tubes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe."
msgstr "Les scripts suivants font des choses sympas avec les tubes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of script snippets for piping commands"
msgstr "Liste de parties de scripts pour enchaîner (piping) les commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "script snippet (type in one line)"
msgstr "fragment de script (à entrer sur une seule ligne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "effect of command"
msgstr "effet de la commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>find /usr -print</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>find /usr -print</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "find all files under \"<literal>/usr</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"rechercher tous les fichiers se trouvant sous «&nbsp;<literal>/usr</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>seq 1 100</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>seq 1 100</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "print 1 to 100"
msgstr "imprimer 1 à 100"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| xargs -n 1 &lt;command&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| xargs -n 1 &lt;commande&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument"
msgstr ""
"lancer la commande de manière répétitive en utilisant chaque élément "
"provenant du tube (pipe) comme paramètre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| xargs -n 1 echo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| xargs -n 1 echo</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines"
msgstr ""
"scinder les éléments séparés par des espaces provenant du tube (pipe) en "
"différentes lignes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| xargs echo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| xargs echo</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "merge all lines from pipe into a line"
msgstr "concaténer les lignes provenant du tube en une seule ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| grep -e &lt;regex_pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| grep -e &lt;motif_expression_rationnelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract lines from pipe containing &lt;regex_pattern&gt;"
msgstr ""
"extraire du tube les lignes contenant &lt;motif_expression_rationnelle&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| grep -v -e &lt;regex_pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| grep -v -e &lt;motif_expression_rationnelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract lines from pipe not containing &lt;regex_pattern&gt;"
msgstr ""
"extraire du tube les lignes ne contenant pas &lt;"
"motif_expression_rationnelle&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| cut -d: -f3 -</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| cut -d: -f3 -</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"extract third field from pipe separated by \"<literal>:</literal>\" (passwd "
"file etc.)"
msgstr ""
"extraire du tube le troisième champ, séparé par «&nbsp;<literal>:</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (fichier passwd, etc.)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| awk '{ print $3 }'</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| awk '{ print $3 }'</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces"
msgstr ""
"extraire du tube le troisième champ séparé par des caractères d’espacement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| awk -F'\\t' '{ print $3 }'</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| awk -F'\\t' '{ print $3 }'</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by tab"
msgstr "extraire du tube le troisième champ séparé par une tabulation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| col -bx</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| col -bx</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces"
msgstr ""
"supprimer le retour arrière (backspace) et convertir les tabulations en "
"espaces"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| expand -</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| expand -</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "expand tabs"
msgstr "convertir les tabulations en espaces"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| sort| uniq</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| sort| uniq</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sort and remove duplicates"
msgstr "trier et supprimer les doublons"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert uppercase to lowercase"
msgstr "convertir de majuscules en minuscules"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| tr -d '\\n'</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| tr -d '\\n'</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "concatenate lines into one line"
msgstr "concaténer les lignes en une seule ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| tr -d '\\r'</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| tr -d '\\r'</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove CR"
msgstr "supprimer le retour à la ligne (CR)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| sed 's/^/# /'</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| sed 's/^/# /'</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "add \"<literal>#</literal>\" to the start of each line"
msgstr "ajouter «&nbsp;<literal>#</literal>&nbsp;» au début de chaque ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| sed 's/\\.ext//g'</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| sed 's/\\.ext//g'</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove \"<literal>.ext</literal>\""
msgstr "supprimer «&nbsp;<literal>.ext</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| sed -n -e 2p</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| sed -n -e 2p</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "print the second line"
msgstr "afficher la seconde ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| head -n 2 -</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| head -n 2 -</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "print the first 2 lines"
msgstr "afficher les deux premières lignes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>| tail -n 2 -</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>| tail -n 2 -</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "print the last 2 lines"
msgstr "afficher les deux dernières lignes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A one-line shell script can loop over many files using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to perform quite "
"complicated tasks.  See <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/"
"> and <xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Un script de l’interpréteur d’une seule ligne peut reboucler sur de nombreux "
"fichiers en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> afin d’effectuer des tâches assez complexes. Consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please "
"consider to write a shell script (see <xref linkend=\"_the_shell_script\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque l’utilisation de l’interpréteur de commandes en mode interactif "
"devient trop compliquée, pensez à écrire un script en shell (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_shell_script\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Debian package management"
msgstr "Gestion des paquets Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
msgid ""
"This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: "
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Ce chapitre a été écrit en supposant que le nom de code de la dernière "
"version stable est <literal>&Codename-stable;</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which "
"builds <emphasis role=\"strong\">consistent</emphasis> distributions of pre-"
"compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its "
"archive."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> est une association de volontaires "
"qui construit des distributions <emphasis role=\"strong\">cohérentes</"
"emphasis> de paquets binaires de logiciels libres pré-compilés et les "
"distribue depuis son archive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by "
"<ulink url=\"&manyremotemirrorsites;\">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for "
"access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink url="
"\"&cdromdvd;\">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">L’archive Debian</ulink> est proposée "
"depuis de <ulink url=\"&manyremotemirrorsites;\">nombreux sites-miroirs "
"distants</ulink>, on peut y accéder par les méthodes HTTP et FTP. Elle est "
"aussi disponible sous forme de <ulink url=\"&cdromdvd;\">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian package management system, <emphasis role=\"strong\">when used "
"properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system from the "
"archive.  Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available for the "
"&arch; architecture."
msgstr ""
"Le système de gestion des paquets Debian, <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">lorsqu’il est proprement utilisé</emphasis>, permet à l’utilisateur "
"d’installer sur le système des <emphasis role=\"strong\">ensembles cohérents "
"de paquets binaires</emphasis> à partir de l’archive. Il y a actuellement "
"&all-packages; paquets disponibles pour l’architecture &arch;."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for "
"the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used.  "
"Currently, we recommend the following."
msgstr ""
"Le système de gestion des paquets de Debian possède un riche historique et "
"de nombreux choix de programmes d’interface pour l’utilisateur final et de "
"méthodes de fond pour l’accès aux archives. Actuellement, nous recommandons "
"ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for all commandline operations, including package "
"installation and removal, and dist-upgrades."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour toutes les opérations en ligne de commandes, "
"y compris, l’installation et la suppression de paquets et dist-upgrade."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for an interactive text interface to manage the "
"installed packages and to search the available packages."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour une interface interactive en mode texte "
"permettant de gérer les paquets installés et de faire des recherches parmi "
"les paquets disponibles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><title>
msgid "List of Debian package management tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de gestion des paquets de Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Advanced Packaging Tool (APT), front-end for <literal>dpkg</literal> "
"providing \"<literal>http</literal>\", \"<literal>ftp</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>file</literal>\" archive access methods (<literal>apt-get</"
"literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> commands included)"
msgstr ""
"Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) («&nbsp;outil avancé de paquetage&nbsp;»), "
"frontal de <literal>dpkg</literal> permettant les méthodes d’accès à "
"l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>http</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>ftp</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>file</literal>&nbsp;» (les commandes "
"<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> sont comprises)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"interactive terminal-based package manager with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"gestionnaire de paquets interactif en mode terminal avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"tool for selecting tasks for installation on the Debian system (front-end "
"for APT)"
msgstr ""
"outil de sélection de tâches pour l’installation sur un système Debian "
"(frontal d’APT)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security "
"upgrades"
msgstr ""
"paquet d’amélioration d’APT permettant une installation automatique des "
"mises à niveau de sécurité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"terminal-based package manager (previous standard, front-end for APT and "
"other old access methods)"
msgstr ""
"gestionnaire de paquets en mode terminal (standard précédent, frontal d’APT "
"et d’autres anciennes méthodes d’accès)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "package management system for Debian"
msgstr "système de gestion des paquets pour Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "graphical package manager (GNOME front-end for APT)"
msgstr "gestionnaire de paquets graphique (interface graphique GNOME pour APT)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"APT utility programs: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-extracttemplates</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-ftparchive</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-sortpkgs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Programmes utilitaires d’APT&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-"
"extracttemplates</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-ftparchive</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-sortpkgs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "package change history notification tool"
msgstr "outil de notification des modifications d’un paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "lists critical bugs before each APT installation"
msgstr ""
"affiche la liste des bogues critiques avant chaque installation par APT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "APT package searching utility — command-line interface"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire de recherche de paquet d’APT — interface en ligne de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "recursively lists package dependencies"
msgstr "afficher de manière récursive la liste des dépendances du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Debian package management prerequisites"
msgstr "Prérequis pour la gestion des paquets Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Package configuration"
msgstr "Configuration de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques points-clés de la configuration des paquets sur un système "
"Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other "
"words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for "
"the sake of convenience."
msgstr ""
"la configuration manuelle effectuée par l’administrateur du système est "
"respectée. En d’autres termes, le système de configuration des paquets "
"effectue, pour des raisons de commodité, une configuration non "
"intrusive&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user "
"interface called <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> to help initial "
"installation process of the package."
msgstr ""
"chaque paquet possède son propre script de configuration avec une interface "
"utilisateur standardisée appelée <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui permet de "
"faciliter le processus initial d’installation du paquet&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless "
"with package configuration scripts."
msgstr ""
"les développeurs Debian font de leur mieux pour que vos mises à jour se "
"fassent de manière impeccable avec les scripts de configuration du "
"paquet&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system "
"administrator.  But ones with security risks are disabled in the default "
"installation."
msgstr ""
"l’administrateur du système peut utiliser toutes les fonctionnalités des "
"paquets de logiciels. Cependant, celles qui présentent un risque de sécurité "
"sont désactivées lors de l’installation par défaut&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are "
"responsible for the risk containment."
msgstr ""
"si vous activez vous-même un service qui présente certains risques de "
"sécurité, vous êtes responsable du confinement du risque&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator.  "
"This may create interferences with popular generic helper programs for the "
"system configuration."
msgstr ""
"des configurations ésotériques peuvent être activées manuellement par "
"l’administrateur du système. Cela peut créer des interférences avec les "
"programmes génériques d’assistance à la configuration du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic precautions"
msgstr "Précautions de base"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not install packages from random mixture of suites.  It probably breaks "
"the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, "
"such as compiler <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&library;"
"\">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas installer de paquets provenant d’un mélange aléatoire de suites. Cela "
"va probablement casser la cohérence des paquets et demande une connaissance "
"en profondeur de la gestion du système, comme l’<ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</"
"ulink>, d’un compilateur, la version d’une <ulink url=\"&library;"
"\">bibliothèque</ulink>, les fonctionnalités d’un interpréteur, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&newbie;\">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator "
"should stay with the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></"
"emphasis> release of Debian while applying only security updates.  I mean "
"that some of the following valid actions are better avoided, as a "
"precaution, until you understand the Debian system very well.  Here are some "
"reminders."
msgstr ""
"L’administrateur <ulink url=\"&newbie;\">débutant</ulink> d’un système "
"Debian devrait conserver la version <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> de Debian en appliquant les mises à "
"jour de sécurité. Je veux dire qu’il vaut mieux éviter, par précaution, "
"certaines des actions valables suivantes, jusqu’à ce que vous ayez très bien "
"compris le système Debian. Voici quelques rappels&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not include <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></"
"emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></"
"emphasis> in \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ne pas inclure <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></"
"emphasis>, ni <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></"
"emphasis> dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ne pas mélanger des archives standard de Debian avec d’autres archives "
"telles qu’Ubuntu dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Do not create \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ne pas créer le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not change default behavior of package management tools through "
"configuration files without knowing their full impacts."
msgstr ""
"ne pas modifier le comportement par défaut des outils de gestion des paquets "
"au travers des fichiers de configuration sans en connaître toutes les "
"conséquences&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg -i &lt;random_package&gt;</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ne pas installer de paquets quelconques à l’aide de «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg -i "
"&lt;paquet_quelconque&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not ever install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg --force-all -i &lt;"
"random_package&gt;</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ne jamais installer de paquets quelconques à l’aide de «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg "
"--force-all -i &lt;paquet_quelconque&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Do not erase or alter files in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ne pas effacer ni modifier les fichiers se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"var/lib/dpkg/</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly "
"compiled from source."
msgstr ""
"ne pas écraser les fichiers systèmes en installant des logiciels directement "
"depuis les sources."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Install them into \"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" or \"<literal>/opt</"
"literal>\", if needed."
msgstr ""
"Au besoin, les installer dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/opt</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The non-compatible effects caused by above actions to the Debian package "
"management system may leave your system unusable."
msgstr ""
"Les effets non compatibles avec le système de gestion des paquets Debian "
"engendrés par les actions ci-dessus peuvent rendre votre système "
"inutilisable."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, "
"should use extra precautions."
msgstr ""
"L’administrateur système Debian sérieux, qui s’occupe de serveurs dont la "
"mission est critique, devra prendre des précautions supplémentaires&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without "
"thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe "
"conditions."
msgstr ""
"ne pas installer de paquets, y compris les mises à jour de sécurité "
"provenant de Debian sans les avoir testés soigneusement, avec votre "
"configuration particulière, dans des conditions sûres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end."
msgstr ""
"Vous êtes finalement, en tant qu’administrateur système, responsable de "
"votre système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The long stability history of the Debian system is no guarantee by itself."
msgstr ""
"La longue histoire de stabilité du système Debian n’est pas, en elle-même, "
"une garantie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Life with eternal upgrades"
msgstr "La vie avec d’éternelles mises à jour"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document wish to run "
"the <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> suites of "
"Debian as their main system for <emphasis role=\"strong\">self-administered "
"Desktop environments</emphasis>. This is because they work very well, are "
"updated frequently, and offer the latest features."
msgstr ""
"En dépit de mes avertissements précédents, je sais que de nombreux lecteurs "
"de ce document voudront utiliser les versions <literal>testing</literal> ou "
"<literal>unstable</literal> de Debian comme système principal pour des "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">environnements de bureau autoadministrés</"
"emphasis>. Cela parce qu’elles fonctionnent très bien, sont fréquemment "
"mises à jour et offrent les fonctionnalités les plus récentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"For your <emphasis role=\"strong\">production server</emphasis>, the "
"<literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended.  "
"The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited "
"administration efforts, e.g. for your mother's PC."
msgstr ""
"Pour votre <emphasis role=\"strong\">serveur de production</emphasis>, la "
"suite <literal>stable</literal> avec les mises à jour de sécurité est "
"recommandée. On peut dire la même chose des PC de bureau sur lesquels vous "
"ne pouvez dépenser que des efforts limités d’administration, par exemple le "
"PC de votre belle-mère."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"It takes no more than simply setting the distribution string in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" to the suite name: "
"\"<literal>testing</literal>\" or \"<literal>unstable</literal>\"; or the "
"codename: \"<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>\" or \"<literal>&codename-"
"unstable;</literal>\". This makes you live <emphasis role=\"strong\">the "
"life of eternal upgrades</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Cela ne demande rien d’autre que de définir la chaîne de la distribution "
"dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» avec le nom de "
"suite «&nbsp;<literal>testing</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>unstable</"
"literal>&nbsp;», ou le nom de code «&nbsp;<literal>&codename-testing;</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Cela vous permettra de vivre <emphasis role=\"strong\">la vie des mises à "
"jour éternelles</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The use of <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> is "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">a lot of fun</emphasis> but comes with some "
"risks.  Even though the <literal>unstable</literal> suite of the Debian "
"system looks very stable for most of the times, there have been some package "
"problems on the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> "
"suite of the Debian system and a few of them were not so trivial to resolve. "
"It may be <emphasis role=\"strong\">quite painful</emphasis> for you. "
"Sometimes, you may have a broken package or missing functionality for a few "
"weeks."
msgstr ""
"Il y a <emphasis role=\"strong\">beaucoup de plaisir </emphasis> à prendre "
"en utilisant <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal> mais "
"aussi quelques risques. Même si la version <literal>unstable</literal> du "
"système Debian semble très stable la plupart du temps, il y a eu certains "
"problèmes de paquets sur les versions <literal>testing</literal> et "
"<literal>unstable</literal> et certains d’entre-eux n’ont pas été aisés à "
"résoudre. Ce peut être <emphasis role=\"strong\">assez douloureux</emphasis> "
"pour vous. Quelquefois, vous pouvez avoir un paquet cassé ou une "
"fonctionnalité manquante pendant quelques semaines."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are some ideas to ensure quick and easy recovery from bugs in Debian "
"packages."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques idées pour vous assurer une récupération rapide et facile "
"lors de bogues dans les paquets Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Make the system <emphasis role=\"strong\">dual bootable</emphasis> by "
"installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of the Debian system to "
"another partition"
msgstr ""
"faites un système avec un <emphasis role=\"strong\">double démarrage</"
"emphasis> en installant la suite <literal>stable</literal> du système Debian "
"sur une autre partition&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">rescue "
"boot</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"tenez à disposition le CD d’installation pour un <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">démarrage de secours</emphasis>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink url="
"\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> "
"information before the upgrade"
msgstr ""
"pensez à installer <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> afin de vérifier les "
"informations du <ulink url=\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Système Debian "
"de suivi des bogues (BTS)</ulink> avant de faire une mise à jour&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem"
msgstr ""
"apprenez suffisamment l’infrastructure du système de paquets pour contourner "
"le problème&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Create a chroot or similar environment and run the latest system in it in "
"advance (see <xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"Créez un environnement isolé («&nbsp;chroot&nbsp;») ou similaire et faites-y "
"tourner à l’avance la dernière version du système (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_virtualized_system\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"(If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably "
"not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> "
"suites.)"
msgstr ""
"(si vous ne savez pas faire l’une quelconque de ces actions de précaution, "
"vous n’êtes probablement pas prêt pour les versions <literal>testing</"
"literal> et <literal>unstable</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&enlightenment;\">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following "
"saves a person from the eternal <ulink url=\"&karmic;\">karmic</ulink> "
"struggle of upgrade <ulink url=\"&hell;\">hell</ulink> and let him reach "
"Debian <ulink url=\"&nirvana;\">nirvana</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"La <ulink url=\"&enlightenment;\">Lumière</ulink> provenant de ce qui suit "
"sauvera une personne de l’éternelle lutte <ulink url=\"&karmic;\">karmique</"
"ulink> de l’<ulink url=\"&hell;\">enfer</ulink> des mises à jour et lui "
"permettra d’atteindre le <ulink url=\"&nirvana;\">nirvana</ulink> de Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Debian archive basics"
msgstr "Bases concernant l’archive Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's look into <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> "
"from a system user's perspective."
msgstr ""
"Jetez un œil sur l’<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">archive Debian</ulink> "
"avec le point de vue d’un utilisateur du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink url="
"\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - The "
"Debian Archive</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"La charte officielle de l’archive Debian est définie dans la <ulink url="
"\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">Charte Debian, chapitre 2 - l’archive "
"Debian</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the typical HTTP access, the archive is specified in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following, e.g. for the current "
"<literal>stable</literal> = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> system."
msgstr ""
"Pour un accès HTTP typique, l’archive est indiquée de la manière suivante "
"dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;», par "
"exemple pour le système <literal>stable</literal> = <literal>&codename-"
"stable;</literal> actuel&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"deb http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib"
msgstr ""
"deb http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n"
"deb-src http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n"
"\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n"
"deb-src http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note \"<literal>ftp.XX.debian.org</literal>\" must be replaced with "
"appropriate mirror site URL for your location, for USA \"<literal>ftp.us."
"debian.org</literal>\", which can be found in <ulink url="
"\"&thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites;\">the list of Debian worldwide mirror "
"sites</ulink>.  The status of these servers can be checked at <ulink url="
"\"&debianmirrorcheckersite;\">Debian Mirror Checker site</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez noter que «&nbsp;<literal>ftp.XX.debian.org</literal>&nbsp;» doit "
"être remplacé par l’URL du site miroir approprié à votre lieu de résidence, "
"«&nbsp;<literal>ftp.us.debian.org</literal>&nbsp;» pour les États-Unis (et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>ftp.fr.debian.org</literal>&nbsp;» pour la France). On peut "
"la trouver dans <ulink url=\"&thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites;\">la liste "
"mondiale des sites miroirs Debian</ulink>. L’état de ces serveurs peut être "
"vérifié sur le <ulink url=\"&debianmirrorcheckersite;\">site de vérification "
"des miroirs Debian</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, I tend to use codename \"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\" "
"instead of suite name \"<literal>stable</literal>\" to avoid surprises when "
"the next <literal>stable</literal> is released."
msgstr ""
"Ici, j’ai tendance à utiliser le nom de code «&nbsp;<literal>&codename-"
"stable;</literal>&nbsp;» plutôt que le nom de la suite «&nbsp;"
"<literal>stable</literal>&nbsp;» afin d’éviter des surprises lorsque la "
"version <literal>stable</literal> suivante sera diffusée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The meaning of \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" is described in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and key points are followings."
msgstr ""
"La signification de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» "
"est décrite dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ses points-clés sont "
"les suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line defines for the binary packages."
msgstr ""
"la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>deb</literal>&nbsp;» définit les paquets "
"binaires&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" line defines for the source packages."
msgstr ""
"la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>deb-src</literal>&nbsp;» définit les paquets "
"sources&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive."
msgstr "le premier paramètre est l’URL-racine de l’archive Debian&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The 2nd argument is the distribution name: either the suite name or the "
"codename."
msgstr ""
"le deuxième paramètre est le nom de la distribution&nbsp;: soit le nom de la "
"suite, soit son nom de code&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of "
"the Debian archive."
msgstr ""
"le troisième paramètre et les suivants sont la liste des noms de sections "
"d’archives valables dans l’archive Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" lines can safely be omitted (or commented "
"out by placing \"#\" at the start of the line) if it is just for "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. "
"It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data. The URL can be "
"\"<literal>http://</literal>\", \"<literal>ftp://</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>file://</literal>\", …."
msgstr ""
"Les lignes <literal>deb-src</literal> peuvent être omises sans risque (ou "
"mises en commentaire en mettant un «&nbsp;#&nbsp;» au début de la ligne) si "
"ce n’est qu’<literal>aptitude</literal> ne pourra pas avoir accès aux "
"métadonnées liées aux sources. Cela accélérera les mises à jour des "
"métadonnées de l’archive. L’URL peut-être «&nbsp;<literal>http://</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>ftp://</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>file://</literal>&nbsp;», etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>sid</literal>\" is used in the above example instead of "
"\"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\", the \"<literal>deb: http://"
"security.debian.org/ …</literal>\" line for security updates in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" is not required.  This is "
"because there is no security update archive for \"<literal>sid</literal>"
"\" (<literal>unstable</literal>)."
msgstr ""
"Si «&nbsp;<literal>sid</literal>&nbsp;» est utilisé dans l’exemple ci-dessus "
"plutôt que «&nbsp;<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>&nbsp;», il n’est pas "
"obligatoire d’avoir la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>deb: http://security.debian."
"org/ …</literal>&nbsp;» pour les mises à jour de sécurité dans le fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» parce qu’il n’y a pas "
"de mises à jour de sécurité pour «&nbsp;<literal>sid</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (<literal>unstable</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or "
"codename used in the configuration file."
msgstr ""
"Voici la liste des URL des sites d’archives de Debian et les noms de suite "
"ou les noms de code utilisés dans le fichier de configuration&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of Debian archive sites"
msgstr "Liste des sites d’archive de Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "archive URL"
msgstr "URL de l’archive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "suite name (codename)"
msgstr "nom de la suite (nom de code)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "purpose"
msgstr "but"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&httpftpxxdebianorgdebian;\">http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&httpftpxxdebianorgdebian;\">http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>stable</literal> (<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)"
msgstr "<literal>stable</literal> (<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "stable (&codename-stable;) release"
msgstr "édition stable (&Codename-stable;)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>testing</literal> (<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>)"
msgstr "<literal>testing</literal> (<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "testing (&codename-testing;) release"
msgstr "édition testing (&Codename-testing;)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>unstable</literal> (<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>)"
msgstr "<literal>unstable</literal> (<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "unstable (&codename-unstable;) release"
msgstr "édition unstable (&Codename-unstable;)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>experimental</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>experimental</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "experimental pre-release (optional, only for developer)"
msgstr ""
"pré-version expérimental (optionnelle, uniquement pour les développeurs)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Updates for the next stable point release (optional)"
msgstr "mises à jour pour la prochaine version de stable (optionnel)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&httpsecuritydebianorg;\">http://security.debian.org/</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&httpsecuritydebianorg;\">http://security.debian.org/</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>stable/updates</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>stable/updates</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "security updates for stable release (important)"
msgstr "mises à jour de sécurité pour la version stable (important)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>testing/updates</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>testing/updates</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "security updates for testing release (important)"
msgstr "mises à jour de sécurité pour la version testing (important)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"compatible updates for spam filter, IM clients, etc. for &codename-stable;"
msgstr ""
"mises à jour compatibles pour le filtrage de spam, les clients de messagerie "
"instantanée, etc. pour &Codename-stable;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "newer backported packages for &codename-stable; (optional)"
msgstr "paquets plus récents rétroportés pour &Codename-stable; (optionnel)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Only pure <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> "
"release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed "
"with some packages from <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</"
"literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</"
"literal></emphasis> release is riskier than running pure <emphasis role="
"\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library "
"version mismatch etc.  If you really need the latest version of some "
"programs under <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></"
"emphasis> release, please use packages from <ulink url="
"\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&httpbackportsdebianorg;\">http://backports.debian.org</ulink> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_updates_and_backports\"/>) services.  These services must be used "
"with extra care."
msgstr ""
"Seule la version <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></"
"emphasis> pure avec les mises à jour de sécurité présente la meilleure "
"stabilité. Faire tourner une version principalement <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> mélangée à quelques paquets venant "
"des versions <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> "
"ou <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> est plus "
"risqué que d’utiliser une version <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> pure parce que des versions de "
"bibliothèques peuvent ne pas correspondre, etc. Si vous avez réellement "
"besoin de la dernière version de certains programmes sous la version "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis>, utilisez "
"alors les paquets venant de <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-"
"stable;-updates</ulink> et des services <ulink url=\"&backportsdebianorg;"
"\">backports.debian.org</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_updates_and_backports\"/>). Ces services doivent être utilisés avec des "
"précautions supplémentaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, "
"<literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "
"\"<literal>deb</literal>\" line.  If you list any combination of "
"<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and "
"<literal>unstable</literal> suites in the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line, "
"APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple "
"listing makes sense for these when the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>\" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend="
"\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"De base, vous ne devriez avoir qu’une seule des suites <literal>stable</"
"literal>, <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal> sur la "
"ligne «&nbsp;<literal>deb</literal>&nbsp;». Si vous avez une combinaison des "
"suites <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> et "
"<literal>unstable</literal> sur la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>deb</"
"literal>&nbsp;», les programmes APT vont être ralentis bien que seule la "
"dernière archive soit utilisée. Des mentions multiples ont un intérêt "
"lorsqu’on utilise le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>&nbsp;» avec des objectifs clairs (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> and "
"<literal>testing</literal> suites, it is a good idea to include lines with "
"\"<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"apt/sources.list</literal>\" to enable security updates as in the example "
"above."
msgstr ""
"Pour les systèmes Debian ayant les versions <literal>stable</literal> et "
"<literal>testing</literal>, c’est une bonne idée d’inclure les lignes ayant "
"«&nbsp;<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>&nbsp;» dans le fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» afin d’activer les "
"mises à jour de sécurité comme dans l’exemple ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the "
"Debian security team.  This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable.  "
"Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian "
"testing security team.  For <ulink url=\"&several;\">several</ulink> <ulink "
"url=\"&reasons;\">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that "
"for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of "
"fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages.  Those for the "
"<literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer.  "
"Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a "
"fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes.  See <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian "
"handles security bugs."
msgstr ""
"Les bogues de sécurité de l’archive <literal>stable</literal> sont corrigés "
"par l’équipe de sécurité de Debian. Cette activité a été assez rigoureuse et "
"fiable. Ceux de l’archive <literal>testing</literal> peuvent être corrigés "
"par l’équipe de sécurité de Debian. Pour <ulink url=\"&several;\">diverses</"
"ulink> <ulink url=\"&reasons;\">raisons</ulink>, cette activité n’est pas "
"aussi rigoureuse que pour <literal>stable</literal> et vous pouvez avoir à "
"attendre la migration de paquets corrigés de <literal>unstable</literal>. "
"Ceux de l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> sont corrigés par les "
"responsables individuels. Les paquets de <literal>unstable</literal> "
"maintenus de manière active sont habituellement maintenus dans un assez bon "
"état par mise à niveau avec les dernières corrections de sécurité des "
"développeurs amonts. Consultez <ulink url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">FAQ de "
"sécurité de Debian</ulink> concernant la manière dont Debian gère les bogues "
"de sécurité."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of Debian archive area"
msgstr "Liste des sections de l’archive de Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "area"
msgstr "section"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "number of packages"
msgstr "nombre de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "criteria of package component"
msgstr "critères de composant du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>main</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>main</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&main-packages;"
msgstr "&main-packages;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DFSG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>"
msgstr "conforme à DFSG sans dépendance vers <literal>non-free</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>contrib</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>contrib</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&contrib-packages;"
msgstr "&contrib-packages;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DFSG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>"
msgstr ""
"conforme à DFSG mais avec des dépendances vers <literal>non-free</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>non-free</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>non-free</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&non-free-packages;"
msgstr "&non-free-packages;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "not DFSG compliant"
msgstr "non conforme à DFSG"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture.  "
"The <literal>main</literal> area provides the Debian system (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_debian_is_100_free_software\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Ici, le nombre de paquets est celui de l’architecture &arch;. La section "
"<literal>main</literal> fournit le système Debian (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_debian_is_100_free_software\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser "
"to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or "
"<literal>pool</literal>."
msgstr ""
"La meilleure manière d’étudier l’organisation de l’archive Debian est de "
"pointer votre navigateur vers chacune des URL des archives en y ajoutant "
"<literal>dists</literal> ou <literal>pool</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url="
"\"&codename;\">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used "
"as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between "
"the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following."
msgstr ""
"On se réfère à la distribution de deux manières, la version ou le <ulink url="
"\"&codename;\">nom de code</ulink>. Le mot «&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;» est "
"aussi utilisé comme synonyme de version dans de nombreuses documentations. "
"La relation entre la version et le nom de code peut être résumée comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The relationship between suite and codename"
msgstr "Relation entre version et nom de code"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Timing"
msgstr "calendrier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "suite = <literal>stable</literal>"
msgstr "version = <literal>stable</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "suite = <literal>testing</literal>"
msgstr "version = <literal>testing</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "suite = <literal>unstable</literal>"
msgstr "version = <literal>unstable</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release"
msgstr "après la diffusion de <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>"
msgstr "nom de code = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>"
msgstr "nom de code = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "codename = <literal>sid</literal>"
msgstr "nom de code = <literal>sid</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release"
msgstr "après la diffusion de <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>"
msgstr "nom de code = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The history of codenames are described in <ulink url="
"\"&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;\">Debian FAQ: 6.2.1 Which other "
"codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"L’histoire des noms de code a été décrite dans la <ulink url= "
"\"&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;\">FAQ Debian&nbsp;: 6.2.1 Quels noms de "
"code ont déjà été utilisés&nbsp;?</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word \"section\" is "
"specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application "
"area.  (Although, the word \"main section\" may sometimes be used to "
"describe the Debian archive area named as \"main\".)"
msgstr ""
"Dans la terminologie la plus stricte de l’archive Debian, le mot «&nbsp;"
"section&nbsp;» est spécifiquement utilisé pour la catégorisation des paquets "
"par zone d’application. (Cependant l’expression «&nbsp;section "
"principale&nbsp;» peut parfois être utilisée pour décrire la section de "
"l’archive Debian qui fournit la zone «&nbsp;main&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Every time a new upload is done by a Debian developer (DD) to the "
"<literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url=\"&incoming;\">incoming</"
"ulink> processing), the DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be "
"compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</"
"literal> archive."
msgstr ""
"Chaque fois qu’un nouveau chargement est fait par un développeur Debian (DD) "
"vers l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> (par l’intermédiaire du "
"traitement d’<ulink url=\"&incoming;\">incoming</ulink>), le DD doit "
"s’assurer que les paquets envoyés sont compatibles avec le dernier ensemble "
"de paquets de l’archive <literal>unstable</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade "
"etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url="
"\"&thedebiandevelmailinglist;\">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc."
msgstr ""
"Si le DD casse intentionnellement cette compatibilité en raison de la mise à "
"jour d’une bibliothèque importante, etc., il y a habituellement une annonce "
"sur la <ulink url=\"&thedebiandevelmailinglist;\">liste de diffusion debian-"
"devel</ulink>, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script "
"from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the <literal>testing</"
"literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only checks the "
"maturity (about 10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports for the "
"packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the latest set "
"of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This process makes "
"the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and usable."
msgstr ""
"Avant qu’un ensemble de paquets ne soit déplacé par le script de maintenance "
"de l’archive Debian depuis l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> vers "
"l’archive <literal>testing</literal>, le script de maintenance de l’archive "
"ne se contente pas vérifier sa maturité (environ 10 jours) et l’état des "
"rapports de bogues pour ces paquets mais essaie aussi de s’assurer qu’ils "
"sont compatibles avec le dernier ensemble des paquets de l’archive "
"<literal>testing</literal>. Ce processus rend l’archive <literal>testing </"
"literal> très actuelle et utilisable."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the "
"<literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely "
"consistent and bug free with some manual interventions.  Then the new "
"<literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for "
"the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new <literal>stable</"
"literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new <literal>testing</"
"literal> archive.  The initial contents of the new <literal>testing</"
"literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly released "
"<literal>stable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""
"Par le processus de gel progressif de l’archive dirigé par l’équipe de "
"diffusion («&nbsp;release team&nbsp;»), l’archive <literal>testing</literal> "
"est mûrie afin de la rendre entièrement cohérente et sans bogue avec "
"quelques interventions manuelles. Ensuite, la nouvelle version "
"<literal>stable</literal> est créée en assignant le nom de code de "
"l’ancienne archive <literal>testing</literal> à la nouvelle archive "
"<literal>stable</literal> et en créant un nouveau nom de code pour la "
"nouvelle archive <literal>testing</literal>. Le contenu initial de la "
"nouvelle archive <literal>testing</literal> est exactement le même que celui "
"de l’archive <literal>stable</literal> qui vient d’être diffusée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> "
"archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors."
msgstr ""
"Les archives <literal>unstable</literal> et <literal>testing</literal> "
"peuvent toutes les deux souffrir temporairement de problèmes en raison de "
"divers facteurs&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"chargement vers l’archive cassé (la plupart du temps, cela concerne "
"<literal>unstable</literal>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for "
"<literal>unstable</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"délai pour accepter un nouveau paquet dans l’archive (la plupart du temps, "
"cela concerne <literal>unstable</literal>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> "
"and <literal>unstable</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"problème de temps de synchronisation de l’archive (à la fois pour "
"<literal>testing</literal> et <literal>unstable</literal>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for "
"<literal>testing</literal>) etc."
msgstr ""
"intervention manuelle sur l’archive comme la suppression d’un paquet "
"(davantage pour <literal>testing</literal>), etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or "
"work around these kinds of glitches."
msgstr ""
"Si vous décidez donc d’utiliser ces archives, vous devriez être capable de "
"corriger ou de contourner ces types de problèmes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"For about few months after a new <literal>stable</literal> release, most "
"desktop users should use the <literal>stable</literal> archive with its "
"security updates even if they usually use <literal>unstable</literal> or "
"<literal>testing</literal> archives.  For this transition period, both "
"<literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives are not "
"good for most people. Your system is difficult to keep in good working "
"condition with the <literal>unstable</literal> archive since it suffers "
"surges of major upgrades for core packages.  The <literal>testing</literal> "
"archive is not useful either since it contains mostly the same content as "
"the <literal>stable</literal> archive without its security support (<ulink "
"url=\"&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;\">Debian testing-security-announce "
"2008-12</ulink>). After a month or so, the <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive may be usable if you are careful."
msgstr ""
"Pendant les quelques mois qui suivent la diffusion d’une nouvelle version "
"<literal>stable</literal>, la plupart des utilisateur de machines de bureau "
"devraient utiliser l’archive <literal>stable</literal> avec ses mises à jour "
"de sécurité même s’ils utilisent habituellement les archives "
"<literal>unstable</literal> ou <literal>testing</literal>. Pendant cette "
"période de transition, les archives <literal>unstable</literal> et "
"<literal>testing</literal> ne sont pas bonnes pour la plupart des gens. "
"Votre système sera difficile à conserver dans un bon état de fonctionnement "
"avec l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> car elle souffre de pics "
"d’importantes mises à jour de paquets fondamentaux. L’archive "
"<literal>testing</literal> n’est pas utile non plus car elle a sensiblement "
"le même contenu que l’archive <literal>stable</literal> sans la prise en "
"compte de la sécurité (<ulink url=\"&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;"
"\">Debian testing-security-announce 2008-12</ulink>). Après environ un mois, "
"l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> peut être utilisée avec précautions."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, a problem caused by a "
"removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package "
"from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix."
msgstr ""
"Lors du suivi de l’archive <literal>testing</literal>, un problème causé par "
"la suppression d’un paquet est habituellement contournée en installant le "
"paquet correspondant de l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> qui est envoyé "
"pour la correction du bogue."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for "
"archive definitions."
msgstr ""
"Consultez la <ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Charte Debian</ulink> pour "
"la définition des archives."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&sections;\">Sections</ulink>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&sections;\">Sections</ulink>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&priorities;\">Priorities</ulink>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&priorities;\">Priorités</ulink>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&basesystem;\">Base system</ulink>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&basesystem;\">Système de base</ulink>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&essentialpackages;\">Essential packages</ulink>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&essentialpackages;\">Paquets essentiels</ulink>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Debian is 100% free software"
msgstr "Debian est totalement libre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Debian is 100% free software because of the followings:"
msgstr "Debian est totalement libre pour les raisons suivantes :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian installs only free software by default to respect user's freedoms."
msgstr ""
"Debian n’installe que des logiciels libres par défaut pour respecter les "
"libertés des utilisateurs ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Debian provides only free software in <literal>main</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Debian ne fournit que des logiciels libres dans <literal>main</literal> ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian recommends running only free software from <literal>main</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Debian recommande de n’utiliser que des logiciels libres de <literal>main</"
"literal> ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"No packages in <literal>main</literal> depend nor recommend packages in "
"<literal>non-free</literal> nor <literal>contrib</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Aucun paquet de <literal>main</literal> ne dépend ou ne recommande de "
"paquets de <literal>non-free</literal> ni de <literal>contrib</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Some people wonder if the following 2 facts contradict or not."
msgstr ""
"Certaines personnes se demandent si les deux faits suivants sont "
"contradictoires ou non."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"Debian will remain 100% free\". (First term of <ulink url="
"\"&debiansocialcontract;\">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"« Debian demeurera totalement libre. » (Premier point du <ulink url="
"\"&debiansocialcontract;\">contrat social Debian</ulink>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian servers host some <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</"
"literal> packages."
msgstr ""
"Debian héberge des paquets <literal>non-free</literal> (non libres) et "
"<literal>contrib</literal> (contributions)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "These do not contradict, because of the followings."
msgstr "Ce n’est pas contradictoire pour les raisons suivantes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system is 100% free and its packages are hosted by Debian servers "
"in the <literal>main</literal> area."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian est totalement libre et ses paquets sont hébergés par les "
"serveurs Debian dans la section <literal>main</literal> de l’archive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Packages outside of the Debian system are hosted by Debian servers in the "
"<literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas."
msgstr ""
"Des paquets hors du système Debian sont hébergés par les serveurs Debian "
"dans les sections <literal>non-free</literal> et <literal>contrib</literal> "
"de l’archive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These are precisely explained in the 4th and 5th terms of <ulink url="
"\"&debiansocialcontract;\">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:"
msgstr ""
"C’est précisément expliqué dans les quatrième et cinquième points du <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansocialcontract;\">contrat social Debian</ulink>) comme suit."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Our priorities are our users and free software"
msgstr "Nos priorités sont nos utilisateurs et les logiciels libres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free software community. "
"We will place their interests first in our priorities. We will support the "
"needs of our users for operation in many different kinds of computing "
"environments. We will not object to non-free works that are intended to be "
"used on Debian systems, or attempt to charge a fee to people who create or "
"use such works. We will allow others to create distributions containing both "
"the Debian system and other works, without any fee from us. In furtherance "
"of these goals, we will provide an integrated system of high-quality "
"materials with no legal restrictions that would prevent such uses of the "
"system."
msgstr ""
"Les besoins de nos utilisateurs et de la communauté des logiciels libres "
"nous guideront. Nous placerons leurs intérêts en tête de nos priorités. Nous "
"répondrons aux besoins de nos utilisateurs dans de nombreux types "
"d’environnements informatiques différents. Nous ne nous opposerons pas aux "
"travaux non libres prévus pour fonctionner sur les systèmes Debian. Nous "
"permettrons, sans réclamer rétribution, que d’autres créent des "
"distributions contenant conjointement des logiciels Debian et d’autres "
"travaux. Pour servir ces objectifs, nous fournirons un système intégrant des "
"composants de grande qualité sans restrictions légales incompatibles avec "
"ces modes d’utilisation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Works that do not meet our free software standards"
msgstr "Travaux non conformes à nos standards sur les logiciels libres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of works that do not "
"conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created "
"\"<literal>contrib</literal>\" and \"<literal>non-free</literal>\" areas in "
"our archive for these works. The packages in these areas are not part of the "
"Debian system, although they have been configured for use with Debian. We "
"encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of the packages in these "
"areas and determine if they can distribute the packages on their CDs. Thus, "
"although non-free works are not a part of Debian, we support their use and "
"provide infrastructure for non-free packages (such as our bug tracking "
"system and mailing lists)."
msgstr ""
"Nous reconnaissons que certains de nos utilisateurs demandent à pouvoir "
"utiliser des travaux qui ne sont pas conformes aux principes du logiciel "
"libre selon Debian. Les paquets correspondant prennent place dans des "
"sections nommées « <literal>contrib</literal> » (« contributions ») et "
"« <literal>non-free</literal> » (« non libre »). Les paquets de ces sections "
"ne font pas partie du système Debian, bien qu’ils aient été configurés afin "
"d’être utilisés avec lui. Nous encourageons les fabricants de CD à lire les "
"licences de ces paquets afin de déterminer s’ils peuvent les distribuer. "
"Ainsi, bien que les travaux non libres ne fassent pas partie de Debian, nous "
"prenons en compte leur utilisation et fournissons donc l’infrastructure "
"nécessaire (à l’image de notre système de suivi des bogues et de nos listes "
"de diffusion)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Users should be aware of the risks of using packages in the <literal>non-"
"free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas:"
msgstr ""
"Les utilisateurs doivent être conscients des risques lors de l’utilisation "
"des sections <literal>non-free</literal> et <literal>contrib</literal> de "
"l’archive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "lack of freedom for such software packages"
msgstr "l’absence de liberté pour de tels paquets de logiciel ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"lack of support from Debian on such software packages (Debian can't support "
"software properly without having access to its source code.)"
msgstr ""
"l’absence de suivi de la part de Debian pour de tels paquets de logiciel "
"(Debian ne peut pas suivre correctement un logiciel sans avoir accès à son "
"code source) ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "contamination of your 100% free Debian system"
msgstr "la contamination de votre système Debian totalement libre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;\">Debian Free Software "
"Guidelines</ulink> are the free software standards for <ulink url=\"&debian;"
"\">Debian</ulink>.  Debian interprets \"software\" in the widest scope "
"including document, firmware, logo, and artwork data in the package.  This "
"makes Debian's free software standards very strict ones."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;\">Les principes du logiciel "
"libre selon Debian</ulink> sont les normes du logiciel libre pour <ulink url="
"\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink>. Debian interprète « logiciel » de la façon la "
"plus large possible, y compris la documentation, les microprogrammes, les "
"logos et données artistiques des paquets. Cela rend les normes du logiciel "
"libre de Debian très strictes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to meet this strict free software standards required for "
"<literal>main</literal>, Debian <ulink url=\"&unbrandsmozilla;\">unbrands "
"Mozilla</ulink> software packages such as Firefox, Thunderbird, and "
"Seamonkey by removing their logo and some artwork data; and ships them as "
"Iceweasel, Icedove, and Iceape, respectively."
msgstr ""
"Afin de respecter ces normes strictes du logiciel libre nécessaires pour "
"<literal>main</literal>, Debian <ulink url=\"&unbrandsmozilla;\">démarque "
"les paquets des programmes de Mozilla</ulink> comme Firefox, Thunderbird et "
"Seamonkey en retirant leurs logos et certaines données artistiques, et les "
"distribue respectivement sous les noms Iceweasel, Icedove et Iceape."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Typical <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages "
"include freely distributable packages of following types:"
msgstr ""
"Les paquets typiques de <literal>non-free</literal> et <literal>contrib</"
"literal> contiennent des paquets librement distribuables des types suivants."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Document packages under <ulink url=\"&gnufreedocumentationlicense;\">GNU "
"Free Documentation License</ulink> with invariant sections such as ones for "
"GCC and Make.  (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/doc</literal> section.)"
msgstr ""
"Les paquets de documentation sous <ulink url=\"&gnufreedocumentationlicense;"
"\">licence de documentation libre GNU</ulink> avec des sections invariables "
"comme celles de GCC et Make (la plupart sont dans la section <literal>non-"
"free/doc</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Firmware packages containing sourceless binary data such as ones listed in "
"<xref linkend=\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/> as non-free. (mostly "
"found in the <literal>non-free/kernel</literal> section.)"
msgstr ""
"Les paquets de microprogramme contenant des données binaires sans source "
"comme celles de <xref linkend=\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/> dans non-"
"free (la plupart sont dans la section<literal>non-free/kernel</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Game and font packages with restriction on commercial use and/or content "
"modification."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets de jeu ou de police avec des restrictions sur l’utilisation "
"commerciale ou la modification de contenu."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that the number of <literal>non-free</literal> and "
"<literal>contrib</literal> packages is less than 2% of that of "
"<literal>main</literal> packages.  Enabling access to the <literal>non-free</"
"literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas does not obscure the source of "
"packages.  Interactive full screen use of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> provides you with full visibility and control over "
"what packages are installed from which area to keep your system as free as "
"you wish."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez remarquer que le nombre de paquets de <literal>non-free</literal> "
"et <literal>contrib</literal> est inférieur à 2 % de ceux dans "
"<literal>main</literal>. Activer l’accès aux sections <literal>non-free</"
"literal> et <literal>contrib</literal> ne cache pas la provenance des "
"paquets. L’utilisation interactive d’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fournit une visibilité "
"totale et un contrôle complet des paquets installés et de leur section pour "
"garder le système aussi libre que voulu."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Package dependencies"
msgstr "Dépendances des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its "
"versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file "
"fields.  Here is a bit over simplified definition for them."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian offre un ensemble cohérent de paquets binaires par "
"l’intermédiaire de son mécanisme de déclaration de dépendances binaires "
"versionnées dans les champs du fichier «&nbsp;control&nbsp;». En voici une "
"définition un peu simplifiée&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Depends\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Depends&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this "
"field must be installed at the same time or in advance."
msgstr ""
"Cela déclare une dépendance absolue du paquet et tous les paquets listés "
"dans ce champ doivent être installés en même temps ou à l’avance."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Pre-Depends\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Pre-Depends&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the "
"listed packages in advance."
msgstr ""
"Comme pour «&nbsp;Depends&nbsp;» excepté que cela demande une installation "
"complète et à l’avance des paquets cités."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Recommends\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Recommends&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency.  Most users would not "
"want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are "
"installed."
msgstr ""
"Cela déclare une dépendance forte mais non absolue. La plupart des "
"utilisateurs n’installeront pas le paquet si tous les paquets cités dans ce "
"champ ne sont pas installés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Suggests\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Suggests&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This declares a weak dependency.  Many users of this package may benefit "
"from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable "
"functions without them."
msgstr ""
"Cela déclare une dépendance lâche. De nombreux utilisateurs de ce paquet "
"pourront tirer profit de l’installation des paquets cités dans ce champs "
"mais auront cependant des fonctionnalités acceptables sans eux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Enhances\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Enhances&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This declares a week dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite "
"direction."
msgstr ""
"Cela déclare une dépendance lâche comme «&nbsp;Suggests&nbsp;» mais "
"fonctionne à l’inverse."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Breaks\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Casse&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version "
"specification.  Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages "
"listed in this field."
msgstr ""
"Cela déclare une incompatibilité de paquet avec habituellement une "
"indication de version. La solution est en général de mettre à jour tous les "
"paquets indiqués dans ce champ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Conflicts\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Conflicts&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This declares an absolute incompatibility.  All of the packages listed in "
"this field must be removed to install this package."
msgstr ""
"Cela déclare une incompatibilité absolue. Tous les paquets cités dans ce "
"champs doivent être supprimés pour installer ce paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Replaces\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Replaces&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the "
"listed packages."
msgstr ""
"C’est déclaré lorsque les fichiers installés par ce paquet remplacent des "
"fichiers des paquets cités."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"Provides\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;Provides&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This is declared when this package provide all of the files and "
"functionality in the listed packages."
msgstr ""
"C’est déclaré lorsque ce paquet fournit tous les fichiers et les "
"fonctionnalités des paquets cités."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that defining \"Provides\", \"Conflicts\" and \"Replaces\" "
"simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration.  This "
"ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be "
"installed at any one time."
msgstr ""
"Remarquez que définir simultanément «&nbsp;Provides&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"Conflicts&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;Replaces&nbsp;» pour un paquet virtuel est une "
"configuration saine. Cela permet de s’assurer qu’un seul paquet réel "
"fournissant ce paquet virtuel puisse être installé à un moment donné."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink "
"url=\"&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;\">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - "
"Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"La définition officielle, y compris les dépendances de sources, se trouve "
"dans la <ulink url=\"&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;\">Charte "
"Debian&nbsp;; Chapitre 7 - Déclaration des dépendances entre paquets</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The event flow of the package management"
msgstr "Flux des événements dans la gestion d’un paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by "
"APT."
msgstr ""
"Voici un résumé du flux simplifié des événements de la gestion d’un paquet "
"par APT."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Update</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude update</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Mettre à jour («&nbsp;update&nbsp;»)</emphasis> "
"(«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude update</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get "
"update</literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Fetch archive metadata from remote archive"
msgstr "Rechercher les métadonnées d’une archive depuis l’archive distante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT"
msgstr ""
"Reconstruire et mettre à jour les métadonnées locales pour qu’elles puissent "
"être utilisées par APT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Upgrade</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude safe-"
"upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>\", or "
"\"<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</"
"literal>\"):"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Mettre à niveau («&nbsp;upgrade&nbsp;»)</emphasis> "
"(«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get "
"upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Chose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for "
"all installed packages (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/> "
"for exception)"
msgstr ""
"Choisir la version candidate, qui est habituellement la dernière version "
"disponible, pour tous les paquets installés (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/> pour les exceptions)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Make package dependency resolution"
msgstr "Effectuer la résolution des dépendances du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is "
"different from installed version"
msgstr ""
"Rechercher le paquet binaire sélectionné depuis l’archive distante si la "
"version candidate est différente de la version installée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Unpack fetched binary packages"
msgstr "Dépaqueter les paquets binaires ayant été téléchargés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">preinst</emphasis> script"
msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">preinst</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Install binary files"
msgstr "Installer les fichiers binaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postinst</emphasis> script"
msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">postinst</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Install</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude install …</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get install …</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Installer</emphasis> («&nbsp;<literal>aptitude "
"install …</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get install …</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Chose packages listed on the command line"
msgstr "Choisir les paquets indiqués sur la ligne de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive"
msgstr "Récupérer les paquets binaires sélectionnés depuis l’archive distante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remove</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude remove …</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Supprimer</emphasis> («&nbsp;<literal>aptitude "
"remove …</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get remove …</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">prerm</emphasis> script"
msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">prerm</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">except</emphasis> "
"configuration files"
msgstr ""
"Supprimer les fichiers installés <emphasis role=\"strong\">à l’exception</"
"emphasis> des fichiers de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postrm</emphasis> script"
msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">postrm</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Purge</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude purge …</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Purger</emphasis> («&nbsp;<literal>aptitude purge …"
"</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">including</emphasis> "
"configuration files"
msgstr ""
"Supprimer les fichiers installés <emphasis role=\"strong\">y compris</"
"emphasis> leurs fichiers de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture."
msgstr ""
"J’ai ici intentionnellement sauté des détails techniques dans le souci "
"d’avoir une vue d’ensemble."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "First response to package management troubles"
msgstr "Première réponse aux problèmes de gestion de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You should read the fine official documentation.  The first document to read "
"is the Debian specific \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;package_name&gt;/README."
"Debian</literal>\".  Other documentation in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;"
"package_name&gt;/</literal>\" should be consulted too.  If you set shell as "
"<xref linkend=\"_customizing_bash\"/>, type the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous devriez lire l’excellente documentation officielle. Le premier document "
"à lire est «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;/README.Debian</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui est spécifique à Debian. Les autres documents dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;/</literal>&nbsp;» "
"devraient aussi être consultés. Si vous avez configuré l’interpréteur de "
"commande comme dans <xref linkend=\"_customizing_bash\"/>, entrez ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd &lt;package_name&gt;\n"
"$ pager README.Debian\n"
"$ mc"
msgstr ""
"$ cd &lt;nom_paquet&gt;\n"
"$ pager README.Debian\n"
"$ mc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "
"\"<literal>-doc</literal>\" suffix for detailed information."
msgstr ""
"Vous aurez besoin d’installer le paquet de documentation correspondant au "
"paquet dont le nom possède le suffixe «&nbsp;<literal>-doc</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour des informations détaillées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check "
"out <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug tracking "
"system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first."
msgstr ""
"Si vous rencontrez des problèmes avec un paquet particulier, faites d’abord "
"une recherche sur le site du <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;"
"\">système de suivi des bogues Debian (BTS)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package"
msgstr ""
"Liste de sites web clés pour résoudre les problèmes avec un paquet "
"particulier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "web site"
msgstr "site web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Home page of <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug "
"tracking system (BTS)</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"Page d’accueil du <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">système de "
"suivi des bogues Debian (BTS)</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>sensible-browser \"http://bugs.debian.org/\"</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>sensible-browser «&nbsp;http://bugs.debian.org/&nbsp;»</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The bug report of a known package name"
msgstr "Signalement de bogue d’un nom de paquet connu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>sensible-browser \"http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;package_name&gt;\"</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>sensible-browser «&nbsp;http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;"
"&nbsp;»</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The bug report of known bug number"
msgstr "Rapport de bogue concernant un numéro de bogue connu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>sensible-browser \"http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;bug_number&gt;\"</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>sensible-browser «&nbsp;http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;bug_number&gt;"
"&nbsp;»</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Search <ulink url=\"&google;\">Google</ulink> with search words including "
"\"<literal>site:debian.org</literal>\", \"<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""
"Rechercher sur <ulink url=\"&google;\">Google</ulink> avec des mots de "
"recherche comprenant «&nbsp;<literal>site:debian.org</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>site:"
"lists.debian.org</literal>&nbsp;», etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you file a bug report, please use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command."
msgstr ""
"Pour déposer un signalement de bogue, veuillez utiliser la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Basic package management operations"
msgstr "Opérations de base de la gestion des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Repository based package management operations on the Debian system can be "
"performed by many APT-based package management tools available on the Debian "
"system.  Here, we explain 2 basic package management tools: <literal>apt-"
"get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Sur le système Debian, les opérations de gestion des paquets basées sur les "
"dépôts peuvent être réalisées à l’aide de nombreux outils de gestion de "
"paquets basés sur APT et disponibles dans le système Debian. Nous décrirons "
"ici les outils de base de gestion des paquets&nbsp;: <literal>apt-get</"
"literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> et <literal>aptitude</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the package management operation which involves package installation or "
"updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege."
msgstr ""
"Pour les opérations de gestion des paquets qui concernent l’installation des "
"paquets ou les mises à jour des métadonnées des paquets, vous aurez besoin "
"des privilèges de l’administrateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> vs. "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> comparés à "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although <literal>aptitude</literal> is a very nice interactive tool which "
"the author mainly uses, you should know some cautionary facts:"
msgstr ""
"Bien qu'<literal>aptitude</literal> soit un très bon outil interactif et que "
"l'auteur l'utilise, voici quelques avertissements que vous devriez "
"connaître :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is not recommended for the release-"
"to-release system upgrade on the <literal>stable</literal> Debian system "
"after the new release."
msgstr ""
"La commande <literal>aptitude</literal> n'est pas recommandée pour une mise "
"à niveau du système entre versions sur le système Debian <literal>stable</"
"literal> après la sortie d'une nouvelle version."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The use of \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" is recommended for "
"it.  See <ulink url=\"&bugebbcia;\">Bug #411280</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"L'utilisation de \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" est recommandée "
"pour cela. Voir <ulink url=\"&bugebbcia;\">Bug #411280</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>aptitude</literal> command sometimes suggests mass package "
"removals for the system upgrade on the <literal>testing</literal> or "
"<literal>unstable</literal> Debian system."
msgstr ""
"La commande <literal>aptitude</literal> suggère parfois la suppression "
"massive de paquets lors de la mise à niveau du système sur des systèmes "
"Debian en <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "This situation has frightened many system administrators.  Don't panic."
msgstr ""
"Cette situation a effrayé de nombreux administrateurs système. Pas de "
"panique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This seems to be caused mostly by the version skew among packages depended "
"or recommended by a meta-package such as <literal>gnome-core</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Il semblerait que cela soit principalement causé par un biais de version "
"parmi des paquets dépendants de, ou recommandés par, un méta-paquet tel que "
"<literal>gnome-core</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This can be resolved by selecting \"Cancel pending actions\" in the "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> command menu, exiting <literal>aptitude</"
"literal>, and using \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Cela peut être résolu en sélectionnant « Annuler les actions en attente » "
"dans le menu de commande d'<literal>aptitude</literal>, en quittant "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> et en utilisant la commande « <literal>apt-get "
"dist-upgrade</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are "
"the most <emphasis role=\"strong\">basic</emphasis> APT-based package "
"management tools."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes <literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> "
"sont les outils les plus <emphasis role=\"strong\">basiques</emphasis> de "
"gestion des paquets basés sur APT."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the "
"commandline user interface."
msgstr ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> n’offre qu’une "
"interface utilisateur en ligne de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc."
msgstr ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> est le mieux adapté pour les <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">mises à jour majeures du système</emphasis> entre les "
"versions, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis role=\"strong\">robust</"
"emphasis> package dependency resolver."
msgstr ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> offre un système de résolution des dépendances "
"entre paquets <emphasis role=\"strong\">robuste</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> is less demanding on hardware resources.  It "
"consumes less memory and runs faster."
msgstr ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> nécessite moins de ressources matérielles. Il "
"consomme moins de mémoire et fonctionne plus rapidement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis role=\"strong\">standard</"
"emphasis> regex based search on the package name and description."
msgstr ""
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> offre une recherche basée sur des expressions "
"rationnelles <emphasis role=\"strong\">standard</emphasis> sur les noms et "
"les descriptions des paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage "
"multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> "
"but it is quite cumbersome."
msgstr ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> peuvent gérer des "
"versions multiples des paquets en utilisant <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal> mais est assez lourd."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">versatile</emphasis> APT-based package management tool."
msgstr ""
"La commande <literal>aptitude</literal> est l’outil de gestion des paquets "
"basé sur APT le plus <emphasis role=\"strong\">flexible</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user "
"interface."
msgstr ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> offre une interface utilisateur interactive en "
"plein écran en mode texte."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too."
msgstr ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> offre aussi une interface utilisateur en ligne "
"de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as inspecting "
"installed packages and searching available packages."
msgstr ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> est le mieux adapté pour la <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">gestion interactive journalière des paquets</emphasis> comme, par "
"exemple, la vérification des paquets installés et la recherche de paquets "
"disponibles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> is more demanding on hardware resources.  It "
"consumes more memory and runs slower."
msgstr ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> nécessite plus de ressources matérielles. Il "
"consomme plus de mémoire et fonctionne moins rapidement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role=\"strong\">enhanced</"
"emphasis> regex based search on all of the package metadata."
msgstr ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> offre une recherche <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">avancée</emphasis> basée sur des expressions rationnelles pour la "
"recherche sur toutes les métadonnées des paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without "
"using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive."
msgstr ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> peut gérer des versions multiples des paquets "
"sans utiliser <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> et est assez intuitif."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic package management operations with the commandline"
msgstr "Opérations de base de gestion des paquets en ligne de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /"
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Voici les opérations de base de gestion des paquets en ligne de commandes en "
"utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"Basic package management operations with the commandline using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /"
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Opérations de base de gestion des paquets avec la ligne de commandes en "
"utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> syntax"
msgstr "syntaxe d’<literal>aptitude</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax"
msgstr "syntaxe d’<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude update</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude update</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "update package archive metadata"
msgstr "mettre à jour les métadonnées de l’archive du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude install foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude install toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get install foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get install toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"install candidate version of \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its "
"dependencies"
msgstr ""
"installer la version candidate du paquet «&nbsp;<literal>toto</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ainsi que ses dépendances"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other "
"packages"
msgstr ""
"installer les versions candidates des paquets installés sans supprimer aucun "
"autre paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"install candidate version of installed packages while removing other "
"packages if needed"
msgstr ""
"installer les versions candidates des paquets installés en supprimant "
"d’autres paquets si nécessaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude remove foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude remove toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get remove foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get remove toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"remove \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package while leaving its configuration "
"files"
msgstr ""
"supprimer le paquet «&nbsp;<literal>toto</literal>&nbsp;» en laissant ses "
"fichiers de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "N/A"
msgstr "N/A"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get autoremove</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get autoremove</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove auto-installed packages which are no longer required"
msgstr ""
"supprimer les paquets installés automatiquement lorsqu’ils ne sont plus "
"nécessaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude purge foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude purge toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get purge foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get purge toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "purge \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its configuration files"
msgstr ""
"purger le paquet «&nbsp;<literal>toto</literal>&nbsp;» ainsi que ses "
"fichiers de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude clean</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude clean</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get clean</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get clean</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely"
msgstr ""
"nettoyer complètement le dépôt local des fichiers de paquets récupérés "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude autoclean</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude autoclean</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get autoclean</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get autoclean</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated "
"packages"
msgstr "nettoyer le dépôt local des fichiers des paquets périmés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude show foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude show toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-cache show foo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-cache show toto</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display detailed information about \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package"
msgstr ""
"afficher des informations détaillées concernant le paquet «&nbsp;"
"<literal>toto</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude search &lt;regex&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude search &lt;expression rationnelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-cache search &lt;regex&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-cache search &lt;expression rationnelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "search packages which match &lt;regex&gt;"
msgstr ""
"rechercher les paquets qui correspondent à l’&lt;expression rationnelle&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude why &lt;regex&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude why &lt;expression rationnelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"explain the reason why &lt;regex&gt; matching packages should be installed"
msgstr ""
"expliquer les raisons qui font que les paquets correspondant à l’&lt;"
"expression rationnelle&gt; devront être installés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude why-not &lt;regex&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude why-not &lt;expression rationnelle&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"explain the reason why &lt;regex&gt; matching packages can not be installed"
msgstr ""
"expliquer les raisons pour lesquels les paquets qui correspondent à l’&lt;"
"expression rationnelle&gt; ne peuvent pas être installés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features "
"such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may "
"still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url=\"&bugebbbcd;\">Bug "
"#411123</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bugfbejda;\">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&bugfhadhh;\">Bug #570377</ulink>.  In case of doubt, please use the "
"<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over "
"the <literal>aptitude</literal> command."
msgstr ""
"Bien que la commande <literal>aptitude</literal> soit disponible avec de "
"riches fonctionnalités comme son solveur de paquets avancé, cette complexité "
"a causé (et peut encore causer) certaines régressions comme le <ulink url="
"\"&bugebbbcd;\">bogue #411123</ulink>, le <ulink url=\"&bugfbejda;\">bogue "
"#514930</ulink> et le <ulink url=\"&bugfhadhh;\">bogue #570377</ulink>. En "
"cas de doute, veuillez utiliser les commandes <literal>apt-get</literal> et "
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> plutôt que la commande <literal>aptitude</"
"literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Since <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal> share auto-"
"installed package status (see <xref linkend=\"_the_package_state_for_apt\"/"
">) after <literal>lenny</literal>, you can mix these tools without major "
"troubles (see <ulink url=\"&bugfjeeja;\">Bug #594490</ulink>)."
msgstr ""
"Puisqu’<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>aptitude</literal> partagent "
"l’état de paquet installé automatiquement (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_package_state_for_apt\"/>) après <literal>lenny</literal>, vous "
"pouvez mélanger ces outils sans trop de problème (consultez le <ulink url="
"\"&bugfjeeja;\">Bogue #594490</ulink>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>aptitude why &lt;regex&gt;</literal>\" can list more "
"information by \"<literal>aptitude -v why &lt;regex&gt;</literal>\".  "
"Similar information can be obtained by \"<literal>apt-cache rdepends &lt;"
"package&gt;</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude why &lt;expression-rationnelle&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"peut afficher plus d’informations par «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude -v why &lt;"
"expression_rationnelle&gt;</literal>&nbsp;». On peut obtenir des "
"informations similaires par «&nbsp;<literal>apt-cache rdepends &lt;paquet&gt;"
"</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode "
"and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full "
"screen interactive mode by pressing \"<literal>e</literal>\"-key later at "
"the prompt."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque la commande <literal>aptitude</literal> est lancée en mode ligne de "
"commande, et rencontre des problèmes tels que des conflits de paquets, vous "
"pouvez passez en mode plein écran en pressant ensuite la touche «&nbsp;"
"<literal>e</literal>&nbsp;» à l’invite de commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may provide command options right after \"<literal>aptitude</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez indiquer les options de commande juste après «&nbsp;"
"<literal>aptitude</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"Notable command options for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Options importantes de la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "command option"
msgstr "option de la commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-s</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-s</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "simulate the result of the command"
msgstr "simuler le résultat de la commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-d</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-d</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "download only but no install/upgrade"
msgstr ""
"télécharger seulement les paquets sans les installer ni les mettre à jour"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-D</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-D</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals"
msgstr ""
"afficher une courte explication avant les installations ou les suppressions "
"automatiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and \"aptitude user's manual\" at \"<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>\" for more."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et le «&nbsp;manuel de l’utilisateur "
"d’aptitude&nbsp;» à «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour en apprendre davantage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>dselect</literal> package is still available and was the "
"preferred full screen interactive package management tool in previous "
"releases."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>dselect</literal> est encore disponible et était l’outil "
"de gestion des paquets en mode plein écran préféré des versions précédentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Interactive use of aptitude"
msgstr "Utilisation interactive d’aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the interactive package management, you start <literal>aptitude</"
"literal> in interactive mode from the console shell prompt as follows."
msgstr ""
"Pour une gestion interactive des paquets, lancez <literal>aptitude</literal> "
"en mode interactif depuis l’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes à la "
"console comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo aptitude -u\n"
"Password:"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo aptitude -u\n"
"Password:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the "
"package list in the full screen with menu.  Aptitude places its "
"configuration at \"<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Cela va mettre à jour la copie locale des informations de l’archive et "
"afficher la liste des paquets en plein écran avec un menu. On trouvera la "
"configuration d’aptitude dans «&nbsp;<literal>~/.aptitude/config</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use "
"\"<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>\" instead of \"<literal>sudo "
"aptitude …</literal>\" in the above expression."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez utiliser la configuration de l’administrateur (root) plutôt "
"que celle de l’utilisateur, utilisez la commande «&nbsp;<literal>sudo -H "
"aptitude …</literal>&nbsp;» en remplacement de «&nbsp;<literal>sudo aptitude "
"…</literal>&nbsp;» dans l’expression précédente."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started interactively. If you do not "
"like it, you can reset it from menu: \"Action\" → \"Cancel pending actions\"."
msgstr ""
"<literal>Aptitude</literal> définit automatiquement les <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">actions en attente</emphasis> lorsqu’il est lancé de manière "
"interactive. Si elles ne vous conviennent pas, vous pouvez le réinitialiser "
"depuis le menu&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Action&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Annuler les opérations "
"en attente&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Key bindings of aptitude"
msgstr "Raccourcis clavier d’aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set \"planned action"
"\" on them in this full screen mode are the following."
msgstr ""
"Les raccourcis clavier principaux pour parcourir l’état des paquets et pour "
"définir les «&nbsp;actions prévues&nbsp;» sur ces paquets dans le mode plein "
"écran sont les suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of key bindings for aptitude"
msgstr "Liste des raccourcis clavier d’aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>F10</literal> ou <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "menu"
msgstr "menu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display <emphasis role=\"strong\">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more "
"complete listing)"
msgstr ""
"afficher l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">aide </emphasis> pour les raccourcis "
"clavier (liste plus complète)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual"
msgstr "<literal>F10</literal> → Aide → Manuel de l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display User's Manual"
msgstr "afficher le Manuel de l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>u</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>u</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "update package archive information"
msgstr "mettre à jour les informations de l’archive des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>+</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>+</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">upgrade</emphasis> or the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">install</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"marquer le paquet pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">mise à niveau</emphasis> ou "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">installation</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">remove</emphasis> (keep "
"configuration files)"
msgstr ""
"marquer le paquet pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">suppression</emphasis> "
"(conserver ses fichiers de configuration)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>_</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>_</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">purge</emphasis> (remove "
"configuration files)"
msgstr ""
"marquer le paquet pour être <emphasis role=\"strong\">purgé</emphasis> "
"(supprimer ses fichiers de configuration)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>=</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>=</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "place the package on <emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"mettre le paquet dans l’état «&nbsp;<emphasis role=\"strong\">conservé</"
"emphasis>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>U</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>U</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis role=\"strong\">full-"
"upgrade</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""
"marquer tous les paquets susceptibles de mise à niveau (fonctionne comme "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">full-upgrade</emphasis>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>g</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>g</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"start <emphasis role=\"strong\">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">installing</emphasis> selected packages"
msgstr ""
"lancer le <emphasis role=\"strong\">téléchargement</emphasis> et l’<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">installation</emphasis> des paquets sélectionnés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>q</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>q</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "quit current screen and save changes"
msgstr "quitter l’écran actuel et enregistrer les modifications"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>x</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>x</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "quit current screen and discard changes"
msgstr "quitter l’écran actuel en abandonnant les modifications"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Enter</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Entrée</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "view information about a package"
msgstr "afficher les informations concernant un paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>C</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>C</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "view a package's changelog"
msgstr ""
"afficher le journal des modifications («&nbsp;changelog&nbsp;») d’un paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "change the limit for the displayed packages"
msgstr "modifier les limites pour les paquets affichés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "search for the first match"
msgstr "rechercher la première correspondance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\\</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\\</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "repeat the last search"
msgstr "répéter la dernière recherche"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after "
"pressing \"<literal>l</literal>\" and \"<literal>//</literal>\" take the "
"aptitude regex as described below.  Aptitude regex can explicitly match a "
"package name using a string started by \"<literal>~n</literal> and followed "
"by the package name."
msgstr ""
"L’indication du nom de fichier sur la ligne de commandes et à l’invite du "
"menu après avoir pressé «&nbsp;<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>//</literal>&nbsp;» prend l’expression rationnelle d’aptitude telle "
"que décrite ci-dessous. Une expression rationnelle d’aptitude peut "
"correspondre explicitement à un nom de paquet en utilisant une chaîne de "
"caractères commençant par «&nbsp;<literal>~n</literal>&nbsp;» et suivie du "
"nom de paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You need to press \"<literal>U</literal>\" to get all the installed packages "
"upgraded to the <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> in "
"the visual interface.  Otherwise only the selected packages and certain "
"packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez presser «&nbsp;<literal>U</literal>&nbsp;» pour obtenir la mise "
"à niveau de tous les paquets installés vers la <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">version candidate</emphasis> de l’interface visuelle. Sinon, seuls les "
"paquets sélectionnés et certains paquets ayant des dépendances versionnées "
"sur ces paquets seront mis à niveau vers la <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">version candidate</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Package views under aptitude"
msgstr "Vues des paquets sous aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the interactive full screen mode of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, packages in the package list are displayed as the "
"next example."
msgstr ""
"Dans le mode interactif en plein écran "
"d’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, les paquets de la liste des paquets sont affichés "
"comme dans l’exemple suivant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "idA   libsmbclient                             -2220kB 3.0.25a-1  3.0.25a-2"
msgstr "idA   libsmbclient                             -2220ko 3.0.25a-1  3.0.25a-2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here, this line means from the left as the following."
msgstr "Cette ligne signifie, en partant de la gauche&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The \"current state\" flag (the first letter)"
msgstr "Indicateur d’«&nbsp;état actuel&nbsp;» (la première lettre)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The \"planned action\" flag (the second letter)"
msgstr "Indicateur d’«&nbsp;action prévue&nbsp;» (la seconde lettre)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The \"automatic\" flag (the third letter)"
msgstr "Indicateur «&nbsp;automatique&nbsp;» (la troisième lettre)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The Package name"
msgstr "Nom du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The change in disk space usage attributed to \"planned action\""
msgstr ""
"Modification de l’utilisation du disque attribuée à l’«&nbsp;action "
"prévue&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The current version of the package"
msgstr "Version actuelle du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The candidate version of the package"
msgstr "Version candidate du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing \"<literal>?</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La liste complète des indicateurs est donnée en bas de l’écran d’<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">Aide</emphasis> affiché en pressant «&nbsp;<literal>?</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen "
"according to the current local preferences (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/"
">)."
msgstr ""
"La <emphasis role=\"strong\">version candidate</emphasis> est choisie en "
"fonction des préférences locales actuelles (consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/"
">)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Several types of package views are available under the menu "
"\"<literal>Views</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Plusieurs types de vues de paquets sont disponibles depuis le menu «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Vues</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of views for aptitude"
msgstr "Liste des vues d’aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "view"
msgstr "vue"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "status"
msgstr "état"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of view"
msgstr "description de la vue"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Package View</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Vue des paquets</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Good"
msgstr "Bon"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "see <xref linkend=\"standard-package-views\"/> (default)"
msgstr "consultez <xref linkend=\"standard-package-views\"/> (défaut)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Recommandations d’audit</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet "
"installed"
msgstr ""
"liste des paquets qui sont recommandés par certains paquets installés mais "
"qui ne sont pas encore installés sur le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Flat Package List</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Liste de paquet «&nbsp;à plat&nbsp;»</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list packages without categorization (for use with regex)"
msgstr ""
"liste des paquets sans regroupement par catégories (pour l’utilisation avec "
"des expressions rationnelles)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Debtags Browser</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Navigateur de Debtags</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Very usable"
msgstr "Très utilisable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"list packages categorized according to their <ulink url=\"&debtags;"
"\">debtags</ulink> entries"
msgstr ""
"liste des paquets classés selon leur entrée <ulink url=\"&debtags;"
"\">debtags</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Categorical Browser</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Navigateur par catégories</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Deprecated"
msgstr "Obsolète"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"list packages categorized according to their category (use <literal>Debtags "
"Browser</literal>, instead)"
msgstr ""
"liste des paquets classés selon leur catégorie (utiliser plutôt "
"<literal>Debtags Browser</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Please help us <ulink url=\"&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;\">improving "
"tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"Merci de nous aider à <ulink url=\"&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;"
"\">améliorer le marquage des paquets avec debtags&nbsp;!</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The standard \"<literal>Package View</literal>\" categorizes packages "
"somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features."
msgstr ""
"La «&nbsp;<literal>Vue des paquets</literal>&nbsp;» standard classe les "
"paquets un peu comme le fait <literal>dselect</literal> avec quelques "
"fonctionnalités supplémentaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The categorization of standard package views"
msgstr "Classement par catégories des vues de paquets standard"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "category"
msgstr "catégorie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Paquets susceptibles de mise à jour</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>area</"
"literal> → <literal>package</literal>"
msgstr ""
"liste des paquets organisée sous la forme <literal>section</literal> → "
"<literal>zone</literal> → <literal>paquet</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>New Packages</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Nouveaux paquets</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Paquets installés</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Paquets non installés</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Paquets obsolètes ou créés localement</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Virtual Packages</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Paquets virtuels</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list packages with the same function"
msgstr "liste des paquets ayant la même fonction"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Tasks</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Tâches</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list packages with different functions generally needed for a task"
msgstr ""
"liste des paquets ayant les différentes fonctions généralement nécessaires à "
"une tâche"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your "
"task."
msgstr ""
"La vue des <literal>tâches</literal> peut être utilisée pour choisir les "
"paquets nécessaires à votre tâche."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Search method options with aptitude"
msgstr "Options de la méthode de recherche avec aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex "
"formula."
msgstr ""
"Aptitude vous offre différentes options pour rechercher des paquets en "
"utilisant sa formule d’expressions rationnelles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Shell commandline:"
msgstr "Ligne de commande du shell&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>aptitude search '&lt;aptitude_regex&gt;'</literal>\" to list "
"installation status, package name and short description of matching packages"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude search '&lt;expression_rationnelle_aptitude&gt;'</"
"literal>&nbsp;» afin d’afficher l’état d’installation, le nom du paquet et "
"une courte description des paquets correspondants"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>aptitude show '&lt;package_name&gt;'</literal>\" to list detailed "
"description of the package"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude show '&lt;nom_paquet&gt;'</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"afficher la description détaillée du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Interactive full screen mode:"
msgstr "Mode interactif plein écran&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>l</literal>\" to limit package view to matching packages"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;» pour limiter la vue des paquets à ceux "
"qui correspondent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/</literal>\" for search to a matching package"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/</literal>&nbsp;» pour rechercher un paquet correspondant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>\\</literal>\" for backward search to a matching package"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>\\</literal>&nbsp;» pour rechercher en arrière un paquet "
"correspondant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>n</literal>\" for find-next"
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>n</literal>&nbsp;» pour rechercher le suivant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>N</literal>\" for find-next (backward)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>N</literal>&nbsp;» pour rechercher le suivant (en arrière)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The string for &lt;package_name&gt; is treated as the exact string match to "
"the package name unless it is started explicitly with \"<literal>~</literal>"
"\" to be the regex formula."
msgstr ""
"La chaîne du &lt;nom_paquet&gt; est traitée comme la correspondance exacte "
"de chaîne pour le nom de paquet à moins qu’il ne soit lancé explicitement "
"avec «&nbsp;<literal>~</literal>&nbsp;» pour être la formule d’expression "
"rationnelle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The aptitude regex formula"
msgstr "Les formules d’expressions rationnelles d’aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) and the "
"meanings of the <literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule "
"extensions are as follows."
msgstr ""
"La formule des expressions rationnelles d’aptitude est étendue <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> de manière similaire à mutt (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) et la signification des extensions de "
"règles de correspondance spécifiques à <literal>aptitude</literal> est la "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of the aptitude regex formula"
msgstr "Liste des formules d’expressions rationnelles d’aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of the extended match rule"
msgstr "description des règles étendues de correspondance "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "regex formula"
msgstr "formules d’expressions rationnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match on package name"
msgstr "correspond au nom du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~n&lt;regex_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~n&lt;expression_rationnelle_nom&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match on description"
msgstr "correspond à la description"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~d&lt;regex_description&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~d&lt;expression_rationnelle_description&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match on task name"
msgstr "correspond au nom de la tâche"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~t&lt;regex_task&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~t&lt;expression_rationnelle_tâche&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match on debtag"
msgstr "correspond à l’étiquette debtag"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~G&lt;regex_debtag&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~G&lt;expression_rationnelle_debtag&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match on maintainer"
msgstr "correspond au responsable du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~m&lt;regex_maintainer&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~m&lt;expression_rationnelle_responsable&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match on package section"
msgstr "correspond à la section du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~s&lt;regex_section&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~s&lt;expression_rationnelle_section&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match on package version"
msgstr "correspond à la version du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~V&lt;regex_version&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~V&lt;expression_rationnelle_version&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match archive"
msgstr "correspond à l’archive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~A{&codename-stable;,&codename-testing;,sid</literal>}"
msgstr "<literal>~A{&codename-stable;,&codename-testing;,sid</literal>}"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match origin"
msgstr "correspond à l’origine"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~O{debian,…</literal>}"
msgstr "<literal>~O{debian,…</literal>}"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match priority"
msgstr "correspond à la priorité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~p{extra,important,optional,required,standard</literal>}"
msgstr "<literal>~p{extra,important,optional,required,standard</literal>}"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match essential packages"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets essentiels"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~E</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~E</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match virtual packages"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets virtuels"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~v</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~v</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match new packages"
msgstr "correspond aux nouveaux paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~N</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~N</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match with pending action"
msgstr "correspond aux actions en attente"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~a{install,upgrade,downgrade,remove,purge,hold,keep</literal>}"
msgstr ""
"<literal>~a{install,upgrade,downgrade,remove,purge,hold,keep</literal>}"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match installed packages"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets installés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~i</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~i</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match installed packages with <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark "
"(auto installed packages)"
msgstr ""
"correspond aux paquets installés ayant la marque <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">A</emphasis> (paquets installés automatiquement)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~M</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~M</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match installed packages without <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark "
"(administrator selected packages)"
msgstr ""
"correspond aux paquets installés n’ayant pas la marque <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">A</emphasis> (paquets sélectionnés par l’administrateur)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~i!~M</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~i!~M</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match installed and upgradable packages"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets installés et pouvant être mis à jour"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~U</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~U</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match removed but not purged packages"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets supprimés mais non purgés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~c</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~c</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets supprimés, purgés ou pouvant être supprimés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~g</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~g</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match packages declaring a broken dependency"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets ayant une dépendance cassée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~b</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~b</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match packages declaring broken dependency of &lt;type&gt;"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets ayant une dépendance cassée de &lt;type&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~B&lt;type&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~B&lt;type&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match &lt;pattern&gt; packages declaring dependency of &lt;type&gt;"
msgstr ""
"correspond aux paquets filtrés par &lt;motif&gt; ayant une dépendance de &lt;"
"type&gt; "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~D[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~D[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;motif&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match &lt;pattern&gt; packages declaring broken dependency of &lt;type&gt;"
msgstr ""
"correspond aux paquets filtrés par &lt;motif&gt; ayant une dépendance cassée "
"de &lt;type&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~DB[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~DB[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;motif&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match packages to which the &lt;pattern&gt; matching package declares "
"dependency &lt;type&gt;"
msgstr ""
"correspond aux paquets vers lesquels le paquet filtré par &lt;motif&gt; "
"déclare une dépendance de &lt;type&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~R[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~R[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;motif&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match packages to which the &lt;pattern&gt; matching package declares broken "
"dependency &lt;type&gt;"
msgstr ""
"correspond aux paquets vers lesquels le paquet filtré par &lt;motif&gt; a "
"une dépendance cassée de &lt;type&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~RB[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~RB[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;motif&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match packages to which some other installed packages depend on"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets desquels dépendent d’autres paquets installés "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~R~i</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~R~i</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match packages to which no other installed packages depend on"
msgstr "correspond aux paquets desquels ne dépend aucun autre paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>!~R~i</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>!~R~i</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on"
msgstr ""
"correspond aux paquets vers lesquels d’autres paquets installés dépendent ou "
"qu’ils recommandent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match &lt;pattern&gt; package with filtered version"
msgstr "correspond au paquet &lt;motif&gt; dont la version est filtrée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~S filter &lt;pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~S filter &lt;motif&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match all packages (true)"
msgstr "correspond à tous les paquets (vrai)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~T</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~T</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "match no packages (false)"
msgstr "ne correspond à aucun paquet (faux)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~F</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~F</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The regex part is the same <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> as the "
"one used in typical Unix-like text tools using \"<literal>^</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>.*</literal>\", \"<literal>$</literal>\" etc. as in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"La partie expression rationnelle est la même <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</"
"emphasis> que celle utilisée dans les outils UNIX typiques en utilisant "
"«&nbsp;<literal>^</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>.*</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>$</literal>&nbsp;» etc. comme dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The dependency &lt;type&gt; is one of (depends, predepends, recommends, "
"suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides) specifying the package "
"interrelationship."
msgstr ""
"La dépendance &lt;type&gt; est comprise dans la liste (depends, predepends, "
"recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides) et spécifie les "
"relations du paquet avec d’autres paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The default dependency &lt;type&gt; is \"depends\"."
msgstr "Le &lt;type&gt; de relation par défaut est «&nbsp;depends&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"When &lt;regex_pattern&gt; is a null string, place \"<literal>~T</literal>\" "
"immediately after the command."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’un &lt;motif d’expression rationnelle&gt; («&nbsp;regex_pattern&gt;"
"&nbsp;») est une chaîne de caractères vide, placez «&nbsp;<literal>~T</"
"literal>&nbsp;» directement après la commande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here are some short cuts."
msgstr "Voici quelques raccourcis."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>~P&lt;term&gt;</literal>\" == \"<literal>~Dprovides:&lt;term&gt;</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>~P&lt;term&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» == «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~Dprovides:&lt;term&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>~C&lt;term&gt;</literal>\" == \"<literal>~Dconflicts:&lt;term&gt;"
"</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>~C&lt;term&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» == «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~Dconflicts:&lt;term&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>…~W term</literal>\" == \"<literal>(…|term)</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>…~W term</literal>&nbsp;» == «&nbsp;<literal>(…|term)</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the "
"inspiration for the expression syntax. See \"SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND "
"EXPRESSIONS\" in the \"User's Manual\" \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/"
"README</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les utilisateurs familiers avec <literal>mutt</literal> comprendront "
"rapidement car mutt a été la source d’inspiration pour la syntaxe des "
"expressions. Consultez «&nbsp;SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS&nbsp;» "
"dans le manuel de l’utilisateur («&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/"
"README</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, the new <emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</"
"emphasis> syntax such as \"<literal>?broken</literal>\" may be used for "
"regex matching in place for its old <emphasis role=\"strong\">short form</"
"emphasis> equivalent \"<literal>~b</literal>\". Now space character "
"\"<literal> </literal>\" is considered as one of the regex terminating "
"character in addition to tilde character \"<literal>~</literal>\".  See "
"\"User's Manual\" for the new <emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</emphasis> "
"syntax."
msgstr ""
"Avec la version <literal>lenny</literal> "
"d’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, la nouvelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">forme "
"longue</emphasis> de la syntaxe comme «&nbsp;<literal>?broken</"
"literal>&nbsp;» peut être utilisée pour la correspondance des expressions "
"rationnelles en remplacement de l’ancien équivalent «&nbsp;<literal>~b</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en <emphasis role=\"strong\">forme courte</emphasis>. Le "
"caractère d’espacement «&nbsp;<literal> </literal>&nbsp;» est maintenant "
"considéré comme l’un des caractères de terminaison d’une expression "
"rationnelle en plus du caractère tilde «&nbsp;<literal>~</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Consultez la syntaxe de la nouvelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">forme longue</"
"emphasis> dans le «&nbsp;Manuel de l’utilisateur&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Dependency resolution of aptitude"
msgstr "Résolution des dépendances par aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in "
"packages which are defined in its \"<literal>Depends:</literal>\" list but "
"also defined in the \"<literal>Recommends:</literal>\" list if the menu "
"\"<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Preferences → Dependency handling\" is "
"set accordingly.  These auto installed packages are removed automatically if "
"they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>."
msgstr ""
"La sélection d’un paquet dans <literal>aptitude</literal> récupère non "
"seulement les paquets définis dans son champ «&nbsp;<literal>Depends:</"
"literal>&nbsp;» mais aussi ceux définis dans le champ «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Recommends:</literal>&nbsp;» si la configuration a été faite dans "
"ce sens dans le menu «&nbsp;<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Préférences → "
"Gestion des dépendances&nbsp;». Ces paquets installés automatiquement seront "
"supprimés automatiquement s’ils ne sont plus nécessaires sous "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Package activity logs"
msgstr "Journaux d’activité des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can check package activity history in the log files."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez vérifier l’activité de l’historique des paquets dans les "
"fichiers journaux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The log files for package activities"
msgstr "Fichiers journaux de l’activité des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "file"
msgstr "fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "content"
msgstr "contenu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/log/dpkg.log</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/log/dpkg.log</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities"
msgstr ""
"Enregistrement des actions au niveau de <literal>dpkg</literal> pour "
"l’activité de tous les paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/log/apt/term.log</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/log/apt/term.log</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Log of generic APT activity"
msgstr "Journal de l’activité générique d’APT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/log/aptitude</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/log/aptitude</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity"
msgstr "Journal des actions de la commande <literal>aptitude</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out "
"from these logs.  See <xref linkend="
"\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files\"/> for easier way."
msgstr ""
"En réalité, il n’est pas aussi facile de comprendre la signification de ces "
"journaux. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"
"\"/> pour une façon de faire plus simple."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Examples of aptitude operations"
msgstr "Exemples d’opérations avec aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are few examples of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> operations."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques exemples d’opérations "
"d’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Listing packages with regex matching on package names"
msgstr ""
"Afficher les paquets dont les noms correspondent à une expression rationnelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names."
msgstr ""
"La commande suivante affiche les paquets dont les noms correspondent à une "
"expression rationnelle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ aptitude search '~n(pam|nss).*ldap'\n"
"p libnss-ldap - NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service\n"
"p libpam-ldap - Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces"
msgstr ""
"$ aptitude search '~n(pam|nss).*ldap'\n"
"p libnss-ldap - NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service\n"
"p libpam-ldap - Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package."
msgstr "Il vous est assez facile de trouver le nom exact d’un paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Browsing with the regex matching"
msgstr "Parcours en correspondance avec une expression rationnelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The regex \"<literal>~dipv6</literal>\" in the \"New Flat Package List\" "
"view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt, limits view to packages with the "
"matching description and let you browse their information interactively."
msgstr ""
"L’expression rationnelle «&nbsp;<literal>~dipv6</literal>&nbsp;» entrée dans "
"la vue «&nbsp;Nouvelle liste des paquets&nbsp;» («&nbsp;New Flat Package "
"List&nbsp;» depuis l’invite «&nbsp;<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;» limite la vue "
"aux paquets dont la description correspond à cette expression rationnelle et "
"vous permet de parcourir les informations de manière interactive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Purging removed packages for good"
msgstr "Purger pour de bon les paquets supprimés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez supprimer tous les fichiers de configuration subsistant des "
"paquets supprimés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Check results of the following command."
msgstr "Vérifiez le résultat de la commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# aptitude search '~c'"
msgstr "# aptitude search '~c'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following "
"command."
msgstr ""
"Si vous pensez que les paquets affichés doivent être purgés, exécutez la "
"commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# aptitude purge '~c'"
msgstr "# aptitude purge '~c'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained "
"control."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez avoir envie de faire la même chose en mode interactif avec un "
"contrôle plus fin."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You provide the regex \"<literal>~c</literal>\" in the \"New Package View\" "
"view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt.  This limits the package view "
"only to regex matched packages, i.e., \"removed but not purged\".  All these "
"regex matched packages can be shown by pressing \"<literal>[</literal>\" at "
"top level headings."
msgstr ""
"Indiquez l’expression rationnelle «&nbsp;<literal>~c</literal>&nbsp;» dans "
"la «&nbsp;Nouvelle liste des paquets&nbsp;» en utilisant l’invite «&nbsp;"
"<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;». Cela limite la vue des paquets à ceux qui "
"correspondent à l’expression rationnelle, c’est-à-dire «&nbsp;supprimé mais "
"non purgé&nbsp;». On peut visualiser tous les paquets correspondant à cette "
"expression rationnelle en pressant «&nbsp;<literal>[</literal>&nbsp;» depuis "
"une section de haut niveau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Then you press \"<literal>_</literal>\" at top level headings such as \"Not "
"Installed Packages\".  Only regex matched packages under the heading are "
"marked to be purged by this.  You can exclude some packages to be purged by "
"pressing \"<literal>=</literal>\" interactively for each of them."
msgstr ""
"Pressez ensuite «&nbsp;<literal>_</literal>&nbsp;» depuis une fenêtre de "
"haut niveau comme «&nbsp;Paquets non installés&nbsp;». Seuls les paquets "
"correspondants à l’expression rationnelle se trouvant dans cette section "
"seront marqués comme devant être purgés par cette commande. Vous pouvez "
"exclure certains paquets de cette opération en pressant de manière "
"interactive la touche «&nbsp;<literal>=</literal>&nbsp;» en face de chacun "
"d’eux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys."
msgstr ""
"Cette technique est assez pratique et fonctionne avec de nombreuses autres "
"touches de commande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Tidying auto/manual install status"
msgstr "Toilettage de l’état d’installation automatique/manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using non-"
"aptitude package installer etc.)."
msgstr ""
"Voici comment je nettoie l’état d’installation automatique/manuel des "
"paquets (après avoir utilisé un installateur de paquets autre "
"qu’aptitude, etc.)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root."
msgstr ""
"Démarrer <literal>aptitude</literal> en mode interactif en tant "
"qu’administrateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>u</literal>\", \"<literal>U</literal>\", \"<literal>f</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>g</literal>\" to update and upgrade package list "
"and packages."
msgstr ""
"Entrer «&nbsp;<literal>u</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>U</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>f</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>g</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour mettre à jour la liste des paquets et mettre à niveau "
"les paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>\" and type \"<literal>M</"
"literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as auto installed."
msgstr ""
"Entrer «&nbsp;<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;» afin de définir la limite "
"d’affichage des paquets avec «&nbsp;<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et entrez «&nbsp;<literal>M</literal>&nbsp;» sur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Paquets installés</literal>&nbsp;» automatiquement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>\" and type "
"\"<literal>m</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as "
"manual installed."
msgstr ""
"Entrer «&nbsp;<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;» afin de définir la limite "
"d’affichage des paquets avec «&nbsp;<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|"
"~pstandard|~E</literal>&nbsp;» et entrez «&nbsp;<literal>m</literal>&nbsp;» "
"sur les «&nbsp;<literal>Paquets installés</literal>&nbsp;» manuellement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~i!~M</literal>\" and remove unused package by typing \"<literal>-"
"</literal>\" over each of them after exposing them by typing \"<literal>[</"
"literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Entrer «&nbsp;<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;» pour définir la limite d’affichage "
"des paquets avec «&nbsp;<literal>~i!~M</literal>&nbsp;» et supprimez tous "
"les paquets inutilisés en entrant <literal>-</literal>&nbsp;» sur chacun "
"d’eux après les avoir affichés en entrant «&nbsp;<literal>[</literal>&nbsp;» "
"sur «&nbsp;<literal>Paquets installés</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\", to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~i</literal>\"; then type \"<literal>m</literal>\" over "
"\"<literal>Tasks</literal>\", to mark that packages as manual installed."
msgstr ""
"Entrer «&nbsp;<literal>l</literal>&nbsp;» pour définir la limite d’affichage "
"des paquets avec «&nbsp;<literal>~i</literal>&nbsp;» puis entrez <literal>m</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sur les «&nbsp;<literal>Tâches</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"attribuer un marquage « manuellement installé » aux paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>."
msgstr "Quitter <literal>aptitude</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Start \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to check "
"what are not used."
msgstr ""
"Lancer «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>&nbsp;» en tant "
"qu’administrateur pour vérifier les paquets non utilisés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed "
"packages as \"<literal>m</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Redémarrer <literal>aptitude</literal> en mode interactif et marquer les "
"paquets nécessaires comme «&nbsp;<literal>m</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Restart \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to recheck "
"REMOVED contain only expected packages."
msgstr ""
"Redémarrer «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"tant qu’administrateur et vérifier à nouveau que «&nbsp;REMOVED&nbsp;» ne "
"contient que les paquets voulus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Start \"<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to autoremove "
"unused packages."
msgstr ""
"Lancer «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>&nbsp;» en tant "
"qu’administrateur pour supprimer automatiquement les paquets inutilisés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>m</literal>\" action over \"<literal>Tasks</literal>\" is an "
"optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future."
msgstr ""
"L’action «&nbsp;<literal>m</literal>&nbsp;» sur les «&nbsp;<literal>Tâches</"
"literal>&nbsp;» est facultative pour éviter une situation de suppression en "
"masse de paquets dans le futur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "System wide upgrade"
msgstr "Mise à jour pour l’ensemble du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean "
"installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described "
"below.  This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes "
"you to the best combination of latest packages.  Of course, you should make "
"a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="
"\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a dual "
"boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest "
"transition."
msgstr ""
"Lors du changement vers une nouvelle version, etc., vous devriez envisager "
"d’effectuer une installation propre d’un nouveau système même si Debian peut "
"être mis à niveau comme décrit ci-dessous. Cela vous donne une chance de "
"supprimer les résidus amassés et vous présente la meilleure combinaison des "
"derniers paquets. Bien entendu, vous devrez effectuer une sauvegarde totale "
"de votre système vers un endroit sûr (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) avant de faire cela. Je vous recommande de faire "
"une configuration dual boot en utilisant des partitions différentes afin "
"d’effectuer une transition en douceur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can perform system wide upgrade to a newer release by changing contents "
"of the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file pointing to a new "
"release and running the \"<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</"
"literal>\" command."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez effectuer une mise à niveau de l’ensemble du système vers une "
"nouvelle version en modifiant le contenu du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/"
"sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» pour qu’il pointe vers la nouvelle version et "
"en lançant la commande «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"To upgrade from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> or "
"<literal>unstable</literal>, you replace \"<literal>&codename-stable;</"
"literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" example of "
"<xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/> with \"<literal>&codename-testing;"
"</literal>\" or \"<literal>sid</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Pour effectuer la mise à jour depuis <literal>stable</literal> vers "
"<literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal>, remplacez «&nbsp;"
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>&nbsp;» dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» d’exemple donné dans <xref linkend= "
"\"_debian_archive_basics\"/> par «&nbsp;<literal>&codename-testing;</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>sid</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition "
"issues, mostly due to package dependencies.  The larger the difference of "
"the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles.  For the transition "
"from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> "
"after its release, you can read its new <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;"
"\">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure described in it to "
"minimize troubles."
msgstr ""
"En réalité, vous pouvez rencontrer quelques complications en raison de "
"problèmes de transition de paquets, le plus souvent pour des problèmes de "
"dépendances de paquets. Plus la mise à jour est importante, plus vous avez "
"de chances de rencontrer des problèmes importants. Lors de la transition de "
"l’ancienne version <literal>stable</literal> vers la nouvelle version "
"<literal>stable</literal> après sa diffusion, afin de minimiser les "
"problèmes vous pouvez lire ses nouvelles <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;\">Notes "
"de diffusion</ulink> et suivre la procédure exacte qui y est décrite."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</"
"literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;"
"\">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference between "
"<literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have grown "
"quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and makes "
"upgrade situation complicated."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous décidez de changer de la version <literal>stable</literal> vers "
"la version <literal>testing</literal> avant sa diffusion formelle, il n’y a "
"pas de <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;\">Notes de diffusion</ulink> pour vous "
"aider. La différence entre <literal>stable</literal> et <literal>testing</"
"literal> peut être devenue assez importante depuis la diffusion de la "
"version <literal>stable</literal> précédente et rendre compliquée la "
"situation de la mise à jour."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering "
"latest information from mailing list and using common senses."
msgstr ""
"Vous devriez aller vers la mise à niveau complète avec précaution tout en "
"récupérant les dernières informations depuis les listes de diffusion et en "
"usant de bon sens."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Read previous \"Release Notes\"."
msgstr "Lire les «&nbsp;Notes de diffusion&nbsp;» précédentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information)."
msgstr ""
"Faire la sauvegarde de l’ensemble du système (particulièrement les données "
"et les informations de configuration)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader."
msgstr ""
"Avoir un support amorçable prêt au cas où le chargeur initial serait cassé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Inform users on the system well in advance."
msgstr "Informer les utilisateurs du système bien à l’avance."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Record upgrade activity with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Enregistrer l’activité de mise à jour avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Apply \"unmarkauto\" to required packages, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude "
"unmarkauto vim</literal>\", to prevent removal."
msgstr ""
"Appliquer «&nbsp;unmarkauto&nbsp;» aux paquets nécessaires, par exemple "
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>&nbsp;», afin d’en éviter "
"la suppression."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., "
"remove desktop task packages."
msgstr ""
"Minimiser les paquets installés pour réduire les chances de conflits de "
"paquets, par exemple supprimer les paquets de la tâche «&nbsp;bureau&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Remove the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file (disable apt-"
"pinning)."
msgstr ""
"Supprimer le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (désactiver l’épinglage apt «&nbsp;apt-pinning&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</"
"literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Essayer de mettre à jour par étapes &nbsp;: <literal>oldstable</literal> → "
"<literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</"
"literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Update the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file to point to new "
"archive only and run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Mettre à jour le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>&nbsp;» afin qu’il pointe uniquement vers la nouvelle archive et "
"lancer «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude update</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Install, optionally, new <emphasis role=\"strong\">core packages</emphasis> "
"first, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Installer d’abord, de manière facultative, le nouveau <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">core packages</emphasis>, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude install "
"perl</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Run the \"<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>\" command to assess "
"impact."
msgstr ""
"Lancer la commande «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour contrôler quel en sera l’impact."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run the \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" command at last."
msgstr ""
"Et enfin lancer la commande «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between "
"<literal>stable</literal> releases."
msgstr ""
"Il n’est pas sage de sauter une version majeure de Debian lors de la mise à "
"niveau entre versions <literal>stable</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"In previous \"Release Notes\", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, "
"APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide "
"upgrade."
msgstr ""
"Dans les «&nbsp;Notes de diffusion&nbsp;» précédentes, GCC, Linux Kernel, "
"initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, etc. ont demandé une attention "
"particulière pour une mise à niveau de l’ensemble du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref linkend="
"\"_safeguarding_for_package_problems\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour une mise à jour quotidienne d’<literal>unstable</literal>, consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_safeguarding_for_package_problems\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Advanced package management operations"
msgstr "Opérations avancées de gestion des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Advanced package management operations with commandline"
msgstr "Opérations avancées de gestion des paquets en ligne de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are list of other package management operations for which "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required "
"functionalities."
msgstr ""
"Voici la liste des autres opérations de gestion des paquets pour lesquelles "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> est de trop haut niveau ou n’a pas la "
"fonctionnalité requise."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of advanced package management operations"
msgstr "Liste des opérations avancées de gestion des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l &lt;package_name_pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l &lt;motif_nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list status of an installed package for the bug report"
msgstr "afficher l’état d’un paquet installé pour le signalement de bogue"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list contents of an installed package"
msgstr "afficher le contenu d’un paquet installé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt; | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nom_paquet&gt; | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list manpages for an installed package"
msgstr "afficher les pages de manuel d’un paquet installé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg -S &lt;file_name_pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg -S &lt;motif_nom_fichier&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list installed packages which have matching file name"
msgstr "afficher les paquets installés dont le nom correspond"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-file search &lt;file_name_pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-file search &lt;motif_nom_fichier&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list packages in archive which have matching file name"
msgstr "afficher les paquets de l’archive dont le nom correspond"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-file list &lt;package_name_pattern&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-file list &lt;motif_nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list contents of matching packages in archive"
msgstr "afficher le contenu d’un paquet correspondant de l’archive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "reconfigure the exact package"
msgstr "reconfigurer le paquet exact"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question"
msgstr "reconfigurer le paquet exact avec la question la plus détaillée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>configure-debian</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>configure-debian</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "reconfigure packages from the full screen menu"
msgstr "reconfigurer les paquets depuis le menu en plein écran"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg --audit</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg --audit</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "audit system for partially installed packages"
msgstr "système de vérification des paquets partiellement installés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg --configure -a</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg --configure -a</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "configure all partially installed packages"
msgstr "configurer tous les paquets partiellement installés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-cache policy &lt;binary_package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-cache policy &lt;nom_paquet_binaire&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary package"
msgstr ""
"afficher la version disponible, la priorité et les informations concernant "
"l’archive du paquet binaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-cache madison &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-cache madison &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show available version, archive information of a package"
msgstr ""
"afficher la version disponible et les informations de l’archive concernant "
"un paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-cache showsrc &lt;binary_package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-cache showsrc &lt;nom_paquet_binaire&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show source package information of a binary package"
msgstr ""
"afficher les informations concernant le paquet source d’un paquet binaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get build-dep &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get build-dep &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "install required packages to build package"
msgstr "installer les paquets nécessaires à la construction d’un paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>aptitude build-dep &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>aptitude build-dep &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>apt-get source &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>apt-get source &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "download a source (from standard archive)"
msgstr "télécharger une source (depuis l’archive standard)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dget &lt;URL for dsc file&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dget &lt;URL pour le fichier dsc&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "download a source packages (from other archive)"
msgstr "télécharger un paquet source (depuis une autre archive)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg-source -x &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;"
"debian_version&gt;.dsc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>dpkg-source -x &lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;"
"version_debian&gt;.dsc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"build a source tree from a set of source packages (\"<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>\"/\"<literal>*.diff.gz</"
"literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"construire une arborescence source depuis un ensemble de paquets "
"source(«&nbsp;<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>*.diff."
"gz</literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>debuild binary</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>debuild binary</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "build package(s) from a local source tree"
msgstr "construire des paquets depuis une arborescence source locale"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree"
msgstr ""
"construire un paquet du noyau à partir de l’arborescence source du noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled"
msgstr ""
"construire un paquet du noyau à partir de l’arborescence source du noyau "
"avec initramfs activé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg -i &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;debian_version&gt;"
"_&lt;arch&gt;.deb</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>dpkg -i &lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;version_debian&gt;"
"_&lt;arch&gt;.deb</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "install a local package to the system"
msgstr "installer un paquet local sur le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>debi &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;debian_version&gt;"
"_&lt;arch&gt;.dsc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>debi &lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;version_debian&gt;_&lt;"
"arch&gt;.dsc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "install local package(s) to the system"
msgstr "installer des paquets locaux sur le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt;selection.txt</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt;selection.txt</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information"
msgstr ""
"enregistrer l’information d’état de la sélection des paquets au niveau de "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dpkg --set-selections &lt;selection.txt</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dpkg --set-selections &lt;selection.txt</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information"
msgstr ""
"définir l’information d’état de sélection des paquets au niveau de "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>echo &lt;package_name&gt; hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>echo &lt;nom_paquet&gt; hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to \"<literal>aptitude "
"hold &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"définir l’information d’état de sélection des paquets au niveau de "
"<literal>dpkg</literal> à <emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis> (gelé, "
"équivalent à <literal>aptitude hold &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For a package with the <ulink url=\"&multiarch;\">multi-arch</ulink> "
"feature, you may need to specify the architecture name for some commands.  "
"For example, use \"<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>\" to list "
"contents of the <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> package for the "
"<literal>amd64</literal> architecture."
msgstr ""
"Pour les paquets disponibles en <ulink url=\"&multiarch;\">multi-arch</"
"ulink>(itectures), certaines commandes devront parfois être complétées du "
"nom de l’architecture cible. Il faut, par exemple, utiliser «&nbsp;"
"<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>&nbsp;» pour obtenir une liste "
"du contenu du paquet <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> dans son architecture "
"<literal>amd64</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Lower level package tools such as \"<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>debi …</literal>\" should be carefully used by the system "
"administrator.  It does not automatically take care required package "
"dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options \"<literal>--force-all</literal>\" "
"and similar (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) are intended to be "
"used by experts only.  Using them without fully understanding their effects "
"may break your whole system."
msgstr ""
"Un outil de plus bas niveau tel que «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg -i …</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>debi …</literal>&nbsp;» devra être "
"utilisé avec précautions par l’administrateur du système. Il ne s’assure pas "
"automatiquement des dépendances exigées par le paquet. Les options «&nbsp;"
"<literal>--force-all</literal>&nbsp;» et similaires de la ligne de commandes "
"de dpkg (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) ne sont prévues pour "
"être utilisées que par des experts. Les utiliser sans comprendre entièrement "
"leurs effets peut casser l’ensemble de votre système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Please note the following."
msgstr "Veuillez noter ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from "
"root."
msgstr ""
"Toutes les commandes de configuration et d’installation doivent être lancées "
"avec le compte de l’administrateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref linkend="
"\"_regular_expressions\"/>), other package management commands use pattern "
"like shell glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Au contraire d’<literal>aptitude</literal> qui utilise des expressions "
"rationnelles (consultez <xref linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>), les "
"autres commandes de gestion des paquets utilisent des motifs semblables aux "
"motifs génériques («&nbsp;glob&nbsp;») de l’interpréteur de commandes "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> "
"package must run \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" in advance."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> fournie par le paquet "
"<literal>apt-file</literal> doit être précédée de l’exécution de la commande "
"«&nbsp;<literal>apt-file update</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>configure-debian</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by the <literal>configure-debian</"
"literal> package runs <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>configure-debian</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> fourni par le paquet <literal>configure-debian</"
"literal> exécute en fond <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> runs package scripts using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> exécute les scripts du paquet en utilisant en fond "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>\", \"<literal>apt-get source</literal>"
"\" and \"<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>\" commands require "
"\"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" entry in \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>apt-get source</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>apt-cache "
"showsrc</literal>&nbsp;» ont besoin d’une entrée «&nbsp;<literal>deb-src</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dget</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> require <literal>devscripts</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dget</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> "
"et<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ont besoin du paquet <literal>devscripts</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"See (re)packaging procedure using \"<literal>apt-get source</literal>\" in "
"<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez la procédure de (re)paquetage en utilisant «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get "
"source</literal>&nbsp;» dans <xref linkend="
"\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the <literal>kernel-package</"
"literal> package (see <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"La commande <literal>make-kpkg</literal> exige le paquet <literal>kernel-"
"package</literal> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_making_debian_package\"/> for general packaging."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_making_debian_package\"/> pour la réalisation de "
"paquets en général."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Verification of installed package files"
msgstr "Vérifier les fichiers de paquets installés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of "
"installed package files against MD5sum values in the \"<literal>/var/lib/"
"dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>\" file with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>.  See <xref linkend=\"_the_md5_sum\"/> for how "
"MD5sum works."
msgstr ""
"L’installation de <literal>debsums</literal> permet, avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, la vérification des fichiers des paquets "
"installés d’après les valeurs de MD5sum se trouvant dans le fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>&nbsp;» Consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_md5_sum\"/> pour le fonctionnement de MD5sum."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> is of limited use as a security tool. It is only "
"good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage due to "
"media errors."
msgstr ""
"Comme la base de données MD5sum peut être trafiquée par un intrus, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> est d’une utilité restreinte en tant qu’outil de "
"sécurité. Il n’est bon que pour la vérification locale des modifications de "
"l’administrateur ou des défectuosités en raison de problèmes de support."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Safeguarding for package problems"
msgstr "Protection contre les problèmes de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many users prefer to follow the <emphasis role=\"strong\">unstable</"
"emphasis> release of the Debian system for its new features and packages.  "
"This makes the system more prone to be hit by the critical package bugs."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux utilisateurs préfèrent suivre la version <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">unstable</emphasis> du système Debian parce qu’elle propose de nouvelles "
"fonctionnalités et de nouveaux paquets. Cela rend le système davantage sujet "
"aux bogues critiques de paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards "
"your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for "
"critical bugs when upgrading with APT system."
msgstr ""
"L’installation du paquet <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> protège votre "
"système contre les bogues critiques en recherchant automatiquement dans le "
"BTS de Debian les bogues critiques lors de la mise à jour par "
"l’intermédiaire du système APT."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides "
"important news in \"<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>\" when upgrading with APT "
"system."
msgstr ""
"L’installation du paquet <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> indique les "
"nouveautés importantes se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>NEWS.Debian</"
"literal>&nbsp;» lors de la mise à jour du système avec APT."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Searching on the package meta data"
msgstr "Rechercher dans les métadonnées du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although visiting Debian site <ulink url=\"&httppackagesdebianorg;\">http://"
"packages.debian.org/</ulink> facilitates easy ways to search on the package "
"meta data these days, let's look into more traditional ways."
msgstr ""
"Bien que visiter le site Debian à <ulink url=\"&httppackagesdebianorg;"
"\">http://packages.debian.org/</ulink> permette aujourd’hui de rechercher "
"facilement les métadonnées des paquets, voyons les méthodes plus "
"traditionnelles&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-status</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-available</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> commands can be used to search any file which has "
"the general format of a Debian package control file."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-status</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-available</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> peuvent être utilisées "
"pour effectuer des recherches dans tous les fichiers dont le format général "
"est celui d’un fichier de contrôle de Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>dpkg -S &lt;file_name_pattern&gt;</literal>\" can be used "
"search package names which contain files with the matching name installed by "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>.  But this overlooks files created by the maintainer "
"scripts."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>dpkg -S &lt;motif_nom_fichier&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» peut être "
"utilisé pour rechercher les noms de paquets installés par <literal>dpkg</"
"literal> qui contiennent des fichiers dont le nom correspond au motif. Mais "
"les fichiers créés par les scripts du responsable du paquet ne sont pas pris "
"en compte."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to "
"run \"<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>\" command in the "
"\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>\" directory.  This makes you search "
"words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts."
msgstr ""
"Si vous devez faire des recherches plus élaborées sur les métadonnées de "
"dpkg, il vous faudra lancer la commande «&nbsp;<literal>grep -e "
"motif_expression_rationnelle *</literal>&nbsp;» dans le répertoire «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>&nbsp;». Cela vous permet de "
"rechercher des mots mentionnés dans les scripts des paquets et les textes "
"des requêtes d’installation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-rdepends</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Pour rechercher de manière récursive les dépendances de paquets, vous devrez "
"utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-rdepends</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Debian package management internals"
msgstr "Fonctionnement interne de la gestion des paquets Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally.  This "
"should help you to create your own solution to some package problems."
msgstr ""
"Voyons comment le système Debian de gestion des paquets fonctionne de "
"manière interne. Cela vous permettra de créer votre propre solution à "
"certains problèmes de paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Archive meta data"
msgstr "Métadonnées de l’archive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Meta data files for each distribution are stored under \"<literal>dist/&lt;"
"codename&gt;</literal>\" on each Debian mirror sites, e.g., "
"\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/</literal>\".  Its archive "
"structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types of key meta "
"data."
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers de métadonnées de chaque distribution se trouvent sur chaque "
"miroir Debian, dans «&nbsp;<literal>dist/&lt;nom_de_code&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;», par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/"
"debian/</literal>&nbsp;». On peut parcourir la structure de son archive à "
"l’aide d’un navigateur web. Il existe 6 types de métadonnées clés&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The content of the Debian archive meta data"
msgstr "Contenu des métadonnées de l’archive Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "location"
msgstr "emplacement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Release</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Release</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "top of distribution"
msgstr "sommet de la distribution"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "archive description and integrity information"
msgstr "description de l’archive et informations d’intégrité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"signature file for the \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file signed with the "
"archive key"
msgstr ""
"fichier signature du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» signé "
"avec la clé de l’archive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive"
msgstr ""
"liste de tous les fichiers pour tous les paquets dans l’archive pertinente"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "top of each distribution/area/architecture combination"
msgstr "sommet de chaque combinaison de distribution/section/architecture"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"archive description used for the rule of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"description de l’archive utilisée pour la règle de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Packages</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Packages</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination"
msgstr ""
"sommet de chaque combinaison de distribution/section/architecture binaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages"
msgstr "<literal>debian/control</literal> concaténés des paquets binaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Sources</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Sources</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "top of each distribution/area/source combination"
msgstr "sommet de chaque combinaison distribution/section/source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages"
msgstr "<literal>debian/control</literal> concaténés des paquets sources"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and "
"differential files to reduce network traffic."
msgstr ""
"Dans les archives récentes, ces métadonnées sont enregistrées sous forme "
"compressée et différentielle afin de limiter le trafic réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Top level \"Release\" file and authenticity"
msgstr "Fichier «&nbsp;Release&nbsp;» de plus haut niveau et authenticité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is used for signing the "
"archive under the <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» de plus haut niveau est "
"utilisé pour signer l’archive au moyen du système <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">secure APT</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level \"<literal>Release</literal>"
"\" file, e.g., \"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/"
"Release</literal>\", as follows."
msgstr ""
"Chaque version de l’archive Debian possède un fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» de plus haut niveau, par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</"
"literal>&nbsp;», comme ci-dessous&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Origin: Debian\n"
"Label: Debian\n"
"Suite: unstable\n"
"Codename: sid\n"
"Date: Sat, 14 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n"
"Valid-Until: Sat, 21 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n"
"Architectures: alpha amd64 armel hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 kfreebsd-amd64 kfreebsd-i386 mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc\n"
"Components: main contrib non-free\n"
"Description: Debian x.y Unstable - Not Released\n"
"MD5Sum:\n"
" bdc8fa4b3f5e4a715dd0d56d176fc789 18876880 Contents-alpha.gz\n"
" 9469a03c94b85e010d116aeeab9614c0 19441880 Contents-amd64.gz\n"
" 3d68e206d7faa3aded660dc0996054fe 19203165 Contents-armel.gz\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"Origin: Debian\n"
"Label: Debian\n"
"Suite: unstable\n"
"Codename: sid\n"
"Date: Sat, 14 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n"
"Valid-Until: Sat, 21 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n"
"Architectures: alpha amd64 armel hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 kfreebsd-amd64 kfreebsd-i386 mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc\n"
"Components: main contrib non-free\n"
"Description: Debian x.y Unstable - Not Released\n"
"MD5Sum:\n"
" bdc8fa4b3f5e4a715dd0d56d176fc789 18876880 Contents-alpha.gz\n"
" 9469a03c94b85e010d116aeeab9614c0 19441880 Contents-amd64.gz\n"
" 3d68e206d7faa3aded660dc0996054fe 19203165 Contents-armel.gz\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Here, you can find my rationale to use the \"suite\", and \"codename\" in "
"<xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>.  The \"distribution\" is used "
"when referring to both \"suite\" and \"codename\".  All archive \"area\" "
"names offered by the archive are listed under \"Components\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez trouver ici ma justification pour l’utilisation de «&nbsp;"
"suite&nbsp;», «&nbsp;nom de code&nbsp;» dans <xref linkend="
"\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>. La «&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;» est utilisée "
"pour désigner à la fois «&nbsp;suite&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;nom de code&nbsp;». "
"Tous les noms possibles de «&nbsp;sections&nbsp;» de l’archive sont indiqués "
"dans l’archive sous «&nbsp;Composants&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The integrity of the top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is "
"verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink url=\"&secureapt;"
"\">secure apt</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"L’intégrité du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» de plus haut "
"niveau est vérifiée par une infrastructure cryptographique appelée <ulink "
"url=\"&secureapt;\">secure apt</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The cryptographic signature file \"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" is "
"created from the authentic top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file and "
"the secret Debian archive key."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier de signature chiffré «&nbsp;<literal>Release.gpg</literal>&nbsp;» "
"est créé à partir du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» réel "
"de plus haut niveau et de la clé secrète de l’archive Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The public Debian archive key can be seeded into \"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted."
"gpg</literal>\";"
msgstr ""
"La clé publique de l’archive Debian peut être placée dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"automatically by installing the keyring with the latest <literal>base-files</"
"literal> package, or"
msgstr ""
"automatiquement en installant le trousseau de clés avec la dernière version "
"du paquet <literal>base-files</literal>, ou"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"manually by <literal>gpg</literal> or <literal>apt-key</literal> tool with "
"<ulink url=\"&thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg;\">the latest public archive "
"key posted on the ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> ."
msgstr ""
"manuellement, avec les outils <literal>gpg</literal> ou <literal>apt-key</"
"literal> en utilisant <ulink url=\"&thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg;\"> la "
"dernière clé publique de l’archive postée sur ftp-master.debian.org</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system verifies the "
"integrity of the downloaded top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file "
"cryptographically by this \"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" file and the "
"public Debian archive key in \"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le système <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> vérifie de "
"manière cryptographique, à l’aide du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>Release.gpg</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et de la clé publique de l’archive Debian de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>&nbsp;», l’intégrité du fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» de plus haut niveau téléchargé ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The integrity of all the \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files are verified by using MD5sum values in "
"its top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file.  The integrity of all "
"package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the "
"\"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files.  "
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend="
"\"_verification_of_installed_package_files\"/>."
msgstr ""
"L’intégrité de tous les fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>Packages</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;<literal>Sources</literal>&nbsp;» est vérifiée en utilisant les "
"valeurs des sommes MD5 se trouvant dans son fichier de plus haut niveau "
"«&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;». L’intégrité de tous les fichiers "
"de paquets est vérifiée en utilisant les valeurs des sommes MD5 se trouvant "
"dans les fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>Packages</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Sources</literal>&nbsp;». Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <xref linkend="
"\"_verification_of_installed_package_files\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since the cryptographic signature verification is a much more CPU intensive "
"process than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each "
"package while using cryptographic signature for the top level "
"\"<literal>Release</literal>\" file provides <ulink url="
"\"&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;\">the good security with the "
"performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Comme la vérification de la signature cryptographique est un processus "
"beaucoup plus consommateur de processeur que les calculs de sommes MD5, "
"l’utilisation d’une somme MD5 pour chacun des paquets tout en utilisant une "
"signature cryptographique pour le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>Release</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de plus haut niveau allie <ulink url="
"\"&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;\">une bonne sécurité avec de bonnes "
"performances</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure"
"\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Archive level \"Release\" files"
msgstr "Fichiers «&nbsp;Release&nbsp;» au niveau de l’archive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files are used for the rule "
"of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» au niveau de l’archive "
"sont utilisés pour la règle d’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files for all archive "
"locations specified by \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line in \"<literal>/etc/"
"apt/sources.list</literal>\", such as \"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/"
"debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/"
"Release</literal>\" as follows."
msgstr ""
"Il y a des fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>Release</literal>&nbsp;» du niveau de "
"l’archive pour tous les emplacements d’archives indiqués par une ligne "
"«&nbsp;<literal>deb</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources."
"list</literal>&nbsp;» comme, par  exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>http://ftp.fr."
"debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>&nbsp;» "
"ou «&nbsp;<literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-"
"amd64/Release</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Archive: unstable\n"
"Origin: Debian\n"
"Label: Debian\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Architecture: amd64"
msgstr ""
"Archive: unstable\n"
"Origin: Debian\n"
"Label: Debian\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Architecture: amd64"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"For \"<literal>Archive:</literal>\" stanza, suite names (\"<literal>stable</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>testing</literal>\", \"<literal>unstable</literal>\", "
"…) are used in <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> "
"while codenames (\"<literal>dapper</literal>\", \"<literal>feisty</literal>"
"\", \"<literal>gutsy</literal>\", \"<literal>hardy</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>intrepid</literal>\", …) are used in <ulink url="
"\"&theubuntuarchive;\">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Pour l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>Archive:</literal>&nbsp;», les noms de version "
"(«&nbsp;<literal>stable</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>testing</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>unstable</literal>&nbsp;», …) sont utilisés "
"dans <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">l’archive Debian</ulink> alors que "
"les noms de code («&nbsp;<literal>dapper</literal>\", «&nbsp;"
"<literal>feisty</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>gutsy</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>hardy</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>intrepid</"
"literal>&nbsp;», …) sont utilisés dans <ulink url=\"&theubuntuarchive;"
"\">l’archive Ubuntu</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and "
"<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which "
"should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., "
"\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-"
"amd64/Release</literal>\" as follows."
msgstr ""
"Pour certaines archives, comme <literal>experimental</literal> et "
"<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, qui contiennent des paquets "
"qui ne devraient pas être installés automatiquement, il y a une ligne "
"supplémentaire, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/"
"dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>&nbsp;» comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Archive: experimental\n"
"Origin: Debian\n"
"Label: Debian\n"
"NotAutomatic: yes\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Architecture: amd64"
msgstr ""
"Archive: experimental\n"
"Origin: Debian\n"
"Label: Debian\n"
"NotAutomatic: yes\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Architecture: amd64"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that for normal archives without \"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</"
"literal>\", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special "
"archives with \"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\", the default Pin-"
"Priority value is 1 (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend="
"\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Remarquez que les archives normales, sans «&nbsp;<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</"
"literal>&nbsp;», la valeur par défaut de «&nbsp;Pin-Priority&nbsp;» est de "
"500, alors que pour les archives spéciales avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>&nbsp;» la valeur par défaut de «&nbsp;"
"Pin-Priority&nbsp;» est de 1 (consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/"
">)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Fetching of the meta data for the package"
msgstr "Récupérer les métadonnées d’un paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</"
"literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, "
"<literal>auto-apt</literal>, … are used, we need to update the local copies "
"of the meta data containing the Debian archive information. These local "
"copies have following file names corresponding to the specified "
"<literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>area</literal>, and "
"<literal>architecture</literal> names in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources."
"list</literal>\" (see <xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’on utilise les outils APT, comme <literal>aptitude</literal>, "
"<literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</"
"literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>, etc., il faut mettre à jour les "
"copies locales des métadonnées contenant les informations de l’archive "
"Debian. Ces copies locales ont les noms de fichier suivants, correspondant "
"aux noms de la <literal>distribution</literal>, de la <literal>section</"
"literal> et de l’<literal>architecture</literal> indiquées dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_Release</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_Release</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_Release.gpg</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_Release.gpg</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_binary-&lt;architecture&gt;_Packages</literal>"
"\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_binary-&lt;architecture&gt;_Packages</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_source_Sources</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_source_Sources</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;.gz</literal>\" (for "
"<literal>apt-file</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;"
"distribution&gt;_Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;.gz</literal>&nbsp;» (pour "
"<literal>apt-file</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"First 4 types of files are shared by all the pertinent APT commands and "
"updated from command line by \"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\".  The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" "
"meta data are updated if there is the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line in "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\". The \"<literal>Sources</"
"literal>\" meta data are updated if there is the \"<literal>deb-src</literal>"
"\" line in \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les quatre premiers types de fichiers sont partagés par toutes les commandes "
"APT pertinentes et sont mis à jour depuis la ligne de commandes par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>apt-get update</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude update</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Les métadonnées «&nbsp;<literal>Packages</literal>&nbsp;» "
"sont mises à jour s’il y a une ligne «&nbsp;<literal>deb</literal>&nbsp;» "
"dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;». Les "
"métadonnées «&nbsp;<literal>Sources</literal>&nbsp;» sont mises à jour s’il "
"y a une ligne «&nbsp;<literal>deb-src</literal>&nbsp;» dans le fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" meta "
"data contain \"<literal>Filename:</literal>\" stanza pointing to the file "
"location of the binary and source packages.  Currently, these packages are "
"located under the \"<literal>pool/</literal>\" directory tree for the "
"improved transition over the releases."
msgstr ""
"Les métadonnées «&nbsp;<literal>Packages</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Sources</literal>&nbsp;» contiennent une entrée «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Filename:</literal>&nbsp;» pointant vers l’emplacement du paquet "
"binaire et du paquet source. Actuellement, ces paquets sont situés dans "
"l’arborescence du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>pool/</literal>&nbsp;» afin "
"d’améliorer le passage d’une version à l’autre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Local copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" meta data can be "
"interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>.  The "
"specialized search command <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can search local "
"copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" "
"meta data."
msgstr ""
"On peut effectuer des recherches interactivement dans les copies locales des "
"métadonnées «&nbsp;<literal>Packages</literal>&nbsp;» à l’aide "
"d’<literal>aptitude</literal>. La commande de recherche spécialisée "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut effectuer des recherches dans les copies "
"locales des métadonnées «&nbsp;<literal>Packages</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Sources</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Local copy of \"<literal>Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;</literal>\" meta data "
"can be updated by \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" and its location is "
"different from other 4 ones. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (The <literal>auto-"
"apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of \"<literal>Contents-"
"&lt;architecture&gt;.gz</literal>\" as default.)"
msgstr ""
"La copie locale des métadonnées «&nbsp;<literal>Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;"
"</literal>&nbsp;» peut être mise à jour par «&nbsp;<literal>apt-file update</"
"literal>&nbsp;», son emplacement est différent des quatre autres. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. (<literal>auto-apt</literal> utilise par défaut "
"un emplacement différent pour la copie locale de «&nbsp;<literal>Contents-"
"&lt;architecture&gt;.gz</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The package state for APT"
msgstr "État des paquets pour APT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after "
"<literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state "
"information in the \"<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>\" which "
"is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages."
msgstr ""
"En plus des métadonnées récupérées par téléchargement, l’outil APT des "
"versions ultérieures à <literal>Lenny</literal> enregistre l’état de "
"l’installation généré localement dans «&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/apt/"
"extended_states</literal>&nbsp;» qui est utilisé par tous les outils APT "
"afin de suivre tous les paquets installés automatiquement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The package state for aptitude"
msgstr "État des paquets pour aptitude"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the <literal>aptitude</"
"literal> command stores its locally generated installation state information "
"in the \"<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>\" which is used only "
"by it."
msgstr ""
"En plus des métadonnées récupérées par téléchargement, la commande "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> enregistre l’état de l’installation généré "
"localement dans «&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>&nbsp;» "
"qu’il est le seul à utiliser."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Local copies of the fetched packages"
msgstr "Copies locales des paquets téléchargés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the "
"\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>\" until they are cleaned."
msgstr ""
"Tous les paquets ayant été téléchargés au moyen du mécanisme APT sont "
"enregistrés dans le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</"
"literal>&nbsp;» jusqu’à ce qu’ils en soient supprimés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This cache file cleaning policy for <literal>aptitude</literal> can be set "
"under \"<literal>Options</literal>\" → \"<literal>Preferences</literal>\" "
"and it may be forced by its menu \"<literal>Clean package cache</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>Clean obsolete files</literal>\" under \"<literal>Actions</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Cette politique de nettoyage des fichiers de cache pour <literal>aptitude</"
"literal> peut être spécifiée sous «&nbsp;<literal>Options</literal>&nbsp;» → "
"«&nbsp;<literal>Préférences</literal>&nbsp;» et peut être déclenchée "
"manuellement par le menu «&nbsp;<literal>Nettoyer le cache des paquets</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>Enlever les fichiers périmés</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sous «&nbsp;<literal>Actions</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Debian package file names"
msgstr "Nom de fichier d’un paquet Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Debian package files have particular name structures."
msgstr "Les fichiers de paquets Debian ont une structure de nom particulière."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The name structure of Debian packages"
msgstr "Structure du nom des paquets Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "package type"
msgstr "type de paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "name structure"
msgstr "structure du nom"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)"
msgstr "Paquet binaire (encore appelé <literal>deb</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;"
"debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.deb</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;version_amont&gt;-&lt;"
"version_debian&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.deb</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The binary package for debian-installer (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"Le paquet binaire de l’installateur de Debian (connu sous le nom "
"<literal>udeb</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;"
"debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.udeb</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;version_amont&gt;-&lt;"
"version_debian&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.udeb</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The source package (upstream source)"
msgstr "paquet source (source amont)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;"
"debian.version&gt;.orig.tar.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;version_amont&gt;-&lt;"
"version_debian&gt;.orig.tar.gz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)"
msgstr "Paquet source <literal>1.0</literal> (modifications Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;"
"debian.version&gt;.diff.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;version_amont&gt;-&lt;"
"version_debian&gt;.diff.gz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)"
msgstr "Paquet source <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> (modifications Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;"
"debian.version&gt;.debian.tar.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;version_amont&gt;-&lt;"
"version_debian&gt;.debian.tar.gz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The source package (description)"
msgstr "paquet source (description)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;"
"debian.version&gt;.dsc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;version_amont&gt;-&lt;"
"version_debian&gt;.dsc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Here only the basic source package formats are described.  See more on "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-source</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Seuls les formats de paquets source de base sont décrits ici. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-source</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names"
msgstr ""
"Caractères utilisables pour chacune des composantes des noms de paquets "
"Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "name component"
msgstr "nom de la composante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "usable characters (regex)"
msgstr "caractères utilisables (expression rationnelle)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "existence"
msgstr "existence"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-]+</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-]+</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "required"
msgstr "nécessaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;epoch&gt;:</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;epoch&gt;:</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[0-9]+:</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[0-9]+:</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "optional"
msgstr "optionnel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;upstream-version&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;version_amont&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-,:]+</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-,:]+</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;debian.version&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;version_debian&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,~]+</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,~]+</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"You can check package version order by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e.g., \"<literal>dpkg "
"--compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>\" ."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez vérifier l’ordre des versions d’un paquet à l’aide de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7."
"~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianinstallerdi;\">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> "
"uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package "
"instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>.  An <literal>udeb</literal> "
"package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few "
"non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing "
"the package policy requirements.  Both <literal>deb</literal> and "
"<literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure.  The "
"\"<literal>u</literal>\" stands for micro."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianinstallerdi;\">L’installateur Debian (d-i)</ulink> "
"utilise <literal>udeb</literal> comme extension du nom de fichier de ses "
"paquets binaires plutôt que le <literal>deb</literal> normal. Un paquet "
"<literal>udeb</literal> est un paquet <literal>deb</literal> allégé dont "
"certaines parties non essentielles du contenu, comme la documentation, sont "
"supprimées afin d’économiser de la place en relâchant les exigences de la "
"charte des paquets. Les paquet <literal>deb</literal> et <literal>udeb</"
"literal> partagent la même structure de paquet. Le «&nbsp;<literal>u</"
"literal>&nbsp;» signifie micro."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The dpkg command"
msgstr "La commande dpkg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is the lowest level tool for the Debian package management.  "
"This is very powerful and needs to be used with care."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est l’outil de plus bas niveau pour la gestion des paquets de "
"Debian. C’est un outil très puissant et il faut l’utiliser avec précaution."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"While installing package called \"<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;</literal>\", "
"<literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order."
msgstr ""
"Lors de l’installation d’un paquet appelé «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;"
"</literal>&nbsp;», <literal>dpkg</literal> le traite selon l’ordre "
"suivant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Unpack the deb file (\"<literal>ar -x</literal>\" equivalent)"
msgstr ""
"dépaquetage du fichier deb (équivalent à «&nbsp;<literal>ar -x</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;.preinst</literal>\" using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"exécution de «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.preinst</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Install the package content to the system (\"<literal>tar -x</literal>\" "
"equivalent)"
msgstr ""
"installation du contenu du paquet sur le système (équivalent à «&nbsp;"
"<literal>tar -x</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;.postinst</literal>\" using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"exécution de «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.postinst</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction "
"with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend=\"_i18n_and_l10n\"/>) supports."
msgstr ""
"Le système <literal>debconf</literal> fournit une interaction standardisée "
"avec l’utilisateur avec la prise en charge de I18N and L10N (<xref linkend="
"\"_i18n_and_l10n\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>"
msgstr "Fichiers particuliers créés par <literal>dpkg</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of contents"
msgstr "description du contenu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.conffiles</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.conffiles</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list of configuration files. (user modifiable)"
msgstr "liste de fichiers de configuration. (modifiables par l’utilisateur)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.list</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.list</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list of files and directories installed by the package"
msgstr "liste des fichiers et répertoires installés par le paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.md5sums</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.md5sums</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package"
msgstr ""
"liste des valeurs de hachage MD5 pour les fichiers installés par le paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.preinst</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.preinst</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "package script to be run before the package installation"
msgstr "script du paquet à exécuter avant l’installation du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postinst</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.postinst</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "package script to be run after the package installation"
msgstr "script du paquet à exécuter après l’installation du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.prerm</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.prerm</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "package script to be run before the package removal"
msgstr "script du paquet à exécuter avant la suppression du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postrm</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.postrm</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "package script to be run after the package removal"
msgstr "script du paquet à exécuter après la suppression du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.config</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.config</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system"
msgstr "script du paquet pour le système <literal>debconf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/&lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"the alternative information used by the <literal>update-alternatives</"
"literal> command"
msgstr ""
"information d’alternative utilisée par la commande <literal>update-"
"alternatives</literal> command"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the availability information for all the package"
msgstr "information de disponibilité de tous les paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/diversions</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/diversions</literal>"

# Alexandre Hoïde : j'utilise «détournement» pour "diversion", suivant
# la traduction de man(8) dpkg-divert.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"the diversions information used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"information sur les détournements utilisés par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et établis avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/statoverride</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/statoverride</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"the stat override information used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"information de remplacement de statut utilisé par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et établi avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the status information for all the packages"
msgstr "informations d’état pour tous les paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"the first-generation backup of the \"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"
"\" file"
msgstr ""
"fichier de sauvegarde de première génération du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>var/"
"lib/dpkg/status</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status*</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status*</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"the second-generation backup and older ones of the \"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/"
"status</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""
"fichier de sauvegarde de seconde génération du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>var/"
"lib/dpkg/status</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>status</literal>\" file is also used by the tools such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, \"<literal>dselect update</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get -"
"u dselect-upgrade</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>status</literal>&nbsp;» est aussi utilisé par des "
"outils comme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, «&nbsp;<literal>dselect update</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The specialized search command <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can search the local "
"copies of \"<literal>status</literal>\" and \"<literal>available</literal>\" "
"meta data."
msgstr ""
"La commande de recherche spécialisée <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-"
"dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> peut rechercher "
"des copies locales des métadonnées «&nbsp;<literal>status</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;<literal>available</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"In <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the debian-installer</ulink> "
"environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open "
"<literal>udeb</literal> packages.  The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a "
"stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command."
msgstr ""
"Dans l’environnement de <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">l’installateur "
"debian</ulink>, la commande <literal>udpkg</literal> est utilisée pour "
"ouvrir les paquets <literal>udeb</literal>. La commande <literal>udpkg</"
"literal> est une version allégée de la commande <literal>dpkg</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The update-alternatives command"
msgstr "La commande update-alternatives"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs "
"peacefully using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  For example, you can "
"make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run <literal>vim</literal> "
"while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>nvi</literal> "
"packages."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian possède un mécanisme pour installer paisiblement des "
"paquets qui présentent un certain recouvrement en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Par exemple, vous "
"pouvez faire que la commande <literal>vi</literal> choisisse de lancer "
"<literal>vim</literal> alors que les paquets <literal>vim</literal> et "
"<literal>nvi</literal> sont tous deux installés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ls -l $(type -p vi)\n"
"lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2007-03-24 19:05 /usr/bin/vi -&gt; /etc/alternatives/vi\n"
"$ sudo update-alternatives --display vi\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo update-alternatives --config vi\n"
"  Selection    Command\n"
" ----------------------------------------------\n"
"      1        /usr/bin/vim\n"
"*+    2        /usr/bin/nvi\n"
"\n"
"Enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number: 1"
msgstr ""
"$ ls -l $(type -p vi)\n"
"lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2007-03-24 19:05 /usr/bin/vi -&gt; /etc/alternatives/vi\n"
"$ sudo update-alternatives --display vi\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo update-alternatives --config vi\n"
"  Selection    Command\n"
" ----------------------------------------------\n"
"      1        /usr/bin/vim\n"
"*+    2        /usr/bin/nvi\n"
"\n"
"Appuyez sur &lt;Entrée&gt; pour conserver la valeur par défaut[*] ou choisissez le numéro sélectionné&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in "
"\"<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>\".  The selection process uses "
"corresponding file in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le système d’alternatives de Debian utilise des liens symboliques dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>&nbsp;» pour enregistrer ses "
"sélections. Le processus de sélection utilise le fichier correspondant de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The dpkg-statoverride command"
msgstr "Commande dpkg-statoverride"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command are a way to tell "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If \"<literal>--update</"
"literal>\" is specified and file exists, it is immediately set to the new "
"owner and mode."
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Stat overrides</emphasis>, fournie par la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> est un moyen d’indiquer à "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> d’utiliser un propriétaire ou un mode différent pour un "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">fichier</emphasis> lorsqu’un paquet est installé. "
"Si «&nbsp;<literal>--update</literal>&nbsp;» est indiqué et que le fichier "
"existe, il est immédiatement configuré avec le nouveau propriétaire et le "
"nouveau mode."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis role=\"strong\">file</"
"emphasis> owned by the package using <literal>chmod</literal> or "
"<literal>chown</literal> commands by the system administrator is reset by "
"the next upgrade of the package."
msgstr ""
"Une modification directe par l’administrateur du propriétaire ou du mode "
"d’un <emphasis role=\"strong\">fichier</emphasis> dont le propriétaire est "
"le paquet en utilisant les commandes <literal>chmod</literal> ou "
"<literal>chown</literal> sera réinitialisée lors d’une nouvelle mise à "
"niveau du paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"I use the word <emphasis role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> here, but in "
"reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> "
"handles, including directories, devices, etc."
msgstr ""
"J’utilise ici le mot <emphasis role=\"strong\">fichier</emphasis>, mais en "
"réalité, ce peut être n’importe quel objet d’un système de fichiers que gère "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>, y compris les répertoires, les périphériques, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The dpkg-divert command"
msgstr "Commande dpkg-divert"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"File <emphasis role=\"strong\">diversions</emphasis> provided by the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command are a way of forcing "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> not to install a file into its default location, but to a "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">diverted</emphasis> location.  The use of "
"<literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance "
"scripts.  Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated."
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers <emphasis role=\"strong\">diversions</emphasis> fournis par la "
"commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sont un moyen de "
"forcer <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> à ne pas installer un fichier à son emplacement "
"par défaut, mais à un emplacement <emphasis role=\"strong\">détourné</"
"emphasis> («&nbsp;diverted&nbsp;»). L’utilisation de <literal>dpkg-divert</"
"literal> est destinée à la maintenance de paquets par des scripts. Son "
"utilisation occasionnelle par l’administrateur du système est obsolète."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Recovery from a broken system"
msgstr "Récupérer un système cassé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"When running <literal>unstable</literal> system, the administrator is "
"expected to recover from broken package management situation."
msgstr ""
"En utilisant le système <literal>unstable</literal>, l’administrateur peut "
"avoir à restaurer le système à partir d’une situation où la gestion des "
"paquets est défectueuse."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Some methods described here are high risk actions.  You have been warned!"
msgstr ""
"Certaines des méthodes décrites ici sont des actions très risquées. Vous "
"avez été prévenu&nbsp;!"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Incompatibility with old user configuration"
msgstr "Incompatibilité avec une ancienne configuration de l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream "
"version upgrade, you should suspect interferences with old local "
"configuration files created by it. If it is stable under a newly created "
"user account, this hypothesis is confirmed.  (This is a bug of packaging and "
"usually avoided by the packager.)"
msgstr ""
"Si un programme avec une interface graphique présente une instabilité après "
"une mise à niveau amont importante, vous devriez songer à des interférences "
"avec les anciens fichiers de configurations locaux qu’il avait créés. S’il "
"est stable avec un compte d’utilisateur fraîchement créé, cette hypothèse "
"est confirmée. (C’est un bogue de réalisation du paquet et c’est le plus "
"souvent évité par le responsable du paquet)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration "
"files and restart the GUI program.  You may need to read old configuration "
"file contents to recover configuration information later.  (Do not erase "
"them too quickly.)"
msgstr ""
"Pour retrouver la stabilité, vous devrez déplacer les fichiers de "
"configuration locaux et redémarrer le programme ayant une interface "
"graphique. Il vous faudra peut-être lire le contenu de l’ancien fichier de "
"configuration pour retrouver plus tard vos informations de configuration. "
"(Ne les effacez pas trop rapidement)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Different packages with overlapped files"
msgstr "Différents paquets ayant des fichiers communs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Archive level package management systems, such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, do not even try to "
"install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_package_dependencies\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Les systèmes de gestion d’archive au niveau du paquet, tels "
"qu’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ne tenteront même pas, "
"grâce aux dépendances des paquets, d’installer des paquets ayant des "
"fichiers qui se superposent (consultez <xref linkend=\"_package_dependencies"
"\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed "
"source of archives (see <xref linkend="
"\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) by the system administrator "
"may create a situation with incorrectly defined package dependencies. When "
"you install a package with overlapped files using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> under such a "
"situation, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> which unpacks package ensures to return error to "
"the calling program without overwriting existing files."
msgstr ""
"Des erreurs du responsable du paquet ou le déploiement de sources d’archives "
"mélangées et incohérentes (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) par l’administrateur du "
"système peuvent créer une situation où les dépendances des paquets sont "
"décrites de manière incorrecte. Lorsque, dans une telle situation, vous "
"installez un paquet qui écrase des fichiers en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> qui dépaquette le paquet va retourner une erreur au programme "
"appelant sans écraser les fichiers existants."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via "
"maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to "
"your system.  The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command only protects "
"against overwriting by the unpacking."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de programmes tierce partie introduit un risque significatif "
"par l’intermédiaire des scripts du responsable qui sont lancés avec les "
"privilèges de l’administrateur et peuvent effectuer n’importe quoi sur votre "
"système. La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ne protège que contre "
"l’écrasement des fichiers lors du dépaquetage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending "
"package, <literal>&lt;old-package&gt;</literal>, first."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez contourner un tel problème d’installation cassée en supprimant "
"d’abord l’ancien paquet, <literal>&lt;ancien_paquet&gt;</literal>, qui pose "
"des problèmes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo dpkg -P &lt;old-package&gt;"
msgstr "$ sudo dpkg -P &lt;ancien_paquet&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Fixing broken package script"
msgstr "Corriger les scripts cassés des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the "
"script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action "
"and ends up with partially installed packages.  When a package contains bugs "
"in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and "
"quite nasty."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’une commande dans le script du paquet retourne une erreur pour une "
"raison quelconque et que le script retourne une erreur, le système de "
"gestion des paquets arrête son action et se termine en laissant des paquets "
"partiellement installés. Lorsqu’un paquet comporte des bogues dans les "
"scripts de suppression, le paquet peut devenir impossible à supprimer et "
"assez déplaisant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the package script problem of \"<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;</literal>"
"\", you should look into following package scripts."
msgstr ""
"Pour les problèmes avec le script de paquet de «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;"
"nom_paquet&gt;</literal>&nbsp;», il vous faudra regarder dans les scripts du "
"paquet suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.preinst</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.preinst</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postinst</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.postinst</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.prerm</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.prerm</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postrm</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nom_paquet&gt;.postrm</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques."
msgstr ""
"Éditez le script du paquet posant problème avec le compte de "
"l’administrateur en utilisant les techniques suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "disable the offending line by preceding \"<literal>#</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"désactiver la ligne posant problème avec un «&nbsp;<literal>#</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en tête de ligne&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"force to return success by appending the offending line with \"<literal>|| "
"true</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"forcer un retour avec succès en ajoutant à la fin de la ligne qui pose "
"problème «&nbsp;<literal>|| true</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Configure all partially installed packages with the following command."
msgstr ""
"Configurez tous les paquets partiellement installés à l’aide de la commande "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dpkg --configure -a"
msgstr "# dpkg --configure -a"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Rescue with the dpkg command"
msgstr "Récupération avec la commande dpkg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since <literal>dpkg</literal> is very low level package tool, it can "
"function under the very bad situation such as unbootable system without "
"network connection.  Let's assume <literal>foo</literal> package was broken "
"and needs to be replaced."
msgstr ""
"Comme <literal>dpkg</literal> est un outil de gestion des paquets de très "
"bas niveau, il peut fonctionner dans des situations très difficiles telles "
"qu’un système qu’on ne peut pas démarrer et qui n’a pas de connexion réseau. "
"Supposons que le paquet <literal>toto</literal> soit cassé et doive être "
"remplacé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of <literal>foo</"
"literal> package in the package cache directory: \"<literal>/var/cache/apt/"
"archives/</literal>\".  (If not, you can download it from archive of <ulink "
"url=\"&httpsnapshotdebiannet;\">http://snapshot.debian.net/</ulink> or copy "
"it from package cache of a functioning machine.)"
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez trouver des copies de l’ancienne version du paquet <literal>foo</"
"literal> sans bogue dans le répertoire de cache des paquets «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>&nbsp;». (Si ce n’est pas le cas, vous "
"pouvez télécharger l’archive depuis <ulink url=\"&httpsnapshotdebiannet;"
"\">http://snapshot.debian.net/</ulink> ou la copier depuis le cache des "
"paquets d’une machine qui fonctionne)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command."
msgstr ""
"Si vous pouvez démarrer le système, vous pouvez l’installer avec la commande "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dpkg -i /path/to/foo_&lt;old_version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb"
msgstr "# dpkg -i /chemin/vers/toto_&lt;ancienne-version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole "
"system as in <xref linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading\"/> using the higher "
"level APT system."
msgstr ""
"Si la casse du système est minime, vous pouvez faire un retour en arrière "
"(downgrade) de tout le système comme dans <xref linkend="
"\"_emergency_downgrading\"/> en utilisant le système de plus haut niveau APT."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If your system is unbootable from hard disk, you should seek other ways to "
"boot it."
msgstr ""
"Si votre système ne peut pas être démarré depuis le disque dur, vous devrez "
"rechercher d’autres manières de le démarrer&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Boot the system using the debian-installer CD in rescue mode."
msgstr ""
"Démarrez le système en utilisant le CD de l’installateur Debian en mode "
"secours («&nbsp;rescue mode&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Mount the unbootable system on the hard disk to \"<literal>/target</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"Montez le système qui ne veut pas démarrer sur le disque dur sur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/target</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Install older version of <literal>foo</literal> package by the following."
msgstr ""
"Installez une version plus ancienne du paquet <literal>toto</literal> en "
"faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dpkg --root /target -i /path/to/foo_&lt;old_version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb"
msgstr "# dpkg --root /target -i /chemin/vers/toto_&lt;ancienne_version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This example works even if the <literal>dpkg</literal> command on the hard "
"disk is broken."
msgstr ""
"Cet exemple fonctionne même si la commande <literal>dpkg</literal> qui se "
"trouve sur le disque dur est cassée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Any GNU/Linux system started by another system on hard disk, live GNU/Linux "
"CD, bootable USB-key drive, or netboot can be used similarly to rescue "
"broken system."
msgstr ""
"Tous les systèmes GNU/Linux démarrés depuis un autre système sur le disque "
"dur, depuis un CD autonome GNU/Linux, depuis une clé USB amorçable, depuis "
"le réseau peuvent être utilisés de manière similaire pour restaurer un "
"système cassé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency "
"violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can "
"override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s \"<literal>--ignore-"
"depends</literal>\", \"<literal>--force-depends</literal>\" and other "
"options.  If you do this, you need to make serious effort to restore proper "
"dependency later. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details."
msgstr ""
"Si la tentative d’installation d’un paquet de cette manière échoue en raison "
"de la violation de certaines dépendances et que vous voulez vraiment le "
"faire, vous pouvez, en dernier ressort, outrepasser les dépendances en "
"utilisant les options «&nbsp;<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>--force-depends</literal>&nbsp;» de <literal>dpkg</literal> "
"et d’autres options. Si vous le faites, vous aurez un sérieux effort à faire "
"pour restaurer les dépendances correctes par la suite. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour davantage d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of system "
"to a safe place (see <xref linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) and should "
"perform a clean installation.  This is less time consuming and produces "
"better results in the end."
msgstr ""
"Si votre système est sérieusement cassé, vous devriez faire une sauvegarde "
"complète du système dans un endroit sûr (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) et effectuer une installation propre. Cela "
"demande moins de temps et donne, en fin de compte, de meilleurs résultats."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recovering package selection data"
msgstr "Récupérer les données de sélection des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" becomes corrupt for any "
"reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers "
"severely.  Look for the old \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file "
"at \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>\" or \"<literal>/var/"
"backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Si le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>&nbsp;» est "
"corrompu pour une raison quelconque, le système Debian perd les données de "
"paquets sélectionnés et est sérieusement endommagé. Regardez l’ancienne "
"version du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>&nbsp;» "
"dans «&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Keeping \"<literal>/var/backups/</literal>\" in a separate partition may be "
"a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data."
msgstr ""
"Conserver «&nbsp;<literal>/var/backups/</literal>&nbsp;» sur une partition "
"séparée peut être une bonne idée car ce répertoire contient de nombreuses "
"données importantes du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making "
"backup of the system. Even if everything in \"<literal>/var/</literal>\" is "
"gone, you can still recover some information from directories in \"<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/</literal>\" to guide your new installation."
msgstr ""
"Pour les casses sévères, je recommande de faire une réinstallation propre "
"après avoir fait une sauvegarde du système. Même si vous avez perdu tout ce "
"qui se trouve dans «&nbsp;<literal>/var/</literal>&nbsp;», vous pouvez "
"encore récupérer certaines informations depuis les répertoires qui se "
"trouvent dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>&nbsp;» afin de vous "
"guider dans votre nouvelle installation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Reinstall minimal (desktop) system."
msgstr "Réinstaller un système (de bureau) minimum."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mkdir -p /path/to/old/system"
msgstr "# mkdir -p /chemin/vers/ancien/système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Mount old system at \"<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Montez l’ancien système sur «&nbsp;<literal>/chemin/vers/ancien/système/</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /path/to/old/system/usr/share/doc\n"
"# ls -1 &gt;~/ls1.txt\n"
"# cd /usr/share/doc\n"
"# ls -1 &gt;&gt;~/ls1.txt\n"
"# cd\n"
"# sort ls1.txt | uniq | less"
msgstr ""
"# cd /chemin/vers/ancien/système/usr/share/doc\n"
"# ls -1 &gt;~/ls1.txt\n"
"# cd /usr/share/doc\n"
"# ls -1 &gt;&gt;~/ls1.txt\n"
"# cd\n"
"# sort ls1.txt | uniq | less"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Then you are presented with package names to install.  (There may be some "
"non-package names such as \"<literal>texmf</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""
"Le système vous présentera alors les noms de paquets à installer. (Il peut y "
"avoir des noms qui ne soient pas des noms de paquets, comme, par exemple, "
"«&nbsp;<literal>texmf</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Tips for the package management"
msgstr "Astuces pour la gestion des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "How to pick Debian packages"
msgstr "Comment obtenir des paquets Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with <literal>aptitude</"
"literal> from the package description or from the list under \"Tasks\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez rechercher les paquets qui satisfont à vos besoins avec "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> à partir de la description du paquet ou depuis "
"la liste se trouvant dans «&nbsp;Tasks&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to "
"install without \"trial and error\" efforts, you should use some <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">common sense</emphasis>.  I consider following points are "
"good indications of preferred packages."
msgstr ""
"Si vous trouvez deux paquets similaires et que vous vous demandez lequel "
"installer sans faire des efforts d’«&nbsp;essais et erreurs&nbsp;», vous "
"pouvez user de <emphasis role=\"strong\">bon sens</emphasis>. Je considère "
"que les points suivants constituent de bonnes indications pour les paquets à "
"privilégier&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Essential: yes &gt; no"
msgstr "Essential&nbsp;: yes &gt; no"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Area: main &gt; contrib &gt; non-free"
msgstr "Section&nbsp;: main &gt; contrib &gt; non-free"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Priority: required &gt; important &gt; standard &gt; optional &gt; extra"
msgstr ""
"Priorité&nbsp;: required &gt; important &gt; standard &gt; optional &gt; "
"extra"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as \"Desktop environment\""
msgstr ""
"Tâches&nbsp;: paquets affichés dans les tâches tels que «&nbsp;Environnement "
"de bureau&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., <literal>python2.4</"
"literal> by <literal>python</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"Les paquets sélectionnés par le paquet de dépendances (par exemple, "
"<literal>python2.4</literal> par <literal>python</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Popcon: higher in the vote and install number"
msgstr "Popcon&nbsp;: les votes et le nombre d’installations les plus élevés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer"
msgstr ""
"Journaux des modifications («&nbsp;Changelog&nbsp;»)&nbsp;: mises à jour "
"régulières par le responsable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)"
msgstr "BTS&nbsp;: pas de bogue RC (pas de bogue critique, grave ou sérieux)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports"
msgstr "BTS&nbsp;: réactivité du responsable aux signalements de bogues"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs"
msgstr "BTS&nbsp;: le plus grand nombre de bogues réglés récemment"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs"
msgstr ""
"BTS&nbsp;: le plus faible nombre de bogues restants qui ne soient pas dans "
"la liste des vœux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its "
"archive contains many packages with different focus and quality.  You must "
"make your own decision what to do with them."
msgstr ""
"Debian étant un projet basé sur le volontariat avec un modèle développement "
"distribué, son archive contient de nombreux paquets avec des cibles "
"différentes et de qualité variable. Vous devrez choisir vous-même ce que "
"vous voulez en faire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Packages from mixed source of archives"
msgstr "Paquets venant de sources mélangées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Installing packages from mixed source of archives is not supported by the "
"official Debian distribution except for officially supported particular "
"combinations of archives such as <literal>stable</literal> with <ulink url="
"\"&securityupdates;\">security updates</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Installer des paquets provenant de sources d’archives mélangées n’est pas "
"pris en charge par la distribution officielle de Debian sauf pour la prise "
"en charge officielle d’une combinaison particulière d’archives telle que "
"<literal>stable</literal> avec <ulink url=\"&securityupdates;\">security "
"updates</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-"
"updates</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version "
"packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking "
"<literal>testing</literal> for single occasion."
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple des opérations pour inclure des paquets d’une version amont "
"spécifique plus récente se trouvant dans <literal>unstable</literal> pour "
"une seule occasion tout en suivant <literal>testing</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Change the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file temporarily to "
"single \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" entry."
msgstr ""
"modifier le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» "
"de manière temporaire avec la seule entrée «&nbsp;<literal>unstable</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"."
msgstr "lancer «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude update</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run \"<literal>aptitude install &lt;package-name&gt;</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"lancer «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude install &lt;nom_paquet&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Recover the original \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file for "
"<literal>testing</literal>."
msgstr ""
"rétablir le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour <literal>testing</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file nor "
"need to worry about apt-pinning with this manual approach.  But this is very "
"cumbersome."
msgstr ""
"Vous ne créez pas le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et vous n’avez pas besoin de vous préoccuper de l’épinglage "
"apt («&nbsp;apt-pinning&nbsp;») avec cette approche manuelle. Mais c’est "
"très lourd."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of "
"packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package "
"incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge "
"these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is "
"completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you "
"to use."
msgstr ""
"En utilisant une source d’archive mixte, vous devez vous assurer par vous-"
"même de la compatibilité des paquets car Debian ne la garantit pas. S’il "
"existe des incompatibilités de paquets, vous pouvez casser votre système. "
"Vous devrez être capable d’apprécier ces exigences techniques. L’utilisation "
"de sources mixtes d’archives aléatoires est une opération entièrement "
"facultative et son utilisation est quelque chose que je ne vous encourage "
"pas à faire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"General rules for installing packages from different archives are the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Les règles générales pour l’installation de paquets de différentes archives "
"sont les suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Non-binary packages (\"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") are <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> to install."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets non binaires («&nbsp;<literal>Architecture: all</"
"literal>&nbsp;») sont plus <emphasis role=\"strong\">sûrs</emphasis> à "
"installer&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "documentation packages: no special requirements"
msgstr "paquets de documentation&nbsp;: pas d’exigence particulière"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available"
msgstr ""
"paquet de programmes d’interpréteur&nbsp;: un interpréteur compatible doit "
"être disponible"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Binary packages (non \"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") usually face "
"many road blocks and are <emphasis role=\"strong\">unsafe</emphasis> to "
"install."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets binaires (qui ne sont pas «&nbsp;<literal>Architecture: all</"
"literal>&nbsp;») sont confrontés à de nombreux barrages et ne sont <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">pas sûrs</emphasis> à installer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "library version compatibility (including \"<literal>libc</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"compatibilité des versions de bibliothèques (y compris «&nbsp;<literal>libc</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "related utility program version compatibility"
msgstr "compatibilité des versions des programmes utilitaires en rapport"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Kernel <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility"
msgstr "compatibilité avec l’<ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> du noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "C++ <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility"
msgstr "compatibilité avec l’<ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> C++ "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "…"
msgstr "…"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"In order to make a package to be <emphasis role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> "
"to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided "
"with completely statically linked libraries.  You should still check <ulink "
"url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them."
msgstr ""
"De manière à rendre un paquet <emphasis role=\"strong\">plus sûr</emphasis> "
"à installer, certains programmes commerciaux binaires et non libres peuvent "
"être fournis liés avec des bibliothèques complètement statiques. Vous devrez "
"quand même vérifier leurs problèmes de compatibilité avec l’<ulink url="
"\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink>, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages "
"from officially unsupported archives is generally bad idea.  This is true "
"even if you use apt-pinning (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version"
"\"/>).  You should consider chroot or similar techniques (see <xref linkend="
"\"_virtualized_system\"/>) to run programs from different archives."
msgstr ""
"Sauf pour éviter à court terme un paquet cassé, installer des paquets "
"binaires depuis des archives officiellement non supportées est en général "
"une mauvaise idée. C’est vrai même si vous utilisez l’épinglage apt («&nbsp;"
"apt-pinning&nbsp;») (consultez <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/"
">). Vous devriez envisager chroot ou des techniques similaires (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>) afin de faire tourner des "
"programmes en provenance d’archives différentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Tweaking candidate version"
msgstr "Ajuster la version candidate"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Without the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file, APT system "
"choses the latest available version as the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string.  This is the "
"normal state and most recommended usage of APT system.  All officially "
"supported combinations of archives do not require the \"<literal>/etc/apt/"
"preferences</literal>\" file since some archives which should not be used as "
"the automatic source of upgrades are marked as <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly."
msgstr ""
"Sans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;», le "
"système APT choisit, en utilisant la chaîne de version, la dernière version "
"disponible comme <emphasis role=\"strong\">version candidate</emphasis>. "
"C’est l’état normal et l’utilisation la plus recommandée du système APT. "
"Toutes les combinaisons d’archives officiellement prises en charge n’exigent "
"pas le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;» car "
"certaines archives qui ne peuvent pas être utilisées comme source des mises "
"à jour automatiques sont marquées <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</"
"emphasis> et gérées proprement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., "
"\"<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>"
"\" (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
msgstr ""
"La règle de comparaison de la chaîne de version peut être vérifiée avec, par "
"exemple «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</"
"literal>&nbsp;»  (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="
"\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) regularly, you can automate "
"these complicated operations by creating the \"<literal>/etc/apt/"
"preferences</literal>\" file with proper entries and tweaking the package "
"selection rule for <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> as "
"described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  This is called "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous installez régulièrement des paquets depuis un mélange de "
"sources d’archives (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>), vous pouvez automatiser ces "
"opérations compliquées en créant le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/"
"preferences</literal>&nbsp;» avec les entrées correctes et en ajustant la "
"règle de sélection des paquets pour la <emphasis role=\"strong\">version "
"candidate</emphasis> comme décrit dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. C’est appelé <emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage "
"apt</emphasis> («&nbsp;apt-pinning&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Use of apt-pinning by a novice user is sure call for major troubles.  You "
"must avoid using apt-pinning except when you absolutely need it."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de l’épinglage apt par un débutant est une source certaine de "
"problèmes majeurs. Vous devriez éviter l’utilisation de l’épinglage apt sauf "
"si vous en avez absolument besoin."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"When using apt-pinning, you must ensure compatibility of packages by "
"yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it.  The apt-pinning is "
"completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you "
"to use."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous utilisez l’épinglage apt, vous devez vérifier vous-même la "
"compatibilité des paquets car le système Debian ne la garantit pas. "
"L’épinglage apt est une opération entièrement facultative et je ne vous "
"encourage pas à l’utiliser."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Archive level Release files (see <xref linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files"
"\"/>) are used for the rule of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  Thus apt-pinning "
"works only with \"suite\" name for <ulink url=\"&normaldebianarchives;"
"\">normal Debian archives</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&securitydebianarchives;"
"\">security Debian archives</ulink>. (This is different from <ulink url="
"\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink> archives.)  For example, you can do "
"\"<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>\" but can not do "
"\"<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/"
"preferences</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers Release au niveau de l’archive (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) sont utilisés pour la règle de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. L’épinglage apt ne fonctionne donc qu’avec le nom "
"de «&nbsp;suite&nbsp;» pour les <ulink url=\"&normaldebianarchives;"
"\">archives normales de Debian</ulink> et les <ulink url="
"\"&securitydebianarchives;\">archives de sécurité de Debian</ulink> c’est "
"différent des archives <ulink url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink>). Par exemple, "
"dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;», il "
"est possible de mettre «&nbsp;<literal>Pin: release a=unstable </"
"literal>&nbsp;» mais pas «&nbsp;<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"When you use non-Debian archive as a part of apt-pinning, you should check "
"what they are intended for and also check their credibility.  For example, "
"Ubuntu and Debian are not meant to be mixed."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous utilisez une archive ne venant pas de Debian en tant que partie "
"d’épinglage apt, vous devez vérifier ce pour quoi elles sont prévues et "
"aussi vérifier leur crédibilité. Par exemple, Ubuntu et Debian ne sont pas "
"prévues pour être mélangées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Even if you do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" "
"file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref linkend="
"\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) without apt-pinning."
msgstr ""
"Même si vous ne créez pas le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>&nbsp;», vous pouvez effectuer des opérations assez complexes sur le "
"système sans épinglage apt (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</"
"emphasis> technique."
msgstr ""
"Voici une explication simplifiée de la technique d’<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">épinglage apt</emphasis> (« apt-pinning ») :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The APT system choses the highest Pin-Priority <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">upgrading</emphasis> package from available package sources defined in "
"the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> package.  If the Pin-Priority of the "
"package is larger than 1000, this version restriction for <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable downgrading (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Le système APT choisit la <emphasis role=\"strong\">mise à niveau</emphasis> "
"du paquet de plus haute priorité d’épinglage («&nbsp;Pin-Priority&nbsp;») "
"dans la liste des sources de paquets disponible dans le fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» comme paquet de «&nbsp;"
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">version candidate</emphasis>. Si la priorité "
"d’épinglage du paquet est supérieure à 1000, cette restriction de version "
"pour la <emphasis role=\"strong\">mise à niveau</emphasis> est levée afin de "
"permettre le retour vers une version précédente (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_emergency_downgrading\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by \"Pin-Priority\" entries in "
"the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file or uses its default "
"value."
msgstr ""
"La valeur de priorité d’épinglage de chaque paquet est définie par l’entrée "
"«&nbsp;Pin-Priority&nbsp;» dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/"
"preferences</literal>&nbsp;» ou utilise sa valeur par défaut."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"List of notable Pin-Priority values for <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-"
"pinning</emphasis> technique."
msgstr ""
"Liste de valeurs remarquables des priorités d’épinglage (Pin-Priority) pour "
"la technique d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage apt</emphasis> (« apt-"
"pinning ») :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Pin-Priority"
msgstr "priorité d’épinglage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "apt-pinning effects to the package"
msgstr "conséquence de l’épinglage apt sur le paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1001"
msgstr "1001"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package"
msgstr "installer le paquet même s’il s’agit d’un retour en arrière"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "990"
msgstr "990"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">target release</"
"emphasis> archive"
msgstr ""
"utilisé par défaut pour l’archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">version cible</"
"emphasis> "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "500"
msgstr "500"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">normal</emphasis> "
"archive"
msgstr ""
"utilisé par défaut pour l’archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">normale</"
"emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "100"
msgstr "100"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</"
"emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> "
"archive"
msgstr ""
"utilisé par défaut pour l’archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">non automatique</"
"emphasis> <emphasis role=\"strong\">mais mises à niveau automatiques</"
"emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "used for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">installed</emphasis> package"
msgstr "utilisé pour le paquet <emphasis role=\"strong\">installé</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</"
"emphasis> archive"
msgstr ""
"utilisé par défaut pour l’archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">non automatique</"
"emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "-1"
msgstr "-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">never install</emphasis> the package even if "
"recommended"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">ne jamais installer</emphasis> le paquet même s'il "
"est recommandé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">target release</emphasis> archive can be set "
"by several methods."
msgstr ""
"Il y a plusieurs méthodes pour définir l’archive <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">version cible</emphasis>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>\" configuration file with "
"\"<literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</literal>\" line"
msgstr ""
"fichier de configuration «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>&nbsp;» "
"avec la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"command line option, e.g., \"<literal>apt-get install -t testing some-"
"package</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"option de la ligne de commandes, par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get "
"install -t testing un_paquet</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive is set by archive server "
"having its archive level Release file (see <xref linkend="
"\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) containing both \"<literal>NotAutomatic: "
"yes</literal>\" and \"<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>\". The "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by archive "
"server having its archive level Release file containing only "
"\"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">non automatique</emphasis> <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">mais mises à niveau automatiques</emphasis> est définie par "
"le serveur d’archive dont le fichier Release au niveau de l’archive "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) contient à la "
"fois « <literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal> » et "
"« <literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal> ». L’archive <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">non automatique</emphasis> est définie par le serveur d’archive "
"dont le fichier Release au niveau de l’archive contient "
"« <literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of &lt;"
"package&gt; from multiple archive sources is displayed by \"<literal>apt-"
"cache policy &lt;package&gt;</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La <emphasis role=\"strong\">situation d’épinglage apt</emphasis> de &lt;"
"paquet&gt; provenant de sources d’archive multiple est affichée par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>apt-cache policy &lt;paquet&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"A line started with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" lists the package "
"version of <emphasis role=\"strong\">pin</emphasis> if association just with "
"&lt;package&gt; is defined, e.g., \"<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Une ligne commençant par «&nbsp;<literal>Package pin:</literal>&nbsp;» "
"affiche la version d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage</emphasis> du "
"paquet si l’association n’est définie que pour &lt;paquet&gt; par exemple, "
"«&nbsp;<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"No line with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" exists if no association "
"just with &lt;package&gt; is defined."
msgstr ""
"Il n’existe pas de ligne avec «&nbsp;<literal>Package pin:</literal>&nbsp;» "
"s’il n’y a pas d’association définie uniquement avec &lt;paquet&gt;."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Pin-Priority value associated just with &lt;package&gt; is listed right "
"side of all version strings, e.g., \"<literal>0.181 700</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La valeur de Pin-Priority associée uniquement avec &lt;paquet&gt; est "
"affichée sur la partie droite de toutes les chaînes de version, par exemple, "
"«&nbsp;<literal>0.181 700</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>0</literal>\" is listed right side of all version strings if no "
"association just with &lt;package&gt; is defined, e.g., \"<literal>0.181 0</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>0</literal>&nbsp;» est affiché à droite de toutes les "
"chaînes de version s’il n’y a pas d’association définie avec uniquement &lt;"
"paquet&gt;, par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>0.181 0</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as \"<literal>Package: *</"
"literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file) are "
"listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., \"<literal>100 http://ftp.XX."
"debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les valeurs de Pin-Priority des archives (définies par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Package: *</literal>&nbsp;» dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;») sont affichées sur la gauche de tous les "
"chemins vers les archives, par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>100 http://ftp.XX."
"debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Updates and Backports"
msgstr "Mises à jour et rétroportages"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</"
"ulink> and <ulink url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> "
"archives which provide updgrade packages for <literal>stable</literal> "
"(<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)."
msgstr ""
"Les archives du <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-"
"updates</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</"
"ulink> fournissent des paquets mis à niveau pour <literal>stable</literal> "
"(<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to use these archives, you list all required archives in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""
"Afin d’utiliser ces archives, placez la liste de toutes les archives "
"nécessaires dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » de "
"la manière suivante :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n"
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports main contrib non-free"
msgstr ""
"deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n"
"deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-updates main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports main contrib non-free"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"apt/preferences</literal>\" file.  When newer packages become available, the "
"default configuration provides most reasonable upgrades (see <xref linkend="
"\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Il n’est pas nécessaire de définir explicitement la valeur de Pin-Priority "
"dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> ». Quand de "
"nouveaux paquets sont disponibles, la configuration par défaut fournit les "
"mises à niveau les plus saines (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"All installed older packages are upgraded to newer ones from "
"<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Tous les paquets installés les plus anciens sont mis à niveau vers les plus "
"récents à partir de <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Only manually installed older packages from <literal>&codename-stable;-"
"backports</literal> are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-"
"stable;-backports</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Seuls les paquets les plus anciens installés à partir de <literal>&codename-"
"stable;-backports</literal> sont mis à niveau vers les plus récents à partir "
"de <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Whenever you wish to install a package named \"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;"
"</literal>\" with its dependency from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</"
"literal> archive manually, you use following command while switching target "
"release with \"<literal>-t</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""
"Chaque fois que vous désirerez installer un paquet nommé «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;"
"nom_paquet&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» avec ses dépendances depuis l’archive "
"<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> vous-même, vous utiliserez la "
"commande suivante en changeant de version cible avec l’option «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-t</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo apt-get install -t &codename-stable;-backports &lt;package-name&gt;"
msgstr "$ sudo apt-get install -t &codename-stable;-backports &lt;nom_paquet&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Blocking packages installed by \"Recommends\""
msgstr "Blocage des paquets installés par « Recommends »"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you wish not to pull in particular packages automatically by \"Recommends"
"\", you must create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file and "
"explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous ne voulez pas tirer des paquets particuliers automatiquement avec "
"« Recommends », vous devez créer le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/"
"preferences</literal>&nbsp;» et y placer la liste explicite de tous ces "
"paquets au début du fichier comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Package: &lt;package-1&gt;\n"
"Pin: version *\n"
"Pin-Priority: -1\n"
"\n"
"Package: &lt;package-2&gt;\n"
"Pin: version *\n"
"Pin-Priority: -1"
msgstr ""
"Package: &lt;paquet-1&gt;\n"
"Pin: version *\n"
"Pin-Priority: -1\n"
"\n"
"Package: &lt;paquet-2&gt;\n"
"Pin: version *\n"
"Pin-Priority: -1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid ""
"Tracking <literal>testing</literal> with some packages from "
"<literal>unstable</literal>"
msgstr ""
"Suivre <literal>testing</literal> avec quelques paquets d’<literal>unstable</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is an example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> "
"technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in "
"<literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking "
"<literal>testing</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple de technique d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage apt </"
"emphasis> permettant d’inclure de manière régulière une version amont plus "
"récente de paquets spécifiques se trouvant dans <literal>unstable</literal> "
"tout en suivant <literal>testing</literal>. Listez toutes les archives "
"nécessaires dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib"
msgstr ""
"deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as as the following."
msgstr ""
"Configurez le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;» "
"comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 100"
msgstr ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 100"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you wish to install a package named \"<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;</"
"literal>\" with its dependencies from <literal>unstable</literal> archive "
"under this configuration, you issue the following command which switches "
"target release with \"<literal>-t</literal>\" option (Pin-Priority of "
"<literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990)."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous désirez installer un paquet appelé «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;"
"nom_paquet&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» avec ses dépendances depuis l’archive "
"<literal>unstable</literal> avec cette configuration, vous utilisez la "
"commande suivante qui modifie la version cible avec l’option «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-t</literal>&nbsp;» (la priorité d’épinglage de <literal>unstable</"
"literal> devient 990)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo apt-get install -t unstable &lt;package-name&gt;"
msgstr "$ sudo apt-get install -t unstable &lt;nom_paquet&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"With this configuration, usual execution of \"<literal>apt-get upgrade</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" (or "
"\"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude full-"
"upgrade</literal>\") upgrades packages which were installed from "
"<literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> "
"archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""
"Avec cette configuration, l’exécution habituelle de «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get "
"upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (ou «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» met à niveau les "
"paquets qui avaient été installés depuis l’archive <literal>testing</"
"literal> en utilisant l’archive <literal>testing</literal> actuelle et les "
"paquets qui avaient été installés depuis l’archive <literal>unstable</"
"literal> en utilisant l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> actuelle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Be careful not to remove \"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry from the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file.  Without "
"\"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages "
"using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""
"Faites bien attention à ne pas supprimer l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>testing</"
"literal>&nbsp;» du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Sans l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>testing</literal>&nbsp;», le "
"système APT mettra à niveau les paquets en utilisant la nouvelle archive "
"<literal>unstable</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"I usually edit the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file to "
"comment out \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" archive entry right after above "
"operation.  This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in "
"the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file although this prevents "
"upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""
"J’édite habituellement le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en commentant l’entrée correspondant à l’archive «&nbsp;"
"<literal>unstable</literal>&nbsp;» juste après avoir effectué les opérations "
"ci-dessus. Cela évite un processus de mise à jour lent en raison du nombre "
"trop important d’entrées dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources."
"list</literal>&nbsp;» bien que cela ne permette pas de mettre à niveau les "
"paquets qui avaient été installés depuis l’archive <literal>unstable</"
"literal> en utilisant l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> actuelle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>\" is used instead of \"<literal>Pin-"
"Priority: 100</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" "
"file, already installed packages having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not "
"upgraded by <literal>unstable</literal> archive even if \"<literal>testing</"
"literal>\" entry in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file is "
"removed."
msgstr ""
"Si on utilise «&nbsp;<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>&nbsp;» à la place de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>&nbsp;» dans le fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;», les paquets déjà installés "
"ayant une valeur de Pin-Priority de 100 ne seront pas mis à niveau depuis "
"l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> même si l’entrée «&nbsp;"
"<literal>testing</literal>&nbsp;» du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/"
"sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» est supprimée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> "
"automatically without initial \"<literal>-t unstable</literal>\" "
"installation, you must create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>"
"\" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez suivre automatiquement un paquet particulier dans "
"<literal>unstable</literal> sans une installation initiale «&nbsp;<literal>-"
"t unstable</literal>&nbsp;», vous devrez créer le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;» et y placer la liste explicite de tous "
"ces paquets au début du fichier de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Package: &lt;package-1&gt;\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700\n"
"\n"
"Package: &lt;package-2&gt;\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700"
msgstr ""
"Package: &lt;paquet-1&gt;\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700\n"
"\n"
"Package: &lt;paquet-2&gt;\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package.  For example, in "
"order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this "
"\"Debian Reference\" in English, you should have following entries in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""
"Cela définit la valeur de Pin-Priority pour chacun de ces paquets "
"spécifiques. Par exemple, pour suivre la dernière version <literal>unstable</"
"literal> de cette «&nbsp;Référence Debian&nbsp;» en français, vous devrez "
"ajouter les entrées suivantes dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/"
"preferences</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Package: debian-reference-en\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700\n"
"\n"
"Package: debian-reference-common\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700"
msgstr ""
"Package: debian-reference-fr\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700\n"
"\n"
"Package: debian-reference-common\n"
"Pin: release a=unstable\n"
"Pin-Priority: 700"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"This apt-pinning technique is valid even when you are tracking "
"<literal>stable</literal> archive.  Documentation packages have been always "
"safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> archive in my experience, "
"so far."
msgstr ""
"Cette technique d’épinglage apt est aussi valable si vous suivez l’archive "
"<literal>stable</literal>. Jusqu’à présent et selon mon expérience, les "
"paquets de documentation ont toujours été sûrs à installer depuis l’archive "
"<literal>unstable</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid ""
"Tracking <literal>unstable</literal> with some packages from "
"<literal>experimental</literal>"
msgstr ""
"Suivre <literal>unstable</literal> avec quelques paquets "
"d’<literal>experimental</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is another example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> "
"technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in "
"<literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>.  "
"You list all required archives in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""
"Voici un autre exemple de technique d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage "
"apt</emphasis> destinée à inclure une version amont plus récente de paquets "
"spécifiques se trouvant dans <literal>experimental</literal> tout en suivant "
"<literal>unstable</literal>. Vous donnez la liste de toutes les archives "
"nécessaires dans fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib"
msgstr ""
"deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free\n"
"deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive "
"is always 1 (&lt;&lt;100) since it is <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref linkend="
"\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>).  There is no need to set Pin-Priority "
"value explicitly in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file "
"just to use <literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track "
"particular packages in it automatically for next upgrading."
msgstr ""
"La valeur de Pin-Priority par défaut pour l’archive <literal>experimental</"
"literal> est toujours de 1 (&lt;&lt;100) car c’est une archive <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">non automatique</emphasis> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>). Il n’y a pas besoin de définir "
"explicitement de valeur de Pin-Priority dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"apt/preferences</literal>&nbsp;» simplement pour utiliser l’archive "
"<literal>experimental</literal> à moins que vous ne désiriez suivre des "
"paquets particuliers dans cette archive de manière automatique pour la mise "
"à niveau suivante."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Automatic download and upgrade of packages"
msgstr "Chargement et mise à niveau automatique de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script "
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>\" to support the automatic download "
"of packages.  This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade "
"of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> "
"package. These can be customized by parameters in \"<literal>/etc/apt/apt."
"conf.d/02backup</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-"
"upgrades</literal>\" as described in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-"
"upgrades/README</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>apt</literal> est diffusé avec son propre script "
"d’événements planifiés (cron) «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</"
"literal>&nbsp;» afin de gérer le téléchargement automatique de paquets. Ce "
"script peut être amélioré afin d’effectuer la mise à niveau automatique des "
"paquets en installant le paquet <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal>. Cela "
"peut être personnalisé à l’aide de paramètres se trouvant dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>&nbsp;» comme décrit dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for "
"the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system.  If the risk "
"of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic "
"upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its "
"security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should "
"consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> est principalement destiné "
"à des mises à jour de sécurité des systèmes <literal>stable</literal>. Si le "
"risque de casser un système <literal>stable</literal> existant par la mise à "
"niveau automatique est plus faible que celui d’avoir un système cassé par un "
"intrus utilisant une de ses failles de sécurité qui a été fermée par une "
"mise à jour de sécurité, vous devriez envisager d’utiliser cette mise à "
"niveau automatique avec les paramètres de configuration suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"1\";"
msgstr ""
"APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"1\";"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are running an <literal>unstable</literal> system, you do not want to "
"use the automatic upgrade since it certainly breaks system some day.  Even "
"for such <literal>unstable</literal> case, you may still want to download "
"packages in advance to save time for the interactive upgrade with "
"configuration parameters as the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous faites tourner un système <literal>unstable</literal>, vous ne "
"devriez pas utiliser les mises à niveau automatiques car cela cassera "
"probablement votre système un jour ou l’autre. Même dans ce cas, avec "
"<literal>unstable</literal>, vous pourrez télécharger des paquets à l’avance "
"afin de gagner du temps pour la mise à niveau interactive avec les "
"paramètres de configuration suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"0\";"
msgstr ""
"APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n"
"APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"0\";"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Limiting download bandwidth for APT"
msgstr "Diminuer la bande passante utilisée par APT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec "
"(=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez limiter la bande passante utilisée par APT à, par exemple, "
"800Kib/sec (=100kio/sec), vous devrez configurer APT avec son paramètre de "
"configuration comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "APT::Acquire::http::Dl-Limit \"800\";"
msgstr "APT::Acquire::http::Dl-Limit \"800\";"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Emergency downgrading"
msgstr "Retour d’urgence à une version précédente (downgrade) "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design.  It should "
"be done only as a part of emergency recovery process.  Despite of this "
"situation, it is known to work well in many incidents.  For critical "
"systems, you should backup all important data on the system after the "
"recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch."
msgstr ""
"Le retour vers une version antérieure n’est pas officiellement géré par "
"Debian dans sa conception. Ce ne devrait être fait qu’en tant que partie "
"d’un processus de récupération d’urgence. Malgré cette situation, on sait "
"que cela fonctionne bien pour de nombreux incidents. Avec les systèmes "
"critiques vous devrez effectuer une sauvegarde des données importantes du "
"système après l’opération de récupération et réinstaller le nouveau système "
"depuis le départ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover "
"from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>).  This is lazy alternative to tedious "
"actions of many \"<literal>dpkg -i &lt;broken-package&gt;_&lt;old-"
"version&gt;.deb</literal>\" commands (see <xref linkend="
"\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez être assez chanceux pour revenir en arrière depuis une archive "
"plus récente vers une archive plus ancienne afin de récupérer une mise à "
"jour du système en manipulant la <emphasis role=\"strong\"> version "
"candidate</emphasis> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version"
"\"/>). Cette méthode est un remplacement de paresseux des nombreuses et "
"fastidieuses commandes «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg -i &lt;paquet-cassé&gt;_&lt;"
"ancienne-version&gt;.deb</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Search lines in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file "
"tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following."
msgstr ""
"Recherchez les lignes du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
"literal>&nbsp;» permettant de suivre <literal>unstable</literal> ayant la "
"forme suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-unstable; main contrib non-free"
msgstr "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-unstable; main contrib non-free"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Remplacez-la avec la suivante pour suivre <literal>testing</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-testing; main contrib non-free"
msgstr "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-testing; main contrib non-free"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""
"Définissez comme suit le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=testing\n"
"Pin-Priority: 1010"
msgstr ""
"Package: *\n"
"Pin: release a=testing\n"
"Pin-Priority: 1010"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" to force "
"downgrading of packages across the system."
msgstr ""
"Lancez «&nbsp;<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour forcer l’installation à une version antérieure des paquets du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Remove this special \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file after "
"this emergency downgrading."
msgstr ""
"Supprimez ce fichier spécial «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</"
"literal>&nbsp;» après ce retour en arrière d’urgence."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"It is a good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize "
"dependency problems.  You may need to manually remove and install some "
"packages to get system downgraded.  Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, "
"APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require "
"special attention."
msgstr ""
"C’est une bonne idée de supprimer (sans purger) autant de paquets que "
"possible afin de limiter les problèmes de dépendances. Vous devrez peut-être "
"supprimer et installer manuellement un certain nombre de paquets afin de "
"remettre le système dans un état antérieur. Le noyau de Linux, le "
"gestionnaire d’amorçage, udev, PAM, APT, et les paquets relatifs au réseau "
"ainsi que leurs fichiers de configuration demandent une attention "
"particulière."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Who uploaded the package?"
msgstr "Qui a envoyé le paquet&nbsp;?"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although the maintainer name listed in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>\" "
"provide some information on \"who is behind the packaging activity\", the "
"actual uploader of the package is somewhat obscure.  "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>who-uploads</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package "
"identifies the actual uploader of Debian source packages."
msgstr ""
"Bien que le nom du responsable figure dans «&nbsp;<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/"
"available</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/nom_paquet/"
"changelog</literal>&nbsp;» procure quelques informations sur «&nbsp;qui se "
"trouve derrière l’activité de construction des paquets&nbsp;», celui qui a "
"réellement envoyé le paquet est un peu obscur. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>who-uploads</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> dans le paquet <literal>devscripts</literal> "
"identifie celui qui a réellement envoyé les paquets sources Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The equivs package"
msgstr "Paquet equivs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, "
"it is best to make it into a real local debianized package (<literal>*.deb</"
"literal>) and use private archive."
msgstr ""
"Si vous devez compiler un programme à partir de ses sources pour remplacer "
"un paquet Debian, le mieux est d’en faire un paquet local réellement «&nbsp;"
"debianisé&nbsp;» (<literal>*.deb</literal>) et d’utiliser une archive privée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under "
"\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" instead, you may need to use "
"<literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package "
"dependency."
msgstr ""
"Si vous choisissez de compiler un programme depuis ses sources et de "
"l’installer plutôt sous «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local</literal>&nbsp;», vous "
"pouvez avoir besoin d’utiliser <literal>equivs</literal> en dernier ressort "
"pour satisfaire les dépendances des paquets manquants."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Package: equivs\n"
"Priority: extra\n"
"Section: admin\n"
"Description: Circumventing Debian package dependencies\n"
" This is a dummy package which can be used to create Debian\n"
" packages, which only contain dependency information."
msgstr ""
"Package: equivs\n"
"Priority: extra\n"
"Section: admin\n"
"Description: Passer outre les dépendances de paquets.\n"
" Ce paquet factice peut être utilisé pour créer des paquets Debian\n"
" qui ne contiennent que des informations sur les dépendances."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Porting a package to the stable system"
msgstr "Porter un paquet vers le système stable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a "
"package within its environment using the source package is desirable.  This "
"avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies."
msgstr ""
"Pour des mises à niveau partielles du système <literal>stable</literal>, il "
"est souhaitable de reconstruire un paquet dans son environnement en "
"utilisant le paquet source. Cela évite des mises à niveau massives de "
"paquets en raison de leurs dépendances."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Add the following entries to the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>"
"\" of a <literal>stable</literal> system."
msgstr ""
"Ajoutez les entrées suivantes au fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources."
"list</literal>&nbsp;» d’un système <literal>stable</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable  main contrib non-free"
msgstr "deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable  main contrib non-free"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Install required packages for the compilation and download the source "
"package as the following."
msgstr ""
"Installez les paquets nécessaires à la compilation et téléchargez les "
"sources comme suit :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# apt-get update\n"
"# apt-get dist-upgrade\n"
"# apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n"
"$ apt-get build-dep foo\n"
"$ apt-get source foo\n"
"$ cd foo*"
msgstr ""
"# apt-get update\n"
"# apt-get dist-upgrade\n"
"# apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n"
"$ apt-get build-dep toto\n"
"$ apt-get source toto\n"
"$ cd toto*"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Update some tool chain packages such as <literal>dpkg</literal>, and "
"<literal>debhelper</literal> from the backport packages if they are required "
"for the backporting."
msgstr ""
"Mettez à jour certains paquets de la chaîne d’outils tels que <literal>dpkg</"
"literal>, et <literal>debhelper</literal> à partir des paquets rétroportés "
"s’ils sont requis pour le rétroportage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Execute the following."
msgstr "Exécutez ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ dch -i"
msgstr "$ dch -i"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Bump package version, e.g. one appended with \"<literal>+bp1</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>debian/changelog</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Incrémentez la version du paquet, en ajoutant, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>"
"+bp1</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>debian/changelog</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Build packages and install them to the system as the following."
msgstr ""
"Construisez les paquets et installez-les sur le système en faisant ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ debuild\n"
"$ cd ..\n"
"# debi foo*.changes"
msgstr ""
"$ debuild\n"
"$ cd ..\n"
"# debi toto*.changes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Proxy server for APT"
msgstr "Serveur mandataire (proxy) pour APT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and "
"network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable "
"consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink url=\"&lan;\">LAN</"
"ulink>.  APT can be configure to use generic web (http) proxy servers such "
"as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_other_network_application_servers\"/>) as described in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/"
"configure-index.gz</literal>\".  The \"<literal>$http_proxy</literal>\" "
"environment variable can be used to override proxy server setting in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""
"Comme effectuer le miroir complet d’une sous-section d’une archive Debian "
"gaspille de l’espace disque et de la bande passante du réseau, il est "
"souhaitable, lorsque vous administrez de nombreux systèmes sur le <ulink url="
"\"&lan;\">LAN</ulink>, de mettre en œuvre un serveur mandataire («&nbsp;"
"proxy&nbsp;») local pour APT. APT peut être configuré pour utiliser un "
"serveur mandataire web (http) générique comme <literal>squid</literal> "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/>) tel que "
"décrit dans  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> et dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>&nbsp;». La "
"variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$http_proxy</literal>&nbsp;» peut "
"être utilisée pour outrepasser le serveur mandataire défini dans le fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive.  You should check BTS "
"before using them."
msgstr ""
"Il y a des outils de proxy spécifiques pour l’archive Debian. Vous devriez "
"consulter le BTS avant de les installer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive"
msgstr "Liste des outils de proxy spécifiques à l’archive Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink url=\"&ocaml;"
"\">OCaml</ulink> program)"
msgstr ""
"serveur proxy avec cache pour les fichiers de l’archive Debian (programme "
"<ulink url=\"&ocaml;\">OCaml</ulink> compilé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)"
msgstr ""
"proxy avec cache pour les paquets et les fichiers source Debian (programme "
"Perl)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)"
msgstr ""
"proxy avec cache pour la distribution de paquets de logiciel (programme C++ "
"compilé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools "
"tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be "
"functional for a while.  On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers "
"are more robust and easier to cope with such changes."
msgstr ""
"Lors que Debian réorganise la structure de son archive, ces outils de proxy "
"spécialisés ont tendance à exiger que le code soit réécrit par le "
"responsable du paquet et peuvent ne plus fonctionner pendant un certain "
"temps. D’un autre côté, les serveurs mandataires web (http) génériques sont "
"plus robustes et s’accommodent plus facilement de tels changements."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Small public package archive"
msgstr "Petite archive publique de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is an example for creating a small public package archive compatible "
"with the modern <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>). Let's assume "
"few things."
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple de création d’une petite archive publique de paquets "
"compatible avec le système moderne d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">APT "
"sécurisée</emphasis> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>). Définissons un certain "
"nombre de choses&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Account name: \"<literal>foo</literal>\""
msgstr "Nom du compte&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>toto</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Host name: \"<literal>www.example.com</literal>\""
msgstr "Nom de machine&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>www.example.com</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Required packages: <literal>apt-utils</literal>, <literal>gnupg</literal>, "
"and other packages"
msgstr ""
"Paquets nécessaires&nbsp;: <literal>apt-utils</literal>, <literal>gnupg</"
"literal>, et autres paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"URL: \"<literal>http://www.example.com/~foo/</literal>\" ( → \"<literal>/"
"home/foo/public_html/index.html</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"URL&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>http://www.example.com/~toto/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ( → «&nbsp;<literal>/home/foo/public_html/index.html</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Architecture of packages: \"<literal>amd64</literal>\""
msgstr "Architecture des paquets&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>amd64</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create an APT archive key of Foo on your server system as the following."
msgstr ""
"Créez une clé d’archive APT de Toto sur votre serveur en faisant ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ssh foo@www.example.com\n"
"$ gpg --gen-key\n"
"...\n"
"$ gpg -K\n"
"...\n"
"sec   1024D/3A3CB5A6 2008-08-14\n"
"uid                  Foo (ARCHIVE KEY) &lt;foo@www.example.com&gt;\n"
"ssb   2048g/6856F4A7 2008-08-14\n"
"$ gpg --export -a 3A3CB5A6 &gt;foo.public.key"
msgstr ""
"$ ssh foo@www.example.com\n"
"$ gpg --gen-key\n"
"...\n"
"$ gpg -K\n"
"...\n"
"sec   1024D/3A3CB5A6 2008-08-14\n"
"uid                  Toto (ARCHIVE KEY) &lt;toto@www.example.com&gt;\n"
"ssb   2048g/6856F4A7 2008-08-14\n"
"$ gpg --export -a 3A3CB5A6 &gt;toto.public.key"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Publish the archive key file \"<literal>foo.public.key</literal>\" with the "
"key ID \"<literal>3A3CB5A6</literal>\" for Foo"
msgstr ""
"Publiez le fichier contenant la clé de l’archive «&nbsp;<literal>toto.public."
"key</literal>&nbsp;» avec l’ID de clé «&nbsp;<literal>3A3CB5A6</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Create an archive tree called \"Origin: Foo\" as the following."
msgstr ""
"Créez une arborescence d’archive appelée «&nbsp;Origin: Toto&nbsp;» comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ umask 022\n"
"$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/pool/main\n"
"$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\n"
"$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/source\n"
"$ cd ~/public_html/debian\n"
"$ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release &lt;&lt; EOF\n"
"Archive: unstable\n"
"Version: 4.0\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Origin: Foo\n"
"Label: Foo\n"
"Architecture: amd64\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/source/Release &lt;&lt; EOF\n"
"Archive: unstable\n"
"Version: 4.0\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Origin: Foo\n"
"Label: Foo\n"
"Architecture: source\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ cat &gt;aptftp.conf &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
"APT::FTPArchive::Release {\n"
"  Origin \"Foo\";\n"
"  Label \"Foo\";\n"
"  Suite \"unstable\";\n"
"  Codename \"sid\";\n"
"  Architectures \"amd64\";\n"
"  Components \"main\";\n"
"  Description \"Public archive for Foo\";\n"
"};\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ cat &gt;aptgenerate.conf &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
"Dir::ArchiveDir \".\";\n"
"Dir::CacheDir \".\";\n"
"TreeDefault::Directory \"pool/\";\n"
"TreeDefault::SrcDirectory \"pool/\";\n"
"Default::Packages::Extensions \".deb\";\n"
"Default::Packages::Compress \". gzip bzip2\";\n"
"Default::Sources::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n"
"Default::Contents::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n"
"\n"
"BinDirectory \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\" {\n"
"  Packages \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Packages\";\n"
"  Contents \"dists/unstable/Contents-amd64\";\n"
"  SrcPackages \"dists/unstable/main/source/Sources\";\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"Tree \"dists/unstable\" {\n"
"  Sections \"main\";\n"
"  Architectures \"amd64 source\";\n"
"};\n"
"EOF"
msgstr ""
"$ umask 022\n"
"$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/pool/main\n"
"$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\n"
"$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/source\n"
"$ cd ~/public_html/debian\n"
"$ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release &lt;&lt; EOF\n"
"Archive: unstable\n"
"Version: 4.0\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Origin: Foo\n"
"Label: Foo\n"
"Architecture: amd64\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/source/Release &lt;&lt; EOF\n"
"Archive: unstable\n"
"Version: 4.0\n"
"Component: main\n"
"Origin: Foo\n"
"Label: Foo\n"
"Architecture: source\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ cat &gt;aptftp.conf &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
"APT::FTPArchive::Release {\n"
"  Origin \"Foo\";\n"
"  Label \"Foo\";\n"
"  Suite \"unstable\";\n"
"  Codename \"sid\";\n"
"  Architectures \"amd64\";\n"
"  Components \"main\";\n"
"  Description \"Archive publique de Toto\";\n"
"};\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ cat &gt;aptgenerate.conf &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
"Dir::ArchiveDir \".\";\n"
"Dir::CacheDir \".\";\n"
"TreeDefault::Directory \"pool/\";\n"
"TreeDefault::SrcDirectory \"pool/\";\n"
"Default::Packages::Extensions \".deb\";\n"
"Default::Packages::Compress \". gzip bzip2\";\n"
"Default::Sources::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n"
"Default::Contents::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n"
"\n"
"BinDirectory \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\" {\n"
"  Packages \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Packages\";\n"
"  Contents \"dists/unstable/Contents-amd64\";\n"
"  SrcPackages \"dists/unstable/main/source/Sources\";\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"Tree \"dists/unstable\" {\n"
"  Sections \"main\";\n"
"  Architectures \"amd64 source\";\n"
"};\n"
"EOF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can automate repetitive updates of APT archive contents on your server "
"system by configuring <literal>dupload</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez automatiser les mises à jour répétitives du contenu de l’archive "
"APT sur votre serveur en configurant <literal>dupload</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Place all package files into \"<literal>~foo/public_html/debian/pool/main/</"
"literal>\" by executing \"<literal>dupload -t foo changes_file</literal>\" "
"in client while having \"<literal>~/.dupload.conf</literal>\" containing the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Placez tous les fichiers de paquets dans «&nbsp;<literal>~toto/public_html/"
"debian/pool/main/</literal>&nbsp;» en exécutant «&nbsp;<literal>dupload -t "
"toto changes_file</literal>&nbsp;» dans le client avec «&nbsp;<literal>~/."
"dupload.conf </literal>&nbsp;» contenant ce qui suite&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$cfg{'foo'} = {\n"
"  fqdn =&gt; \"www.example.com\",\n"
"  method =&gt; \"scpb\",\n"
"  incoming =&gt; \"/home/foo/public_html/debian/pool/main\",\n"
"  # The dinstall on ftp-master sends emails itself\n"
"  dinstall_runs =&gt; 1,\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"$cfg{'foo'}{postupload}{'changes'} = \"\n"
"  echo 'cd public_html/debian ;\n"
"  apt-ftparchive generate -c=aptftp.conf aptgenerate.conf;\n"
"  apt-ftparchive release -c=aptftp.conf dists/unstable &gt;dists/unstable/Release ;\n"
"  rm -f dists/unstable/Release.gpg ;\n"
"  gpg -u 3A3CB5A6 -bao dists/unstable/Release.gpg dists/unstable/Release'|\n"
"  ssh foo@www.example.com  2&gt;/dev/null ;\n"
"  echo 'Package archive created!'\";"
msgstr ""
"$cfg{'toto'} = {\n"
"  fqdn =&gt; \"www.example.com\",\n"
"  method =&gt; \"scpb\",\n"
"  incoming =&gt; \"/home/toto/public_html/debian/pool/main\",\n"
"  # dinstall de ftp-master s'envoie lui-même des courriels\n"
"  dinstall_runs =&gt; 1,\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"$cfg{'toto'}{postupload}{'changes'} = \"\n"
"  echo 'cd public_html/debian ;\n"
"  apt-ftparchive generate -c=aptftp.conf aptgenerate.conf;\n"
"  apt-ftparchive release -c=aptftp.conf dists/unstable &gt;dists/unstable/Release ;\n"
"  rm -f dists/unstable/Release.gpg ;\n"
"  gpg -u 3A3CB5A6 -bao dists/unstable/Release.gpg dists/unstable/Release'|\n"
"  ssh toto@www.example.com  2&gt;/dev/null ;\n"
"  echo 'Archive de paquets créée.'\";"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">postupload</emphasis> hook script initiated by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dupload</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> creates updated archive files for each upload."
msgstr ""
"Le script automatique («&nbsp;hook&nbsp;» <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">postupload</emphasis> lancé par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dupload</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> crée une archive mise "
"à jour des fichiers lors de chaque dépôt («&nbsp;upload&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can add this small public archive to the apt-line of your client system "
"by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez ajouter cette petite archive publique à la ligne apt de votre "
"système client par ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo bash\n"
"# echo \"deb http://www.example.com/~foo/debian/ unstable main\" \\\n"
"   &gt;&gt; /etc/apt/sources.list\n"
"# apt-key add foo.public.key"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo bash\n"
"# echo \"deb http://www.example.com/~foo/debian/ unstable main\" \\\n"
"   &gt;&gt; /etc/apt/sources.list\n"
"# apt-key add toto.public.key"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If the archive is located on the local filesystem, you can use "
"\"<literal>deb file:///home/foo/debian/ …</literal>\" instead."
msgstr ""
"Si l’archive est située sur le système de fichiers local, vous pouvez "
"utiliser à la place «&nbsp;<literal>deb file:///home/toto/debian/ …</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recording and copying system configuration"
msgstr "Enregistrer et copier la configuration du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can make a local copy of the package and debconf selection states by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez faire une copie locale de l’état de la sélection des paquets et "
"de debconf à l’aide des commandes suivantes :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt; selection.dpkg\n"
"# debconf-get-selections    &gt; selection.debconf"
msgstr ""
"# dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt; selection.dpkg\n"
"# debconf-get-selections    &gt; selection.debconf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, \"<literal>*</literal>\" makes \"<literal>selection.dpkg</literal>\" "
"to include package entries for \"purge\" too."
msgstr ""
"Ici, «&nbsp;<literal>*</literal>&nbsp;» fait que «&nbsp;<literal>selection."
"dpkg</literal>&nbsp;» comportera aussi les entrées de paquets à «&nbsp;"
"purger&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can transfer these 2 files to another computer, and install there with "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez transférer ces 2 fichiers vers un autre ordinateur, et les y "
"installer avec&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dselect update\n"
"# debconf-set-selections &lt; myselection.debconf\n"
"# dpkg --set-selections  &lt; myselection.dpkg\n"
"# apt-get -u dselect-upgrade    # or dselect install"
msgstr ""
"# dselect update\n"
"# debconf-set-selections &lt; myselection.debconf\n"
"# dpkg --set-selections  &lt; myselection.dpkg\n"
"# apt-get -u dselect-upgrade    # ou dselect install"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are thinking about managing many servers in a cluster with "
"practically the same configuration, you should consider to use specialized "
"package such as <literal>fai</literal> to manage the whole system."
msgstr ""
"Si vous envisagez de gérer de nombreux serveurs dans une grappe avec "
"pratiquement la même configuration, vous devriez envisager d’utiliser un "
"paquet spécialisé tel que <literal>fai</literal> pour gérer l’ensemble du "
"système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Converting or installing an alien binary package"
msgstr "Convertir ou installer un paquet binaire non Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> enables the conversion of binary packages provided in Red Hat "
"<literal>rpm</literal>, Stampede <literal>slp</literal>, Slackware "
"<literal>tgz</literal>, and Solaris <literal>pkg</literal> file formats into "
"a Debian <literal>deb</literal> package.  If you want to use a package from "
"another Linux distribution than the one you have installed on your system, "
"you can use <literal>alien</literal> to convert it from your preferred "
"package format and install it.  <literal>alien</literal> also supports LSB "
"packages."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> permet de convertir des paquets binaires fournis dans les "
"fichiers de format <literal>rpm</literal> de Red Hat, <literal>slp</"
"literal>, de Stampede, <literal>tgz</literal> de Slackware et <literal>pkg</"
"literal> de Solaris sous forme de paquet <literal>deb</literal> de Debian. "
"Si vous voulez utiliser des paquets d’une autre distribution Linux que celle "
"sur laquelle vous avez installé sur votre système, vous pouvez utiliser "
"<literal>alien</literal> pour les convertir depuis votre format de paquets "
"préféré et les installer. <literal>alien </literal> prend aussi en charge "
"les paquets LSB."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> should not be used to replace essential system packages, such "
"as <literal>sysvinit</literal>, <literal>libc6</literal>, <literal>libpam-"
"modules</literal>, etc.  Practically, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> should only be used "
"for <emphasis role=\"strong\">non-free</emphasis> binary-only packages which "
"are LSB compliant or statically linked.  For free softwares, you should use "
"their source packages to make real Debian packages."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ne devrait pas être utilisé pour remplacer des paquets "
"essentiels du système, tels que <literal>sysvinit</literal>, <literal>libc6</"
"literal>, <literal>libpam-modules</literal>, etc. En pratique, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ne devrait être utilisé que pour des paquets <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">non libres</emphasis> uniquement binaires qui soient conformes à "
"LSB et liés statiquement. Pour les logiciels libres, vous devriez utiliser "
"leur paquet source pour en faire de vrais paquets Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Extracting package without dpkg"
msgstr "Extraire un paquet sans dpkg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>dpkg*.deb</literal>\" package contents can be extracted "
"without using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> on any <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> "
"environment using standard <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Le contenu du paquet «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg*.deb</literal>&nbsp;» peut être "
"extrait sans utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sur un environnement "
"quelconque <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">UNIX-like</ulink> en utilisant les "
"commandes standards <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# ar x /path/to/dpkg_&lt;version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb\n"
"# ls\n"
"total 24\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo  1320 2007-05-07 00:11 control.tar.gz\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 12837 2007-05-07 00:11 data.tar.gz\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo     4 2007-05-07 00:11 debian-binary\n"
"# mkdir control\n"
"# mkdir data\n"
"# tar xvzf control.tar.gz -C control\n"
"# tar xvzf data.tar.gz -C data"
msgstr ""
"# ar x /path/to/dpkg_&lt;version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb\n"
"# ls\n"
"total 24\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo  1320 2007-05-07 00:11 control.tar.gz\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 12837 2007-05-07 00:11 data.tar.gz\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo     4 2007-05-07 00:11 debian-binary\n"
"# mkdir control\n"
"# mkdir data\n"
"# tar xvzf control.tar.gz -C control\n"
"# tar xvzf data.tar.gz -C data"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The other \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" package contents can be extracted by "
"the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-deb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command obtained from the \"<literal>dpkg*.deb</"
"literal>\" package as above; or using standard "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and newer GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> decompression support similarly as above."
msgstr ""
"Le contenu de l’autre paquet «&nbsp;<literal>*.deb</literal>&nbsp; peut être "
"extrait avec la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-deb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, elle-même extraite du "
"paquet \"<literal>dpkg*.deb</literal>\" évoqué au paragraphe précédent ; ou "
"en utilisant les outils standards <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et son descendant GNU "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avec les fonctions <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xz</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> de désarchivage/"
"décompression, comme dans les exemples ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can also browse package content using the <literal>mc</literal> command."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi parcourir le contenu du paquet en utilisant la commande "
"<literal>mc</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "More readings for the package management"
msgstr "Autres lectures concernant la gestion des paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can learn more on the package management from following documentations."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez en apprendre davantage sur la gestion des paquets dans les "
"documentations suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Primary documentations on the package management:"
msgstr "Documentations primaires sur la gestion des paquets&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tasksel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-key</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>;"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tasksel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-key</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>\" from "
"the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index."
"html</literal>&nbsp;» du paquet <literal>apt-doc</literal>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>\" from the "
"<literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>&nbsp;» "
"du paquet <literal>aptitude-doc-fr</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:"
msgstr "Documentations officielles et détaillées sur l’archive Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Policy Manual "
"Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive\"</ulink>,"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">«&nbsp;Charte Debian, "
"chapitre 2 - L’archive Debian&nbsp;»</ulink>,"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Developer's "
"Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian archive"
"\"</ulink>, and"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;\">«&nbsp;Manuel de référence "
"du développeur Debian, chapitre 4 - Ressources pour les développeurs Debian "
"4.6 L’archive Debian&nbsp;»</ulink> et"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;\">\"The Debian GNU/Linux "
"FAQ, Chapter 6 - The Debian FTP archives\"</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;\">«&nbsp;FAQ de Debian GNU/"
"Linux, chapitre 6 - Les archives FTP Debian&nbsp;»</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:"
msgstr ""
"Didacticiel pour la construction d’un paquet Debian pour les utilisateurs "
"Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\">\"Debian New Maintainers' Guide"
"\"</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\">&lt;Guide du nouveau "
"responsable Debian&gt;</ulink>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "The system initialization"
msgstr "Initialisation du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the "
"Debian system is started and configured.  Although the exact details are in "
"the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a "
"bit overwhelming for most of us."
msgstr ""
"En tant tant qu’administrateur du système, il est sage que vous sachiez en "
"gros comment le système Debian est démarré et configuré. Bien que les "
"détails exacts figurent dans les fichiers sources des paquets installés et "
"dans leurs documentations, c’est un peu pénible pour la plupart d’entre-nous."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I did my best to provide a quick overview of the key points of the Debian "
"system and their configuration for your reference, based on the current and "
"previous knowledge of mine and others. Since the Debian system is a moving "
"target, the situation over the system may have been changed.  Before making "
"any changes to the system, you should refer to the latest documentation for "
"each package."
msgstr ""
"J’ai fait de mon mieux pour fournir un aperçu rapide des points-clés du "
"système Debian et de sa configuration pour vous servir de référence en me "
"basant sur mes propres connaissances actuelles et antérieures et celles des "
"autres. Comme le système Debian est une cible changeante, la situation sur "
"le système peut avoir changé. Avant de faire une quelconque modification au "
"système, vous devrez vous référer à la dernière documentation de chacun des "
"paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "An overview of the boot strap process"
msgstr "Aperçu du processus d’amorçage du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink url="
"\"&bootstrapprocesses;\">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on "
"event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the user."
msgstr ""
"Le système informatique subit plusieurs phases de <ulink url="
"\"&bootstrapprocesses;\">processus d’amorçage</ulink> («&nbsp;boot strap "
"process&nbsp;») depuis l’événement de mise sous tension jusqu’à ce qu’il "
"offre à l’utilisateur un système d’exploitation (OS) pleinement fonctionnel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the "
"default installation."
msgstr ""
"Pour des raison de simplicité, je limiterai la discussion à une plateforme "
"PC typique avec l’installation par défaut."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket.  Each stage "
"rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one."
msgstr ""
"Le processus d’amorçage typique est comme une fusée à quatre étages. Chaque "
"étage de la fusée passe le contrôle du système à l’étage suivant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_1_the_bios\"/>"
msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_1_the_bios\"/>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>"
msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_3_the_mini_debian_system\"/>"
msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_3_the_mini_debian_system\"/>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_4_the_normal_debian_system\"/>"
msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_4_the_normal_debian_system\"/>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Of course, these can be configured differently.  For example, if you "
"compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian "
"system.  So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you "
"check it yourself."
msgstr ""
"Bien entendu, elles peuvent être configurées de manière différente. Par "
"exemple, si vous avez compilé votre propre noyau, vous pouvez sautez l’étape "
"avec le système mini-Debian. Ne supposez donc pas que c’est le cas sur votre "
"système avant de l’avoir vérifié vous-même."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For non-legacy PC platform such as the SUN or the Macintosh system, the BIOS "
"on ROM and the partition on the disk may be quite different (<xref linkend="
"\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>).  Please seek the platform specific "
"documentations elsewhere for such a case."
msgstr ""
"Pour les plateformes autres que les PC traditionnels tels que les systèmes "
"SUN ou Macintosh, le BIOS sur la ROM et la partition sur le disque peuvent "
"être assez différents (<xref linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>). "
"Veuillez dans ce cas rechercher ailleurs une documentation spécifique à "
"votre plateforme."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Stage 1: the BIOS"
msgstr "Étage 1&nbsp;: le BIOS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink> is the 1st stage of the boot process "
"which is started by the power-on event. The <ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</"
"ulink> residing on the <ulink url=\"&readonlymemoryrom;\">read only memory "
"(ROM)</ulink> is executed from the particular memory address to which the "
"program counter of CPU is initialized by the power-on event."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink> est la première étape du processus "
"d’amorçage, il est est démarré par l’événement de mise sous tension. Le "
"<ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink>, qui est implanté sur une <ulink url="
"\"&readonlymemoryrom;\">mémoire à lecture seule (ROM)</ulink>, est exécuté "
"depuis l’adresse mémoire particulière à laquelle le pointeur de programme du "
"processeur est initialisé par l’événement de mise sous tension."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This BIOS performs the basic initialization of the hardware (<ulink url="
"\"&postpoweronselftest;\">POST: power on self test</ulink>) and hands the "
"system control to the next step which you provide.  The BIOS is usually "
"provided with the hardware."
msgstr ""
"Ce BIOS effectue l’initialisation de base du matériel (<ulink url="
"\"&postpoweronselftest;\">POST&nbsp;: autotest à la mise sous tension</"
"ulink>) («&nbsp;power on self test&nbsp;») et passe le contrôle du système à "
"l’étape suivante que vous lui indiquez. Le BIOS est habituellement fourni "
"avec le matériel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The BIOS startup screen usually indicates what key(s) to press to enter the "
"BIOS setup screen to configure the BIOS behavior. Popular keys used are F1, "
"F2, F10, Esc, Ins, and Del. If your BIOS startup screen is hidden by a nice "
"graphics screen, you may press some keys such as Esc to disable this.  These "
"keys are highly dependent on the hardware."
msgstr ""
"L’écran de démarrage du BIOS indique en général quelle(s) touche(s) presser "
"pour entrer dans l’écran de configuration du BIOS afin de paramétrer son "
"comportement. Des touches courantes sont F1, F2, F10, Échap, Ins et Suppr. "
"Si l’écran de démarrage de votre BIOS est caché par un bel écran graphique, "
"vous pouvez essayer de presser différentes touches comme Échap pour "
"désactiver cet écran. Ces touches dépendent beaucoup du matériel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The hardware location and the priority of the code started by the BIOS can "
"be selected from the BIOS setup screen.  Typically, the first few sectors of "
"the first found selected device (hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, …) are "
"loaded to the memory and this initial code is executed.  This initial code "
"can be any one of the following."
msgstr ""
"L’emplacement du matériel et la priorité du code lancé par le BIOS peuvent "
"être définis depuis l’écran de configuration du BIOS. Typiquement, quelques "
"secteurs de début du premier périphérique sélectionné qui est trouvé (disque "
"dur, disquette, CD-ROM, …) sont chargés en mémoire et le code initial est "
"exécuté. Ce code peut être l’un des suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The boot loader code"
msgstr "code du chargeur initial&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The kernel code of the stepping stone OS such as <ulink url=\"&freedos;"
"\">FreeDOS</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"code du noyau d’un OS de transition comme <ulink url=\"&freedos;\">FreeDOS</"
"ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The kernel code of the target OS if it fits in this small space"
msgstr ""
"code du système d’exploitation cible s’il peut tenir dans cet espace réduit."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Typically, the system is booted from the specified partition of the primary "
"hard disk partition. First 2 sectors of the hard disk on legacy PC contain "
"the <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">master boot record (MBR)</ulink>.  "
"The disk partition information including the boot selection is recorded at "
"the end of this MBR. The first boot loader code executed from the BIOS "
"occupies the rest of this MBR."
msgstr ""
"Typiquement, le système est amorcé depuis la partition spécifiée du disque "
"dur primaire. Les deux premiers secteurs du disque dur d’un PC traditionnel "
"contiennent l’<ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">enregistrement maître "
"d’amorçage (MBR)</ulink>. («&nbsp;master boot record&nbsp;»). Les "
"informations de partition du disque, y compris la sélection de l’amorçage, "
"sont enregistrées à la fin de ce MBR. Le code initial du chargeur d’amorçage "
"exécuté depuis le BIOS occupe le reste de ce MBR."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Stage 2: the boot loader"
msgstr "Étage 2&nbsp;: le chargeur initial"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&bootloader;\">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the "
"boot process which is started by the BIOS.  It loads the system kernel image "
"and the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands "
"control over to them.  This initrd image is the root filesystem image and "
"its support depends on the bootloader used."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&bootloader;\">chargeur initial</ulink> («&nbsp;boot "
"loader&nbsp;») est le deuxième étage du processus d’amorçage, il est lancé "
"depuis le BIOS. Il charge en mémoire l’image du noyau du système et l’image "
"<ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> et leur passe le contrôle. Cette "
"image mémoire initiale («&nbsp;initrd image&nbsp;») est l’image du système "
"de fichiers racine et sa prise en compte dépend du chargeur initial utilisé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system "
"kernel. The initrd image for the current 2.6/3.x Linux kernel is technically "
"the initramfs (initial RAM filesystem) image. The initramfs image is a "
"gzipped cpio archive of files in the root filesystem."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian utilise normalement le noyau de Linux comme noyau de "
"système par défaut. L’image mémoire initiale de l’actuel noyau de Linux "
"2.6/3.x est techniquement l’image initramfs (initial RAM filesystem&nbsp;: "
"système de fichiers initial en mémoire). L’image initramfs est une archive "
"cpio, compressée à l’aide de gzip, des fichiers du système de fichiers "
"racine."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The default install of the Debian system places first-stage GRUB boot loader "
"code into the <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> for the PC platform. There "
"are many boot loaders and configuration options available."
msgstr ""
"L’installation par défaut du système Debian place, pour la plateforme PC, le "
"premier étage du code du chargeur initial GRUB sur le <ulink url=\"&mbr;"
"\">MBR</ulink>. Il existe de nombreux chargeurs d’amorçage et d’options de "
"configuration possibles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of boot loaders"
msgstr "Liste des chargeurs initiaux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "initrd"
msgstr "initrd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "bootloader"
msgstr "chargeur initial"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Supported"
msgstr "Pris en charge"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&grublegacy;\">GRUB Legacy</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&grublegacy;\">GRUB Legacy</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as "
"vfat, ext3, …."
msgstr ""
"assez intelligent pour comprendre le partitionnement du disque et des "
"systèmes de fichiers tels que vfat, ext3…"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&grubc;\">GRUB 2</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&grubc;\">GRUB 2</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as "
"vfat, ext4, …. (default)"
msgstr ""
"assez intelligent pour comprendre le partitionnement du disque et des "
"systèmes de fichiers tels que vfat, ext4… (défaut)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)"
msgstr ""
"images de secours amorçables de GRUB 2 (CD et disquettes) (versions PC/BIOS)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&lilo;\">Lilo</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&lilo;\">Lilo</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "This relies on the sector locations of data on the hard disk. (Old)"
msgstr ""
"réside sur les emplacements des secteurs de données du disque dur (Ancien)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isolinux;\">Isolinux</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isolinux;\">Isolinux</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "This understands the ISO9660 filesystem.  This is used by the boot CD."
msgstr ""
"il comprend le système de fichiers ISO9660. C’est utilisé pour le CD "
"d’amorçage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&syslinux;\">Syslinux</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&syslinux;\">Syslinux</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"This understands the <ulink url=\"&msdosfilesystemfat;\">MSDOS filesystem "
"(FAT)</ulink>.  This is used by the boot floppy."
msgstr ""
"il comprend le <ulink url=\"&msdosfilesystemfat;\">système de fichiers MSDOS "
"(FAT)</ulink>. Il est utilisé par la disquette d’amorçage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&loadlin;\">Loadlin</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&loadlin;\">Loadlin</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system."
msgstr "un nouveau système est démarré depuis le système FreeDOS/MSDOS."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Not supported"
msgstr "Non pris en charge"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&mbrbyneilturton;\">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&mbrbyneilturton;\">MBR par Neil Turton</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</"
"ulink>.  This only understands disk partitions."
msgstr ""
"c’est un logiciel libre qui se substitue au <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> "
"de MSDOS. Il ne comprend que les partitions sur disques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not play with boot loaders without having bootable rescue media (CD or "
"floppy) created from images in the <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> "
"package.  It makes you boot your system even without functioning bootloader "
"on the hard disk."
msgstr ""
"Ne jouez pas avec les chargeurs d’amorçage sans avoir un support de secours "
"amorçable (CD ou disquette) créé à partir des images du paquet <literal>grub-"
"rescue-pc</literal>. Il vous permettra de démarrer votre système sans même "
"avoir de chargeur initial fonctionnel sur le disque dur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For GRUB Legacy, the menu configuration file is located at \"<literal>/boot/"
"grub/menu.lst</literal>\".  For example, it has entries as the following."
msgstr ""
"Le menu de configuration de GRUB Legacy est situé en «&nbsp;<literal>/boot/"
"grub/menu.lst</literal>&nbsp;». Il peut, par exemple, avoir les entrées "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"title           Debian GNU/Linux\n"
"root            (hd0,2)\n"
"kernel          /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3 ro\n"
"initrd          /initrd.img"
msgstr ""
"title           Debian GNU/Linux\n"
"root            (hd0,2)\n"
"kernel          /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3 ro\n"
"initrd          /initrd.img"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For GRUB 2, the menu configuration file is located at \"<literal>/boot/grub/"
"grub.cfg</literal>\". It is automatically generated by \"<literal>/usr/sbin/"
"update-grub</literal>\" using templates from \"<literal>/etc/grub.d/*</"
"literal>\" and settings from \"<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>\".  For "
"example, it has entries as the following."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier de menu de configuration de GRUB 2 est situé en &nbsp;<literal>/"
"boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>&nbsp;». Il est automatiquement créé par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/sbin/update-grub</literal>&nbsp;» depuis les modèles situés "
"dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/grub.d/*</literal>&nbsp;» et les paramètres situés "
"en «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>&nbsp;». Il peut, par exemple, "
"avoir les entrées suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"menuentry \"Debian GNU/Linux\" {\n"
"        set root=(hd0,3)\n"
"        linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3\n"
"        initrd /initrd.img\n"
"}"
msgstr ""
"menuentry \"Debian GNU/Linux\" {\n"
"        set root=(hd0,3)\n"
"        linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3\n"
"        initrd /initrd.img\n"
"}"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For these examples, these GRUB parameters mean the following."
msgstr ""
"Les paramètres de GRUB pour ces exemples ont la signification suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "The meaning of GRUB parameters"
msgstr "Signification des paramètres de GRUB"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "GRUB parameter"
msgstr "Paramètres de GRUB"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>root</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>root</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"use 3rd partition on the primary disk by setting it as \"<literal>(hd0,2)</"
"literal>\" in GRUB legacy or as \"<literal>(hd0,3)</literal>\" in GRUB 2"
msgstr ""
"utiliser la 3ème partition du premier disque en la désignant par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>(hd0,2)</literal>&nbsp;» avec GRUB legacy ou par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>(hd0,3)</literal>&nbsp;» dans GRUB 2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>kernel</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>kernel</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"use kernel located at \"<literal>/vmlinuz</literal>\" with kernel parameter: "
"\"<literal>root=/dev/hda3 ro</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"utiliser le noyau se trouvant en «&nbsp;<literal>/vmlinuz</literal>&nbsp;» "
"avec le paramètre du noyau&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>root=/dev/hda3 ro</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>initrd</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>initrd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"use <ulink url=\"&initrdinitramfs;\">initrd/initramfs</ulink> image located "
"at \"<literal>/initrd.img</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"utiliser l’image <ulink url=\"&initrdinitramfs;\">initrd/initramfs</ulink> "
"située en «&nbsp;<literal>/initrd.img</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The value of the partition number used by GRUB legacy program is one less "
"than normal one used by Linux kernel and utility tools.  GRUB 2 program "
"fixes this problem."
msgstr ""
"La valeur du numéro de partition utilisé par le programme «&nbsp;GRUB "
"legacy&nbsp;» est inférieure d’un unité à celle normalement utilisée par le "
"noyau de Linux et les outils utilitaires. Le programme GRUB 2 corrige ce "
"problème."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) may be used to identify a block "
"special device instead of its file name such as \"<literal>/dev/hda3</"
"literal>\", e.g.\"<literal>root=UUID=81b289d5-4341-4003-9602-e254a17ac232 "
"ro</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Un <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) peut être utilisé pour identifier un "
"périphérique spécial par bloc plutôt que son nom de fichier comme «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/hda3</literal>&nbsp;», par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>root=UUID=81b289d5-4341-4003-9602-e254a17ac232 ro</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If <ulink url=\"&grub;\">GRUB</ulink> is used, the kernel boot parameter is "
"set in <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>.  On Debian system, you should "
"not edit <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal> directly.  You should edit "
"the <literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</literal> value in <literal>/etc/"
"default/grub</literal> and run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-grub</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to update <literal>/"
"boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Si <ulink url=\"&grub;\">GRUB</ulink> est le chargeur en usage, le paramètre "
"de démarrage du noyau est spécifié dans <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</"
"literal>. Sur les systèmes Debian, il ne faut pas modifier soi-même "
"<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>. Il faut modifier la valeur de "
"<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</literal> dans <literal>/etc/default/"
"grub</literal> puis exécuter <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-grub</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui se charge de la "
"mise à jour de <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can start a boot loader from another boot loader using techniques called "
"<ulink url=\"&chainloading;\">chain loading</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez démarrer un chargeur d’amorçage depuis un autre chargeur "
"d’amorçage en utilisant une technique appelée <ulink url=\"&chainloading;"
"\">chargement en chaîne</ulink> («&nbsp;chain loading&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>info grub</literal>\" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grub-"
"install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>info grub</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grub-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Stage 3: the mini-Debian system"
msgstr "Étage 3&nbsp;: le système mini-Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started "
"by the boot loader.  It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on "
"the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process."
msgstr ""
"Le système mini-Debian est la troisième étape du processus d’amorçage lancée "
"par le chargeur d’amorçage. Elle lance le noyau du système avec son système "
"de fichiers racine en mémoire. C’est une étape préparatoire facultative du "
"processus de démarrage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The term \"the mini-Debian system\" is coined by the author to describe this "
"3rd stage boot process for this document.  This system is commonly referred "
"as the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar "
"system on the memory is used by <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the "
"Debian Installer</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le terme «&nbsp;système mini-Debian&nbsp;» est utilisé par l’auteur pour "
"décrire dans ce document cette 3ème étape du processus de démarrage. On "
"désigne souvent ce système par système <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</"
"ulink>. Un système semblable en mémoire est utilisé par <ulink url="
"\"&thedebianinstaller;\">l’installateur Debian</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/init</literal>\" script is executed as the first program in "
"this root filesystem on the memory.  It is a shell script program which "
"initializes the kernel in user space and hands control over to the next "
"stage. This mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such "
"as adding kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root "
"filesystem as an encrypted one."
msgstr ""
"Le script «&nbsp;<literal>/init</literal>&nbsp;» est exécuté en tant que "
"premier programme sur le système de fichiers racine en mémoire. C’est un "
"script de l’interpréteur de commandes qui initialise le noyau dans l’espace "
"utilisateur et passe le contrôle au reste de l’étage. Ce système mini-Debian "
"offre au système d’amorçage une flexibilité comme l’ajout de modules du "
"noyau avant le processus de démarrage principal ou le montage du système de "
"fichiers racines en mode chiffré."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by "
"providing \"<literal>break=init</literal>\" etc. to the kernel boot "
"parameter. See the \"<literal>/init</literal>\" script for more break "
"conditions.  This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good "
"inspection of your machine's hardware."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez interrompre cette partie du processus d’amorçage afin d’obtenir "
"l’invite de l’interpréteur de l’administrateur en indiquant «&nbsp;"
"<literal>break=init</literal>&nbsp;» etc. comme paramètre de démarrage du "
"noyau. Consultez le script «&nbsp;<literal>/init</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"d’autres conditions d’interruption. Cet environnement d’interpréteur de "
"commandes est suffisamment sophistiqué pour effectuer une bonne inspection "
"du matériel de votre machine."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and "
"mainly provided by a GNU tool called <citerefentry><refentrytitle>busybox</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes disponibles avec ce système mini-Debian sont des commandes "
"réduites et sont principalement fournies par un outil GNU appelé "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"You need to use \"<literal>-n</literal>\" option for <literal>mount</"
"literal> command when you are on the readonly root filesystem."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez utiliser l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-n</literal>&nbsp;» de la "
"commande <literal>mount</literal> lorsque vous êtes sur le système de "
"fichiers en lecture seule."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Stage 4: the normal Debian system"
msgstr "Étage 4&nbsp;: le système Debian normal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The normal Debian system is the 4th stage of the boot process which is "
"started by the mini-Debian system.  The system kernel for the mini-Debian "
"system continues to run in this environment. The root filesystem is switched "
"from the one on the memory to the one on the real hard disk filesystem."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian normal est le quatrième étage du processus d’amorçage, il "
"est lancé par le système mini-Debian. Le noyau du système mini-Debian "
"continue de tourner dans cet environnement. Le système de fichiers racine "
"passe de celui en mémoire à celui, réel, lu sur le disque dur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&init;\">init</ulink> program is executed as the first "
"program with PID=1 to perform the main boot process of starting many "
"programs.  The default file path for the init program is \"<literal>/sbin/"
"init</literal>\" but it can be changed by the kernel boot parameter as "
"\"<literal>init=/path/to/init_program</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le programme <ulink url=\"&init;\">init</ulink> est le premier à être "
"exécuté, assorti du PID=1, afin qu’il accomplisse son rôle de processus "
"principal du démarrage, qui consiste à commander l’exécution de plusieurs "
"programmes. Le chemin par défaut du programme <ulink url=\"&init;\">init</"
"ulink> est «&nbsp;<literal>/sbin/init</literal>&nbsp;» mais il peut être "
"modifié en passant un paramètre de démarrage au noyau, comme suit&nbsp;: "
"«&nbsp;<literal>init=/chemin/vers/programme_init</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The default init program has been changing:"
msgstr "Le programme d’initialisation par défaut a subi des changements&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian before <literal>squeeze</literal> uses the simple <ulink url=\"&sysv;"
"\">SysV</ulink>-style init."
msgstr ""
"Les versions de Debian antérieures à <literal>squeeze</literal> utilisent "
"une simple initialisation façon <ulink url=\"&sysv;\">SysV</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian <literal>wheezy</literal> improves the SysV-style init by ordering "
"the boot sequence with LSB header and starting boot scripts in parallel."
msgstr ""
"Debian <literal>Wheezy</literal> améliore le système d'init de style <ulink "
"url=\"&sysv;\">SysV</ulink> en ordonnançant la séquence de démarrage avec "
"les en-têtes LSB et en lançant l’exécution parallèle de scripts de démarrage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian <literal>jessie</literal> switches its default init to the <ulink url="
"\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink> for the event-driven and parallel "
"initialization."
msgstr ""
"Debian <literal>jessie</literal> change de système d'initialisation par "
"défaut au profit de <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink> pour une "
"initialisation parallélisée et pilotée par événements."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"All boot mechanisms are compatible through \"<literal>/etc/init.d/rc</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/init.d/rcS</literal>\", \"<literal>/usr/sbin/"
"update-rc.d</literal>\", and \"<literal>/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d</literal>\" "
"scripts."
msgstr ""
"Tous les mécanismes de redémarrage sont compatibles par l’intermédiaire des "
"scripts «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/rc</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/init.d/rcS</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/sbin/update-rc.d</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The actual init command on your system can be verified by the \"<literal>ps "
"--pid 1 -f</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""
"Il est possible de vérifier le niveau d’exécution courant de la commande "
"<literal>init</literal> du système avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>ps --pid "
"1 -f</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of boot utilities for the Debian system"
msgstr "Liste d’utilitaires d’amorçage initial pour le système Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "scripts for initializing and shutting down the system"
msgstr "scripts pour initialiser et arrêter le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"System-V-like <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> utilities"
msgstr ""
"Utilitaires <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> de type System-V"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "System-V-like runlevel change mechanism"
msgstr "Mécanisme de changement de niveau de fonctionnement de type System-V"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"System-V-like utilities (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startpar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootlogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)"
msgstr ""
"Utilitaires de type System-V (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startpar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootlogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbase;\">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init "
"script functionality"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbase;\">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 "
"fonctionnalité de script d’initialisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies"
msgstr ""
"outil pour organiser la séquence de démarrage en utilisant les dépendances "
"du script LSB de init.d "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"event-based <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon for concurrency (alternative to "
"<literal>sysvinit</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> basé sur des événements pour la concurrence "
"(remplacement de <literal>sysvinit</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readahead</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to preload boot process files"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readahead</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour précharger les fichiers nécessaires au "
"démarrage&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tools to use userspace software suspend provided by Linux"
msgstr ""
"outil permettant d’utiliser le programme de l’espace utilisateur de mise en "
"veille fourni par Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"kexec tool for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kexec</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> reboots (warm reboot)"
msgstr ""
"outil kexec pour le redémarrage par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kexec</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (redémarrage à chaud)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "boot process performance analyser"
msgstr "analyseur des performances du processus de démarrage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "boot process performance analyser (visualisation)"
msgstr "analyseur des performances du processus de démarrage (virtualisation)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"console-only <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> en mode console uniquement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"smart modem <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> replacement"
msgstr ""
" modem intelligent («&nbsp;smart modem&nbsp;») remplaçant de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>readahead-fedora</literal> package can speed up starting of a "
"system with decent amount of DRAM."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>readahead-fedora</literal> peut accélérer le démarrage "
"d’un système équipé d’une quantité suffisante de DRAM."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;\">Debian wiki: "
"BootProcessSpeedup</ulink> for the latest tips to speed up the boot process."
msgstr ""
"Vous trouverez des conseils actualisés pour accélérer le processus de "
"démarrage sur <ulink url=\"&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;\">Debian wiki:"
"BootProcessSpeedup</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "SysV-style init"
msgstr "Initialisation façon SysV"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"This section describes how the good old SysV-style init used to boot the "
"system.  Your Debian system does not function exactly as described here but "
"it is quite educational to know this basics since the newer init system "
"tends to offer equivalent functionalities."
msgstr ""
"Cette section explique de quelle manière le système était anciennement "
"démarré avec la bonne vieille initialisation façon SysV. Votre système "
"Debian ne fonctionne pas exactement de cette manière mais il est très "
"instructif de connaître ces bases, puisque les systèmes d’initialisation "
"plus récents tendent à offrir des fonctionnalités équivalentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "The SysV-style boot process essentially goes through the following."
msgstr ""
"Le processus de démarrage façon SysV franchit essentiellement les étapes "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system goes into <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel N</emphasis> "
"(none) to initialize the system by following the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</"
"literal>\" description."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian passe au <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveau de "
"fonctionnement N</emphasis> («&nbsp;runlevel N&nbsp;») (aucun) pour "
"initialiser le système selon la description de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/inittab</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system goes into <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel S</emphasis> "
"to initialize the system under the single-user mode to complete hardware "
"initialization etc."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian passe au <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveau de "
"fonctionnement S</emphasis> pour initialiser le système en mode utilisateur "
"unique afin de terminer l’initialisation matérielle, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system goes into one of the specified <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">multi-user runlevels (2 to 5)</emphasis> to start the system services."
msgstr ""
"Pour démarrer les services du système, le système Debian passe alors à l’un "
"des <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveaux de fonctionnement multi-utilisateurs "
"(2 à 5)</emphasis> indiqués."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The initial runlevel used for multi-user mode is specified with the "
"\"<literal>init=</literal>\" kernel boot parameter or in the \"initdefault\" "
"line of the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\". The Debian system as "
"installed starts at the <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel 2</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Le niveau de fonctionnement initial utilisé pour le mode multi-utilisateurs "
"est indiqué par le paramètre de démarrage «&nbsp;<literal>init=</"
"literal>&nbsp;» du noyau ou par la ligne «&nbsp;initdefault&nbsp;» du "
"fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>&nbsp;». Le système Debian tel "
"qu’il est installé démarre au <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveau de "
"fonctionnement 2</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"All actual script files executed by the init system are located in the "
"directory \"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Tous les fichiers de scripts réels exécutés par le système init sont situés "
"dans le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and \"<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>\" for the exact explanation."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, et \"<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>\" pour une explication "
"précise."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The meaning of the runlevel"
msgstr "Signification du niveau de fonctionnement («&nbsp;runlevel&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each <ulink url=\"&runlevel;\">runlevel</ulink> uses a directory for its "
"configuration and has specific meaning as the following."
msgstr ""
"Chaque <ulink url=\"&runlevel;\">niveau de fonctionnement </ulink> utilise "
"un répertoire pour sa configuration, il possède la signification "
"particulière décrite ci-dessous&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of runlevels and description of their usage"
msgstr "Liste des niveaux de fonctionnement et description de leur utilisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "runlevel"
msgstr "niveau de fonctionnement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of runlevel usage"
msgstr "description de l’utilisation du niveau de fonctionnement (runlevel)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>N</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>N</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "none"
msgstr "aucun"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"system bootup (NONE) level (no \"<literal>/etc/rcN.d/</literal>\" directory)"
msgstr ""
"niveau d’amorçage du système (NONE) (pas de répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"rcN.d/</literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>0</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>0</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc0.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc0.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "halt the system"
msgstr "arrêter le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>S</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>S</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "single-user mode on boot (alias: \"<literal>s</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"mode utilisateur unique lors du démarrage (alias&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>s</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>1</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc1.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc1.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "single-user mode switched from multi-user mode"
msgstr "mode utilisateur unique commuté depuis le mode multi-utilisateurs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "multi-user mode"
msgstr "mode multi-utilisateurs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>3</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>3</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc3.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc3.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ",,"
msgstr ",,"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>4</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>4</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc4.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc4.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>5</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>5</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc5.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc5.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>6</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>6</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc6.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc6.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "reboot the system"
msgstr "redémarrer le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>7</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>7</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc7.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc7.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "valid multi-user mode but not normally used"
msgstr "mode multi-utilisateurs valable mais normalement non utilisé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc8.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc8.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>9</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>9</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/rc9.d/</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc9.d/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can change the runlevel from the console to, e.g., 4 by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi changer de niveau de fonctionnement depuis la console, par "
"exemple 4 en faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo telinit 4"
msgstr "$ sudo telinit 4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The Debian system does not pre-assign any special "
"meaning differences among the <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink> "
"between 2 and 5.</emphasis> The system administrator on the Debian system "
"may change this.  (I.e., Debian is not <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat "
"Linux</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&solarisbysunmicrosystems;\">Solaris by Sun "
"Microsystems</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&hpuxbyhewlettpackard;\">HP-UX by "
"Hewlett Packard</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&aixbyibm;\">AIX by IBM</ulink> nor "
"…)"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Le système Debian n’assigne pas par avance de "
"différence spéciale de signification entre les <ulink url=\"&runlevels;"
"\">niveaux de fonctionnement</ulink> compris entre 2 et 5.</emphasis>. "
"L’administrateur du système d’un système Debian peut modifier ce "
"comportement. (C’est-à-dire que Debian n’est ni <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;"
"\">Red Hat Linux</ulink>, ni <ulink url=\"&solarisbysunmicrosystems;"
"\">Solaris de Sun Microsystems</ulink>, ni <ulink url="
"\"&hpuxbyhewlettpackard;\">HP-UX de Hewlett Packard</ulink>, ni <ulink url="
"\"&aixbyibm;\">AIX d’IBM</ulink>, ni…)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system does not populate directories for the <ulink url="
"\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink> between 7 and 9 during installation.  "
"Traditional <ulink url=\"&unixvariants;\">Unix variants</ulink> don't use "
"these <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian ne remplit pas les répertoires des <ulink url=\"&runlevels;"
"\">niveaux d’exécution</ulink> entre 7 et 9 lors de l’installation. Les "
"<ulink url=\"&unixvariants;\">variantes d’UNIX</ulink> traditionnelles "
"n’utilisent pas ces <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">niveaux d’exécution</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The configuration of the runlevel"
msgstr "Configuration des niveaux de fonctionnement («&nbsp;runlevel&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands goes into the "
"runlevel to \"&lt;n&gt;\", the system basically executes the initialization "
"scripts as follows."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> arrive au niveau «&nbsp;&lt;n&gt;&nbsp;», le "
"système exécute essentiellement les scripts d’initialisation comme suit."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The script names starting with a \"<literal>K</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/"
"rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal>\" are executed in alphabetical order with the "
"single argument \"<literal>stop</literal>\". (killing services)"
msgstr ""
"Les noms de scripts de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal>&nbsp;» "
"commençant par un «&nbsp;<literal>K</literal>&nbsp;» sont exécutés dans "
"l’ordre alphabétique avec le paramètre unique «&nbsp;<literal>stop</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (arrêt des services)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The script names starting with an \"<literal>S</literal>\" in \"<literal>/"
"etc/rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal>\" are executed in alphabetical order with the "
"single argument \"<literal>start</literal>\". (starting services)"
msgstr ""
"Les noms de scripts de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal>&nbsp;» "
"commençant par un «&nbsp;<literal>S</literal>&nbsp;» sont exécutés dans "
"l’ordre alphabétique avec le paramètre unique «&nbsp;<literal>start</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (lancement des services)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For example, if you had the links \"<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>S20exim4</literal>\" in a runlevel directory, "
"\"<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>\" which is symlinked to \"<literal>../init."
"d/sysklogd</literal>\" would run before \"<literal>S20exim4</literal>\" "
"which is symlinked to \"<literal>../init.d/exim4</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Par exemple, si vous avez les liens «&nbsp;<literal>S10sysklogd</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>S20exim4</literal>&nbsp;» dans un "
"répertoire de niveau de fonctionnement, «&nbsp;<literal>S10sysklogd</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui est lié symboliquement à «&nbsp;<literal>../init.d/"
"sysklogd</literal>&nbsp;» sera lancé avant «&nbsp;<literal>S20exim4</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui est lié symboliquement à «&nbsp;<literal>../init.d/"
"exim4</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This simple sequential initialization system is the classical <ulink url="
"\"&systemv;\">System V</ulink> style boot system and was used up to the "
"Debian <literal>lenny</literal> system."
msgstr ""
"Ce simple système séquentiel d’initialisation est le système de démarrage "
"classique de type <ulink url=\"&systemv;\">System V</ulink> tel qu’il a été "
"utilisé jusqu’au système Debian <literal>Lenny</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The recent Debian system is optimized to execute the initialization scripts "
"concurrently, instead."
msgstr ""
"Les systèmes Debian récents sont optimisés pour exécuter les scripts "
"simultanément."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>insserv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command uses the LSB package dependency "
"information and calculates the dependencies between all scripts."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>insserv</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilise les "
"renseignements LSB de dépendances du paquet pour calculer les dépendances "
"entre les scripts."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal>\"."
msgstr "Consultez « <literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The LSB package dependency information defined in the header of init scripts "
"ensures availabilities of required resources."
msgstr ""
"Les renseignements LSB de dépendances du paquet définis dans l’en-tête des "
"scripts d’initialisation assurent la disponibilité des ressources "
"nécessaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbaseminitialization;\">Linux Standard Base "
"Core Specification 3.1, VII. System Initialization</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez la <ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbaseminitialization;\">spécification "
"principale de Linux Standard Base 3.1, VII. Initialisation du système</"
"ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&announcementofpaenabledbydefault;\">Announcement of \"Parallel "
"booting enabled by default\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&announcementofpaenabledbydefault;\">Annonce du « démarrage en "
"parallèle activé par défaut »</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"It is not advisable to make any changes to symlinks in \"<literal>/etc/rcS.d/"
"</literal>\" unless you know better than the maintainer."
msgstr ""
"Faire des modifications aux liens symboliques se trouvant dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>&nbsp;» est déconseillé à moins d’en savoir "
"davantage que le responsable du paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The runlevel management example"
msgstr "Exemple de gestion de niveau de fonctionnement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For example, let's set up runlevel system somewhat like <ulink url="
"\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> as the following."
msgstr ""
"Définissons, par exemple, définissons un niveau de fonctionnement du système "
"comme <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>init</literal> starts the system in runlevel=3 as the default."
msgstr ""
"<literal>init</literal> démarre le système au niveau 3 qui est la valeur par "
"défaut&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>init</literal> does not start <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in runlevel=(0,1,2,6)."
msgstr ""
"<literal>init</literal> ne démarre pas <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> aux niveaux "
"0,1,2,6&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>init</literal> starts <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in runlevel=(3,4,5)."
msgstr ""
"<literal>init</literal> démarre <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> aux niveaux "
"3,4,5&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This can be done by using editor on the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" "
"file to change starting runlevel and using user friendly runlevel management "
"tools such as <literal>sysv-rc-conf</literal> or <literal>bum</literal> to "
"edit the runlevel.  If you are to use command line only instead, here is how "
"you do it (after the default installation of the <literal>gdm3</literal> "
"package and selecting it to be the choice of display manager)."
msgstr ""
"Cela peut être fait en éditant le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/inittab</"
"literal>&nbsp;» afin de modifier les niveaux de lancement et en utilisant "
"des outils conviviaux de gestion des niveaux de fonctionnement tels que "
"<literal>sysv-rc-conf</literal> ou <literal>bum</literal> pour éditer le "
"niveau de fonctionnement. Si vous ne devez utiliser que la ligne de "
"commande, voici comment faire (après l’installation par défaut du paquet "
"<literal>gdm3</literal> et sa sélection comme gestionnaire d’affichage)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /etc/rc2.d ; mv S21gdm3 K21gdm3\n"
"# cd /etc ; perl -i -p -e 's/^id:.:/id:3:/' inittab"
msgstr ""
"# cd /etc/rc2.d ; mv S21gdm3 K21gdm3\n"
"# cd /etc ; perl -i -p -e 's/^id:.:/id:3:/' inittab"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note the \"<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>\" file "
"is checked when starting the display manager daemons: <literal>xdm</"
"literal>, <literal>gdm3</literal>, <literal>kdm</literal>, and <literal>wdm</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez noter que le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-"
"manager</literal>&nbsp;» est vérifié lors du démarrage des démons de gestion "
"d’affichage : <literal>xdm</literal>, <literal>gdm3</literal>, <literal>kdm</"
"literal>, et <literal>wdm</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"You can still start X from any console shell with the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez toujours lancer X depuis l’interpréteur de commandes de "
"n’importe quelle console avec la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The default parameter for each init script"
msgstr "Paramètre par défaut de chaque script init"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The default parameter for each init script in \"<literal>/etc/init.d/</"
"literal>\" is given by the corresponding file in \"<literal>/etc/default/</"
"literal>\" which contains environment variable assignments <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">only</emphasis>. This choice of directory name is specific to the "
"Debian system.  It is roughly the equivalent of the \"<literal>/etc/"
"sysconfig</literal>\" directory found in <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red "
"Hat Linux</ulink> and other distributions.  For example, \"<literal>/etc/"
"default/cron</literal>\" can be used to control how \"<literal>/etc/init.d/"
"cron</literal>\" works."
msgstr ""
"Le paramètre par défaut de chacun des scripts d’initialisation de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>&nbsp;» est donné par le fichier "
"correspondant se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui ne contient <emphasis role=\"strong\">que</emphasis> des "
"assignations de variables d’environnement. Ce choix de nom de répertoire est "
"spécifique au système Debian. Il est en gros l’équivalent du répertoire "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/sysconfig</literal>&nbsp;» qu’on trouve dans <ulink url="
"\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> et d’autres distributions. Par "
"exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/cron</literal>&nbsp;» peut être "
"utilisé pour contrôler la manière dont fonctionne «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init."
"d/cron</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>\" file can be used to customize "
"boot-time defaults for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>motd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>&nbsp;» peut être "
"utilisé pour personnaliser les valeurs par défaut au moment du démarrage "
"de<citerefentry><refentrytitle>motd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you cannot get the behavior you want by changing such variables then you "
"may <ulink url=\"&modifytheinitscripts;\">modify the init scripts</ulink> "
"themselves.  These are configuration files editable by system administrators."
msgstr ""
"Si vous ne pouvez pas obtenir le comportement que vous souhaitez en "
"modifiant ces variables, alors vous pouvez <ulink url="
"\"&modifytheinitscripts;\">modifier les scripts init</ulink> eux-mêmes. Ce "
"sont des fichiers de configuration qui peuvent être édités par les "
"administrateurs du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The hostname"
msgstr "Nom de machine («&nbsp;hostname&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The kernel maintains the system <emphasis role=\"strong\">hostname</"
"emphasis>.  The init script in runlevel S which is symlinked to \"<literal>/"
"etc/init.d/hostname.sh</literal>\" sets the system hostname at boot time "
"(using the <literal>hostname</literal> command) to the name stored in "
"\"<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>\".  This file should contain <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">only</emphasis> the system hostname, not a fully qualified "
"domain name."
msgstr ""
"Le noyau conserve le <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de machine</emphasis> du "
"système. Le script d’initialisation du niveau de fonctionnement S qui est "
"lié symboliquement à «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/hostname.sh</"
"literal>&nbsp;» définit le nom de machine «&nbsp;hostname&nbsp;» au moment "
"du démarrage (en utilisant la commande <literal>hostname</literal>) avec le "
"nom qui est enregistré dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Ce fichier ne devra contenir<emphasis role=\"strong\">que</emphasis> le nom "
"de machine du système et pas un nom de domaine pleinement qualifié."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"To print out the current hostname run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> without an argument."
msgstr ""
"Pour afficher le nom de la machine utilisée, lancez la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname </refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> sans paramètre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The filesystem"
msgstr "Le système de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although the root filesystem is mounted by the kernel when it is started, "
"other filesystems are mounted in the runlevel S by the following init "
"scripts."
msgstr ""
"Alors que le système de fichiers racine est monté par le noyau lors de son "
"démarrage, les autres systèmes de fichiers sont montés dans le niveau de "
"fonctionnement (runlevel) S à l’aide des scripts d’initialisation "
"suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountkernfs.sh</literal>\" for kernel filesystems in "
"\"<literal>/proc</literal>\", \"<literal>/sys</literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/mountkernfs.sh</literal>&nbsp;» pour les "
"systèmes de fichiers du noyau se trouvant en «&nbsp;<literal>/proc</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/sys</literal>&nbsp;», etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh</literal>\" for virtual filesystems "
"in \"<literal>/dev</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh</literal>&nbsp;» pour les "
"systèmes de fichiers virtuels de «&nbsp;<literal>/dev</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountall.sh</literal>\" for normal filesystems using "
"\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/mountall.sh</literal>&nbsp;» pour les systèmes "
"de fichiers normaux qui utilisent «&nbsp;<literal>/etc /fstab</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountnfs.sh</literal>\" for network filesystems using"
"\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/mountnfs.sh</literal>&nbsp;» pour les systèmes "
"de fichiers à accès par le réseau en utilisant «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fstab</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The mount options of special kernel filesystems (procfs, sysfs, and tmpfs "
"for <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</"
"literal>, <literal>/run</literal>, etc.) are set in \"<literal>/etc/default/"
"rcS</literal>\".  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rcS</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les options de montage des systèmes de fichiers du noyau (procfs, sysfs, et "
"tmpfs pour <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</"
"literal>, <literal>/run</literal>, etc.) sont configurés dans « <literal>/"
"etc/default/rcS</literal> ». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rcS</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The mount options of normal disk and network filesystems are set in "
"\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\".  See <xref linkend="
"\"_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour les systèmes de fichiers ordinaires, disque ou réseau, les options de "
"montage sont définies dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The actual mounting of network filesystems waits for the start of the "
"network interface."
msgstr ""
"Le montage effectif des systèmes de fichiers à accès par le réseau attendra "
"le démarrage de l’interface réseau. "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in \"<literal>/tmp</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>/var/lock</literal>\", and \"<literal>/var/run</"
"literal>\" are cleaned for each boot up."
msgstr ""
"Une fois tous les systèmes de fichiers montés, les fichiers temporaires se "
"trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/tmp</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/var/"
"lock</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/var/run</literal>&nbsp;» sont "
"effacés lors de chaque démarrage du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Network interface initialization"
msgstr "Initialisation de l’interface réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Network interfaces are initialized in runlevel S by the init script "
"symlinked to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown-clean</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown</literal>\".  See <xref linkend="
"\"_network_setup\"/> for how to configure them."
msgstr ""
"Les interfaces réseau sont initialisées dans le niveau de fonctionnement S "
"par le script d’initialisation ayant un lien symbolique vers «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown-clean</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"init.d/ifupdown</literal>&nbsp;». Consultez <xref linkend=\"_network_setup\"/"
"> pour la manière de les configurer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Network service initialization"
msgstr "Initialisation des services réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many network services (see <xref linkend=\"_network_applications\"/>) are "
"started under multi-user mode directly as daemon processes at boot time by "
"the init script, e.g., \"<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20exim4</literal>\" (for "
"RUNLEVEL=2) which is a symlink to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/exim4</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux services réseau (consultez <xref linkend=\"_network_applications"
"\"/>) sont directement démarrés en tant que démons sous le mode multi-"
"utilisateurs lors du démarrage du système par le script d’initialisation, "
"par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20exim4</literal>&nbsp;» (pour "
"RUNLEVEL=2) qui est un lien symbolique vers «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/"
"exim4</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Some network services can be started on demand using the <ulink url="
"\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> (or its "
"equivalents).  The <literal>inetd</literal> is started at boot time by "
"\"<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20inetd</literal>\" (for RUNLEVEL=2) which is a "
"symlink to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/inetd</literal>\".  Essentially, "
"<literal>inetd</literal> allows one running daemon to invoke several others, "
"reducing load on the system."
msgstr ""
"Certains services réseau peuvent être démarrés à la demande en utilisant le "
"<ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-serveur</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> "
"(ou un équivalent). <literal>inetd</literal> est lancé lors au démarrage du "
"système par «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20inetd</literal>&nbsp;» (pour "
"RUNLEVEL=2) qui est un lien symbolique vers «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/"
"inetd</literal>&nbsp;». Fondamentalement, <literal>inetd</literal> permet à "
"un démon en cours de fonctionnement d’en appeler plusieurs autres, ce qui "
"réduit la charge du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Whenever a request for service arrives at <ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-"
"server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> , its protocol and service are "
"identified by looking them up in the databases in \"<literal>/etc/protocols</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/services</literal>\".  <literal>inetd</"
"literal> then looks up a normal Internet service in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"inetd.conf</literal>\" database, or a <ulink url="
"\"&opennetworkcompucalloncrpcsunrpc;\">Open Network Computing Remote "
"Procedure Call (ONC RPC)/Sun RPC</ulink> based service in \"<literal>/etc/"
"rpc.conf</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’une requête pour un service arrive au <ulink url=\"&superserver;"
"\">super-serveur</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal>, le protocole et le "
"service sont identifiés par une recherche dans les bases de données se "
"trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/protocols</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/services</literal>&nbsp;». <literal>inetd</literal> recherche "
"ensuite un service Internet normal dans la base de données «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/inetd.conf</literal>&nbsp;» ou un service basé sur <ulink url="
"\"&opennetworkcompucalloncrpcsunrpc;\">Open Network Computing Remote "
"Procedure Call (ONC RPC)/Sun RPC</ulink> dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</"
"literal>&nbsp;». "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Sometimes, <literal>inetd</literal> does not start the intended server "
"directly but starts the <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">TCP wrapper</ulink> "
"program, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, with the intended server name as its argument in "
"\"<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>\".  In this case, <literal>tcpd</"
"literal> runs the appropriate server program after logging the request and "
"doing some additional checks using \"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Parfois, <literal>inetd</literal> ne lance pas directement le serveur voulu "
"mais exécute le <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">programme d’enveloppe du démon "
"TCP/IP</ulink> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec, en paramètre "
"dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>&nbsp;», le service demandé. "
"Dans ce cas, <literal>tcpd</literal> lance le serveur approprié après avoir "
"enregistré la requête dans le journal et avoir fait quelques autres "
"vérifications à l’aide de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For system security, disable as much network service programs as possible.  "
"See <xref linkend=\"_restricting_access_to_some_server_services\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Afin d’assurer la sécurité du système, désactivez autant de services réseau "
"que possible. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_restricting_access_to_some_server_services\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>protocols</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>services</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_access</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_options</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpcinfo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>portmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, and \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/portmap/portmapper."
"txt.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>protocols</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>services</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_access</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_options</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpcinfo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>portmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/portmap/"
"portmapper.txt.gz</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The system message"
msgstr "Messages du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The system message can be customized by \"<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>\" for both the log "
"file and on-screen display. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslog.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>.  See also <xref linkend=\"_log_analyzer\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Les messages du système peuvent être personnalisés au moyen de « <literal>/"
"etc/default/rsyslog</literal> » et « <literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal> » "
"à la fois pour le fichier journal et pour l’affichage à l’écran. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslog.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Consultez aussi <xref "
"linkend=\"_log_analyzer\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The kernel message"
msgstr "Messages du noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The kernel message can be customized by \"<literal>/etc/default/klogd</"
"literal>\" for both the log file and on-screen display.  Set "
"\"<literal>KLOGD='-c 3'</literal>\" in this file and run \"<literal>/etc/"
"init.d/klogd restart</literal>\".  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les messages du noyau peuvent être personnalisés au moyen de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/init.d/klogd</literal>&nbsp;» à la fois pour le fichier "
"journal et l’affichage à l’écran. Positionnez «&nbsp;<literal>KLOGD='-c 3'</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans ce fichier et lancez «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/init.d/klogd "
"restart</literal>&nbsp;». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You may directly change the error message level by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez modifier directement le niveau d’erreur des messages de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dmesg -n3"
msgstr "# dmesg -n3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of kernel error levels"
msgstr "Liste des niveaux d’erreur du noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "error level value"
msgstr "valeur du niveau d’erreur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "error level name"
msgstr "nom du niveau d’erreur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_EMERG"
msgstr "KERN_EMERG"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "system is unusable"
msgstr "le système est inutilisable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_ALERT"
msgstr "KERN_ALERT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "action must be taken immediately"
msgstr "une action doit être entreprise immédiatement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_CRIT"
msgstr "KERN_CRIT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "critical conditions"
msgstr "conditions critiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "3"
msgstr "3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_ERR"
msgstr "KERN_ERR"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "error conditions"
msgstr "conditions d’erreur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "4"
msgstr "4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_WARNING"
msgstr "KERN_WARNING"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "warning conditions"
msgstr "conditions d’avertissement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "5"
msgstr "5"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_NOTICE"
msgstr "KERN_NOTICE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "normal but significant condition"
msgstr "condition normale mais significative"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "6"
msgstr "6"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_INFO"
msgstr "KERN_INFO"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "informational"
msgstr "information"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "7"
msgstr "7"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KERN_DEBUG"
msgstr "KERN_DEBUG"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "debug-level messages"
msgstr "messages du niveau de débogage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The udev system"
msgstr "Le système udev"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For Linux kernel 2.6 and newer, <ulink url=\"&theudevsystem;\">the udev "
"system</ulink> provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and "
"initialization (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Upon discovery of "
"each device by the kernel, the udev system starts a user process which uses "
"information from the <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>), loads required kernel modules "
"supporting it using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>), and creates corresponding "
"device nodes."
msgstr ""
"À partir de la version 2.6 du noyau Linux, <ulink url=\"&theudevsystem;\">le "
"système udev</ulink> fournit un mécanisme de découverte et d’initialisation "
"automatique du matériel (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Lors de la "
"découverte de chaque périphérique par le noyau, le système udev lance un "
"processus utilisateur qui utilise les informations provenant du système de "
"fichiers <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>), charge les modules du noyau nécessaires pour sa "
"prise en charge en utilisant le programme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>) et crée les nœuds de périphériques "
"en conséquence."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;kernel-version&gt;/modules.dep</literal>\" "
"was not generated properly by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for some reason, "
"modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute "
"\"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" to fix it."
msgstr ""
"Si «&nbsp;<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;kernel-version&gt;/modules.dep</"
"literal>&nbsp;» n’a pas été proprement créé par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour quelque raison, les modules peuvent ne pas être chargés "
"par le système udev comme on le souhaiterait. Lancez «&nbsp;<literal>depmod -"
"a</literal>&nbsp;» pour corriger ce problème."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The name of device nodes can be configured by udev rule files in \"<literal>/"
"etc/udev/rules.d/</literal>\".  Current default rules tend to create "
"dynamically generated names resulting non-static device names except for cd "
"and network devices.  By adding your custom rules similar to what cd and "
"network devices do, you can generate static device names for other devices "
"such as USB memory sticks, too.  See \"<ulink url=\"&writingudevrules;"
"\">Writing udev rules</ulink>\" or \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/udev/"
"writing_udev_rules/index.html</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le nom des nœuds de périphériques peut être configuré par les fichiers de "
"règle de udev se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Les règles actuelles par défaut tendent à créer des noms "
"générés dynamiquement ce qui donne des noms de périphériques non statiques "
"excepté pour les périphériques cd et réseau. En ajoutant vos règles "
"personnalisées semblables à celles existantes pour les périphériques cd et "
"réseau, vous pouvez aussi créer des noms de périphériques statiques pour les "
"autres périphériques comme les clés USB. Consultez «&nbsp;<ulink url="
"\"&writingudevrules;\">Écrire des règles udev</ulink>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/share/doc/udev/writing_udev_rules/index.html</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other "
"documentations and describe the minimum information here."
msgstr ""
"Comme le système udev est une cible quelque peu mouvante, je laisse les "
"détails pour d’autres documentations et je ne donnerai ici qu’un minimum "
"d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For mounting rules in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\", device nodes do not "
"need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> to "
"mount devices instead of device names such as \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>"
"\".  See <xref linkend=\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Les nœuds de périphériques n’ont pas besoin d’être statiques pour les règles "
"de montage se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Vous pouvez utiliser <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> à la place de leur "
"nom de périphérique tel que«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"monter les périphériques. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The kernel module initialization"
msgstr "Initialisation des modules du noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> program enables us to configure running Linux "
"kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules.  The udev "
"system (see <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>) automates its invocation "
"to help the kernel module initialization."
msgstr ""
"Le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> nous permet de "
"configurer, depuis un processus utilisateur, un noyau Linux en cours "
"d’exécution en ajoutant ou en supprimant des modules du noyau. Le système "
"udev (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>) en automatise l’appel "
"afin d’aider à l’initialisation du module du noyau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the "
"following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"modules</literal>\" file (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modules</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
msgstr ""
"Il existe des modules non liés au matériel et des modules qui pilotent des "
"éléments matériels particuliers comme les suivants qui demandent à être "
"préchargés en les déclarant dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/modules</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modules</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tuntap;\">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual Point-to-"
"Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device (TAP),"
msgstr ""
"les modules <ulink url=\"&tuntap;\">TUN/TAP</ulink> fournissent un "
"périphérique de réseau virtuel point-à-point (TUN) et un périphérique de "
"réseau virtuel Ethernet (TAP)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter "
"firewall capabilities (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <xref linkend="
"\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>), and"
msgstr ""
"les modules <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> fournissent les "
"fonctions de pare-feu netfilter (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <xref linkend="
"\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&watchdogtimer;\">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules."
msgstr ""
"le module du pilote du <ulink url=\"&watchdogtimer;\">temporisateur de chien "
"de garde</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The configuration files for the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program are located "
"under the \"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>\" directory as explained in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>.  (If you want to avoid some kernel modules to be "
"auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the \"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/"
"blacklist</literal>\" file.)"
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers de configuration du programme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> se trouvent dans le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/modprobes.d/</literal>&nbsp;» comme c’est expliqué dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. (Si vous souhaitez que certains modules du noyau "
"ne soient pas chargés automatiquement, vous pouvez les mettre en liste noire "
"dans le fichier«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;version&gt;/modules.dep</literal>\" file "
"generated by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program describes "
"module dependencies used by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;version&gt;/modules.dep</"
"literal>&nbsp;» généré par le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> décrit les dépendances "
"des modules utilisés par le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or "
"with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, \"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" may resolve "
"these issues by reconstructing \"<literal>modules.dep</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Si vous rencontrez des problèmes de chargement de modules lors du chargement "
"des modules au démarrage ou avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>depmod -a</literal>&nbsp;» peut résoudre ces problèmes en "
"reconstruisant «&nbsp;<literal>modules.dep</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> program shows information about a Linux kernel "
"module."
msgstr ""
"Le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modinfo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> affiche des "
"informations concernant les modules du noyau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> program nicely formats the contents of the "
"\"<literal>/proc/modules</literal>\", showing what kernel modules are "
"currently loaded."
msgstr ""
"Le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> formate de manière agréable le contenu de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/proc/modules</literal>&nbsp;», affichant quels sont les modules du "
"noyau actuellement chargés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can identify exact hardware on your system.  See <xref linkend="
"\"_hardware_identification\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez identifier le matériel exact installé sur votre système. "
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_hardware_identification\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware "
"features. See <xref linkend=\"_hardware_configuration\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez configurer le matériel au moment du démarrage pour activer les "
"fonctionnalités désirées de ce matériel. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_hardware_configuration\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can probably add support for your special device by recompiling the "
"kernel.  See <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez probablement ajouter la prise en charge d’un périphérique "
"particulier en recompilant le noyau. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/"
">."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Authentication"
msgstr "Authentification"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication "
"confirms the identity to be a trusted one."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’une personne (ou un programme) demande l’accès au système, "
"l’authentification confirme que l’identité est autorisée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system.  You must "
"have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition.  To recover, "
"boot the system with them and correct things from there."
msgstr ""
"Des erreurs de configuration de PAM peuvent vous mettre à la porte de votre "
"propre système. Vous devez avoir un CD de secours prêt ou une partition de "
"démarrage de remplacement. Pour restaurer, démarrez le système depuis l’un "
"de ces moyens de secours et corrigez les choses depuis là."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Normal Unix authentication"
msgstr "Authentification normale d’UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Normal Unix authentication is provided by the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> module under the <ulink url="
"\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication "
"Modules)</ulink>.  Its 3 important configuration files, with \"<literal>:</"
"literal>\" separated entries, are the following."
msgstr ""
"L’authentification normale d’UNIX est fournie par le module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec <ulink url="
"\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication "
"Modules&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Modules attachables d’authentification&nbsp;») </"
"ulink>. Il y a trois fichiers de configuration importants, dont les entrées "
"sont séparées par des «&nbsp;<literal>:</literal>&nbsp;», ce sont&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"3 important configuration files for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"3 fichiers de configuration importants pour "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "permission"
msgstr "autorisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "user"
msgstr "utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "(sanitized) user account information"
msgstr "informations des comptes utilisateurs (assainie)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-rw-r-----</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-rw-r-----</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>shadow</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>shadow</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "secure user account information"
msgstr "informations sécurisées des comptes utilisateurs "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/group</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/group</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "group information"
msgstr "informations des groupes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" contains the following."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;» contient ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" ...\n"
"user1:x:1000:1000:User1 Name,,,:/home/user1:/bin/bash\n"
"user2:x:1001:1001:User2 Name,,,:/home/user2:/bin/bash\n"
" ..."
msgstr ""
" ...\n"
"utilisateur1:x:1000:1000:Nom Utilisateur1,,,:/home/utilisateur1:/bin/bash\n"
"utilisateur2:x:1001:1001:Nom Utilisateur2,,,:/home/utilisateur2:/bin/bash\n"
" ..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each \"<literal>:</"
"literal>\" separated entry of this file means the following."
msgstr ""
"Comme il est expliqué dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les entrées de ce "
"fichier, séparées par des «&nbsp;<literal>:</literal>&nbsp;», ont la "
"signification suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Login name"
msgstr "nom de l’utilisateur pour la connexion&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Password specification entry"
msgstr "entrée de spécification du mot de passe&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Numerical user ID"
msgstr "identifiant numérique de l’utilisateur&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Numerical group ID"
msgstr "identifiant numérique du groupe&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "User name or comment field"
msgstr "nom de l’utilisateur ou champ de commentaire&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "User home directory"
msgstr "répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Optional user command interpreter"
msgstr "interpréteur de commandes, optionnel, de l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The second entry of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" was used for the "
"encrypted password entry.  After the introduction of \"<literal>/etc/shadow</"
"literal>\", this entry is used for the password specification entry."
msgstr ""
"La seconde entrée de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;» était "
"autrefois utilisée comme entrée de mot de passe chiffré. Depuis "
"l’introduction de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>&nbsp;», cette entrée "
"est utilisée comme entrée de spécification du mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "The second entry content of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Contenu de la seconde entrée de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "(empty)"
msgstr "(vide)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "passwordless account"
msgstr "compte sans mot de passe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "x"
msgstr "x"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the encrypted password is in \"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"le mot de passe chiffré se trouve dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/shadow</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "*"
msgstr "*"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "no login for this account"
msgstr "ce compte ne peut pas se connecter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "!"
msgstr "!"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" contains the following."
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>&nbsp;» contient ceci&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" ...\n"
"user1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::\n"
"user2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::\n"
" ..."
msgstr ""
" ...\n"
"utilisateur1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::\n"
"utilisateur2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::\n"
" ..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each \"<literal>:</"
"literal>\" separated entry of this file means the following."
msgstr ""
"Comme c’est expliqué dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les différentes "
"entrées de ce fichier, séparées par des «&nbsp;<literal>:</literal>&nbsp;» "
"ont les significations suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Encrypted password (The initial \"<literal>$1$</literal>\" indicates use of "
"the MD5 encryption. The \"*\" indicates no login.)"
msgstr ""
"mot de passe chiffré (le «&nbsp;<literal>$1$</literal>&nbsp;» du début "
"indique l’utilisation d’un chiffrement MD5. Le signe «&nbsp;*&nbsp;» indique "
"que le compte ne peut pas se connecter)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan "
"1, 1970"
msgstr ""
"Date du dernier changement de mot de passe, exprimé en nombre de jours "
"passés depuis le premier janvier 1970."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to "
"change her password again"
msgstr ""
"Nombre de jours avant qu’un utilisateur ne soit autorisé à changer à nouveau "
"son mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Number of days after which the user will have to change her password"
msgstr ""
"Nombre de jours avant que l’utilisateur ne soit tenu de changer son mot de "
"passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Number of days before a password is going to expire during which the user "
"should be warned"
msgstr ""
"nombre de jours avant qu’un mot de passe n’arrive à expiration et durant "
"lesquels l’utilisateur doit être averti&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Number of days after a password has expired during which the password should "
"still be accepted"
msgstr ""
"Nombre de jours durant lesquels un mot de passe devrait encore être accepté, "
"passé sa date d’expiration."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan "
"1, 1970"
msgstr ""
"Date d’expiration du compte, exprimée en nombre de jours passés depuis le "
"premier janvier 1970."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" contains the following."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/group</literal>&nbsp;» contient ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "group1:x:20:user1,user2"
msgstr "group1:x:20:utilisateur1,utilisateur2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each \"<literal>:</"
"literal>\" separated entry of this file means the following."
msgstr ""
"Comme il est expliqué dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les entrées de ce "
"fichier, séparées par des «&nbsp;<literal>:</literal>&nbsp;», ont la "
"signification suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Group name"
msgstr "nom du groupe&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Encrypted password (not really used)"
msgstr "mot de passe chiffré (non utilisé en pratique)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\",\" separated list of user names"
msgstr "liste des noms d’utilisateurs séparés par des «&nbsp;,&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>\" provides the similar function as "
"\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" for \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" but "
"is not really used."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>&nbsp;» fournit les mêmes fonctions "
"que «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>&nbsp;» pour «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"group</literal>&nbsp;» mais n’est pas réellement utilisé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if "
"\"<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>\" line is added to "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and set it in \"<literal>/etc/"
"security/group.conf</literal>\".  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Le groupe d’appartenance réel d’un utilisateur peut être ajouté "
"dynamiquement si la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</"
"literal>&nbsp;» est ajoutée à «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et défini dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of "
"the user and the group: \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-"
"groups.html</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>base-passwd</literal> contient une liste faisant autorité "
"d’utilisateurs et de groupes&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-"
"passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Managing account and password information"
msgstr "Gestion des informations des comptes et des mots de passes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Here are few notable commands to manage account information."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques commandes importantes pour gérer les informations des "
"comptes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of commands to manage account information"
msgstr "Liste des commandes servant à gérer les informations des comptes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "function"
msgstr "fonction"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>getent passwd &lt;user_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>getent passwd &lt;nom_utilisateur&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "browse account information of \"<literal>&lt;user_name&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"consulter les informations du compte «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom_utilisateur&gt;"
"</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>getent shadow &lt;user_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>getent shadow &lt;nom_utilisateur&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"browse shadowed account information of \"<literal>&lt;user_name&gt;</literal>"
"\""
msgstr ""
"consulter les informations cachées du compte «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;"
"nom_utilisateur&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>getent group &lt;group_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>getent group &lt;nom_groupe&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "browse group information of \"<literal>&lt;group_name&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"consulter les informations du groupe «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom_ groupe&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>passwd</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>passwd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "manage password for the account"
msgstr "gérer le mot de passe de ce compte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>passwd -e</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>passwd -e</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "set one-time password for the account activation"
msgstr "définir un mot de passe à usage unique pour l’activation du compte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>chage</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>chage</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "manage password aging information"
msgstr "gérer les informations de durée de validité du mot de passe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for the password and data encryption."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez avoir besoin des droits de l’administrateur pour certaines "
"fonctions. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour le chiffrement "
"des mots de passe et des données."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink url=\"&alioth;"
"\">alioth</ulink> machine, the content of local \"<literal>/etc/passwd</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/shadow</"
"literal>\" may not be actively used by the system.  Above commands are valid "
"even under such environment."
msgstr ""
"Sur les systèmes configurés avec PAM et NSS comme la machine <ulink url="
"\"&alioth;\">alioth</ulink> de Debian, le contenu des fichiers locaux «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/group</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>&nbsp;» peut ne pas "
"être utilisé de manière active par le système. Le commandes ci-dessus "
"restent valables même sous un tel environnement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Good password"
msgstr "Mot de passe de qualité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"When creating an account during your system installation or with the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command, you should choose a <ulink url=\"&goodpassword;"
"\">good password</ulink> which consists of at least 6 to 8 characters "
"including one or more characters from each of the following sets according "
"to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Lors de la création d’un mot de passe à l’installation de votre système ou "
"avec la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, il vous faudra "
"choisir un <ulink url=\"&goodpassword;\">bon mot de passe</ulink> composé "
"d’au moins 6 à 8 caractères, comprenant au moins un des caractères "
"appartenant à l’ensemble suivant conformément à "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Lower case alphabetics"
msgstr "caractères alphabétiques en minuscules&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Digits 0 through 9"
msgstr "chiffres de 0 à 9&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Punctuation marks"
msgstr "marques de ponctuation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not choose guessable words for the password. Account name, social "
"security number, phone number, address, birthday, name of your family "
"members or pets, dictionary words, simple sequence of characters such as "
"\"12345\" or \"qwerty\", … are all bad choice for the password."
msgstr ""
"Ne choisissez pas des mots qui se devinent aisément pour le mot de passe. "
"Les noms de compte, les numéros de sécurité sociale, les numéros de "
"téléphone, les adresses, les dates anniversaire, les noms des membres de "
"votre famille ou de vos animaux domestiques, les mots du dictionnaire, les "
"suites simples de caractères telles que «&nbsp;12345&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"qwerty&nbsp;»… constituent tous de mauvais choix pour le mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Creating encrypted password"
msgstr "Créer un mot de passe chiffré"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are independent tools to <ulink url="
"\"&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;\">generate encrypted passwords with "
"salt</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Il existe des outils autonomes permettant de <ulink url="
"\"&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;\">créer des mots de passe chiffrés à "
"partir d’une «&nbsp;semence&nbsp;»</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools to generate password"
msgstr "Liste d’outils permettant de générer des mots de passe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mkpasswd</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mkpasswd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"over-featured front end to the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> library"
msgstr ""
"frontal de la bibliothèque <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec fonctionnalités "
"surabondantes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>openssl passwd</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>openssl passwd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"calculer le hachage du mot de passe (OpenSSL). "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "PAM and NSS"
msgstr "PAM et NSS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Modern <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the "
"Debian system provide <ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM "
"(Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism to "
"the local system administrator to configure his system.  The role of these "
"can be summarizes as the following."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux systèmes modernes <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">semblable à UNIX</"
"ulink>, comme le système Debian, fournissent les mécanismes <ulink url="
"\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication "
"Modules)</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service "
"Switch)</ulink> pour la configuration du système par l’administrateur local. "
"Leur rôle peut être résumé de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application "
"software thus involves password data exchange."
msgstr ""
"PAM offre un mécanisme d’authentification souple qui est utilisé par les "
"logiciels applicatifs lorsqu’ils ont besoins d’échanger des mots de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the "
"<ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the "
"user and group name for programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"NSS fournit un mécanisme souple de service de noms qui est fréquemment "
"utilisé par la <ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">bibliothèque standard C</"
"ulink> pour obtenir le nom de groupe de programmes comme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently."
msgstr "Ces systèmes PAM et NSS doivent être configurés de manière cohérente."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets importants des systèmes PAM et NSS sont les suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of notable PAM and NSS systems"
msgstr "Liste des paquets importants des systèmes PAM et NNS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)"
msgstr ""
"PAM («&nbsp;Pluggable Authentication Modules&nbsp;»), Modules attachables "
"d’authentification (service de base)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces"
msgstr ""
"Modules attachables d’authentification permettant l’utilisation d’interfaces "
"LDAP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Pluggable Authentication Module to enable cracklib support"
msgstr ""
"Modules attachables d’authentification permettant la prise en compte de "
"cracklib"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)"
msgstr ""
"Modules attachables d’authentification (documentation en html et texte)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides \"Name Service Switch\" "
"service"
msgstr ""
"bibliothèque GNU C Library&nbsp;: bibliothèques partagées qui fournissent "
"aussi le service «&nbsp;Name Service Switch&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU C Library: Manpages"
msgstr "bibliothèque GNU C&nbsp;: pages de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)"
msgstr ""
"bibliothèque GNU C&nbsp;: manuel de référence dans les formats info, pdf et "
"html (non libre)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution"
msgstr "module NSS pour la résolution des noms DNS Multicast"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service"
msgstr "module NSS pour l’utilisation de LDAP comme service de nommage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service (new fork of <literal>libnss-"
"ldap</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"module NSS pour l’utilisation de LDAP en tant que service de nommage "
"(nouveau fork de <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide\" in <literal>libpam-doc</"
"literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide&nbsp;» de <literal>libpam-"
"doc</literal> est essentiel à l’apprentissage de la configuration de PAM."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"System Databases and Name Service Switch\" section in <literal>glibc-doc-"
"reference</literal> is essential for learning NSS configuration."
msgstr ""
"La section «&nbsp;System Databases and Name Service Switch&nbsp;» de "
"<literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> est essentielle pour l’apprentissage "
"de la configuration de NSS."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"You can see more extensive and current list by \"<literal>aptitude search "
"'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>\" command.  The acronym NSS may also mean "
"\"Network Security Service\" which is different from \"Name Service Switch\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous en trouverez une liste plus complète et actuelle avec la commande "
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>&nbsp;». "
"L’acronyme NSS peut aussi signifier «&nbsp;Network Security Service&nbsp;» "
"qui est différent de «&nbsp;Name Service Switch&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"PAM is the most basic way to initialize environment variables for each "
"program with the system wide default value."
msgstr ""
"PAM est la manière la plus élémentaire d’initialiser des variables "
"d’environnement pour tous les programmes avec des valeurs par défaut "
"valables pour l’ensemble du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS"
msgstr "Fichiers de configuration auxquels accèdent PAM et NSS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here are a few notable configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques fichiers de configuration importants auxquels PAM et NSS "
"peuvent accéder&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS"
msgstr "Liste des fichiers de configuration auxquels PAM et NSS accèdent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "configuration file"
msgstr "fichier de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/pam.d/&lt;program_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/pam.d/&lt;nom_programme&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set up PAM configuration for the \"<literal>&lt;program_name&gt;</literal>\" "
"program; see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam.d</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"définir la configuration de PAM pour le «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;nom_programme&gt;"
"</literal>&nbsp;», consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsswitch.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"définir la configuration de NSS avec une entrée pour chaque service. "
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsswitch.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/nologin</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/nologin</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"limit the user login by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_nologin</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module"
msgstr ""
"limiter la connexion de l’utilisateur à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/securetty</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/securetty</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"limit the tty for the root access by the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> module"
msgstr ""
"limiter l’accès de l’administrateur à certains tty à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/access.conf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/security/access.conf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set access limit by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_access</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module"
msgstr ""
"limiter les accès à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_access</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set group based restraint by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module"
msgstr ""
"définir les limitations en fonction du groupe à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/pam_env.conf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/security/pam_env.conf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set environment variables by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module"
msgstr ""
"définir des variables d’environnement à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set additional environment variables by the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> module with the \"<literal>readenv=1</literal>\" "
"argument"
msgstr ""
"définir des variables d’environnement supplémentaires à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec le paramètre «&nbsp;<literal>readenv=1</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set locale by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module with the "
"\"<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>\" argument "
"(Debian)"
msgstr ""
"définir les paramètres linguistiques («&nbsp;locale&nbsp;») à l’aide du "
"module <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec le paramètre «&nbsp;<literal>readenv=1 "
"envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>&nbsp;» (Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/limits.conf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/security/limits.conf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_linits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> module"
msgstr ""
"définir les limitations de ressources (ulimit, core, …) à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_linits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/time.conf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/security/time.conf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"set time restraint by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_time</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module"
msgstr ""
"définir les restrictions de temps à l’aide du module "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The limitation of the password selection is implemented by the PAM modules, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_cracklib</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. They can be "
"configured by their arguments."
msgstr ""
"Les limitations dans la sélection des mots de passe est implémentée par les "
"modules PAM <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_cracklib</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Ils peuvent être configurés à l’aide de leurs "
"paramètres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid "PAM modules use suffix \"<literal>.so</literal>\" for their filenames."
msgstr ""
"Les noms de fichiers des modules PAM ont le suffixe «&nbsp;<literal>.so</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The modern centralized system management"
msgstr "Le système de gestion centralisée moderne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The modern centralized system management can be deployed using the "
"centralized <ulink url=\"&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;\">Lightweight "
"Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> server to administer many Unix-like "
"and non-Unix-like systems on the network.  The open source implementation of "
"the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is <ulink url=\"&openldapsoftware;"
"\">OpenLDAP Software</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"La gestion centralisée du système peut être mise en œuvre en utilisant le "
"serveur centralisé <ulink url=\"&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;\">LDAP "
"Protocole léger d’accès aux répertoires («&nbsp;Lightweight Directory Access "
"Protocol&nbsp;»)</ulink> pour administrer de nombreux systèmes semblables à "
"UNIX ou autres sur le réseau. Le <ulink url=\"&openldapsoftware;\">logiciel "
"OpenLDAP</ulink> est l’implémentation à sources ouvertes du protocole LDAP "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The LDAP server provides the account information through the use of PAM and "
"NSS with <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> "
"packages for the Debian system. Several actions are required to enable this "
"(I have not used this setup and the following is purely secondary "
"information.  Please read this in this context.)."
msgstr ""
"Sur un système Debian, le serveur LDAP fournit les informations de compte en "
"utilisant PAM et de NSS avec les paquets <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> et "
"<literal>libnss-ldap</literal>. Un certain nombre d’actions sont nécessaires "
"pour l’activer (je n’ai pas utilisé cette configuration et ce qui suit est "
"une information secondaire. Veuillez la lire dans ce contexte)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You set up a centralized LDAP server by running a program such as the stand-"
"alone LDAP daemon, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>slapd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"définissez un serveur LDAP centralisé en faisant tourner un programme tel "
"que le démon LDAP, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>slapd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You change the PAM configuration files in the \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/</"
"literal>\" directory to use \"<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>\" instead of "
"the default \"<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"modifiez les fichiers de configuration de PAM dans le répertoire «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>&nbsp;» pour utiliser «&nbsp;<literal>pam_ldap."
"so</literal>&nbsp;» plutôt que le module par défaut «&nbsp;<literal>pam_unix."
"so</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian uses \"<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</literal>\" as the configuration "
"file for <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and \"<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.secret</"
"literal>\" as the file to store the password of the root."
msgstr ""
"Debian utilise «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</literal>&nbsp;» comme "
"fichier de configuration de <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> et «nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.secret</literal>&nbsp;» pour enregistrer le mot de "
"passe de root."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You change the NSS configuration in the \"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</"
"literal>\" file to use \"<literal>ldap</literal>\" instead of the default "
"(\"<literal>compat</literal>\" or \"<literal>file</literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"modifiez la configuration de NSS dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"nsswitch.conf</literal>&nbsp;» pour utiliser «&nbsp;<literal>ldap</"
"literal>&nbsp;» plutôt que ce qui s’y trouve par défaut («&nbsp;"
"<literal>compat</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>file</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian uses \"<literal>/etc/libnss-ldap.conf</literal>\" as the "
"configuration file for <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Debian utilise «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/libnss-ldap.conf</literal>&nbsp;» comme "
"fichier de configuration de <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You must make <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> to use <ulink url=\"&sslortls;"
"\">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection for the security of password."
msgstr ""
"vous devez configurer <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> de manière à ce qu’il "
"utilise une connexion <ulink url=\"&sslortls;\">SSL (ou TLS)</ulink> pour la "
"sécurité du mot de passe&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You may make <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> to use <ulink url=\"&sslortls;"
"\">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection to ensure integrity of data at the cost "
"of the LDAP network overhead."
msgstr ""
"vous pouvez configurer <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> de manière à ce qu’il "
"utilise une connexion <ulink url=\"&sslortls;\">SSL (ou TLS)</ulink> afin "
"d’assurer l’intégrité des données au prix d’une surcharge du réseau "
"LDAP&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You should run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nscd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> locally to cache any "
"LDAP search results in order to reduce the LDAP network traffic."
msgstr ""
"Afin de réduire le trafic réseau de LDAP, vous devrez faire tourner "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nscd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> localement pour mettre en cache les résultats de recherche de "
"LDAP ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See documentations in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_ldap.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and \"<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>\" offered by the <literal>libpam-doc</"
"literal> package and \"<literal>info libc 'Name Service Switch'</literal>\" "
"offered by the <literal>glibc-doc</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Consultez les documentations dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_ldap."
"conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>&nbsp;» qui sont fournies "
"par le paquet <literal>libpam-doc</literal> et «&nbsp;<literal>info libc "
"'Name Service Switch'</literal> fournie par le paquet <literal>glibc-doc</"
"literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Similarly, you can set up alternative centralized systems with other methods."
msgstr ""
"De manière similaire, vous pouvez mettre en œuvre des systèmes centralisés "
"de remplacement avec d’autres méthodes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Integration of user and group with the Windows system."
msgstr "Intégration d’utilisateur et de groupe au système Windows."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Access <ulink url=\"&windowsdomain;\">Windows domain</ulink> services by the "
"<literal>winbind</literal> and <literal>libpam_winbind</literal> packages."
msgstr ""
"Accès aux services de <ulink url=\"&windowsdomain;\">Domaine (Microsoft)</"
"ulink> avec les paquets <literal>winbind</literal> et "
"<literal>libpam_winbind</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>winbindd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url=\"&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;"
"\">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>winbindd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <ulink url=\"&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;"
"\">Intégration de réseaux MS Windows avec Samba</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Integration of user and group with the legacy Unix-like system."
msgstr ""
"Intégration d’utilisateur et de groupe à l’ancien système de type UNIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Access <ulink url=\"&nisoriginallycalledyp;\">NIS (originally called YP)</"
"ulink> or <ulink url=\"&nis;\">NIS+</ulink> by the <literal>nis</literal> "
"package."
msgstr ""
"Accès à <ulink url=\"&nisoriginallycalledyp;\">NIS (appelé initialement YP)</"
"ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&nis;\">NIS+</ulink> avec le paquet <literal>nis</"
"literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;\">The Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ "
"HOWTO</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <ulink url=\"&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;\">Le Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS"
"+ HOWTO</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "\"Why GNU su does not support the wheel group\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;Pourquoi la commande su de GNU ne gère-t-elle pas le groupe "
"wheel&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is the famous phrase at the bottom of the old \"<literal>info su</"
"literal>\" page by Richard M. Stallman.  Not to worry: the current "
"<literal>su</literal> command in Debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict "
"the ability to use <literal>su</literal> to the <literal>root</literal> "
"group by enabling the line with \"<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"C’est la célèbre phrase de Richard M. Stallman en bas de l’ancienne page "
"<literal>info su</literal>. Ne pas s’inquiéter&nbsp;: la commande "
"<literal>su</literal> actuelle de &debian; utilise PAM, on peut donc "
"restreindre l’accès de <literal>su</literal> au groupe <literal>root</"
"literal> en activant la ligne de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</"
"literal>&nbsp;»comportant «&nbsp;<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Stricter password rule"
msgstr "Règle de mots de passe plus stricte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Installing the <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> package enables you to "
"force stricter password rule, for example, by having active lines in "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>\" as the following."
msgstr ""
"L’installation du paquet <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> vous permet de "
"forcer des règles plus strictes concernant les mots de passe en mettant, par "
"exemple, les lignes suivantes dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-"
"password</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For <literal>squeeze</literal>:"
msgstr "Pour <literal>squeeze</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"password required pam_cracklib.so retry=3 minlen=9 difok=3\n"
"password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok md5\n"
"password requisite pam_deny.so\n"
"password required pam_permit.so"
msgstr ""
"password required pam_cracklib.so retry=3 minlen=9 difok=3\n"
"password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok md5\n"
"password requisite pam_deny.so\n"
"password required pam_permit.so"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Other access controls"
msgstr "Autres contrôles d’accès"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_alt_sysrq_key\"/> for restricting the kernel <ulink url="
"\"&secureattentionkeysak;\">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> feature."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_alt_sysrq_key\"/> pour restreindre la "
"fonctionnalité de <ulink url=\"&secureattentionkeysak;\">touche d’appel "
"sécurisée (SAK) («&nbsp;secure attention key&nbsp;»)</ulink> du noyau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Under <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&logind;"
"\">logind</ulink> may be used to manage user logins.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-logind</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Sous <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&logind;"
"\">logind</ulink> peut être utilisé pour gérer les connexions des "
"utilisateurs. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-logind</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "sudo"
msgstr "sudo"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give limited root "
"privileges to users and log root activity. <literal>sudo</literal> requires "
"only an ordinary user's password.  Install <literal>sudo</literal> package "
"and activate it by setting options in \"<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>\".  "
"See configuration example at \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/"
"sudoers</literal>\" and <xref linkend=\"_sudo_configuration\"/>."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est un programme conçu pour permettre à un administrateur "
"système de donner des privilèges d’administration limités aux utilisateurs "
"et d’enregistrer dans un journal les actions de l’administrateur («&nbsp;"
"root&nbsp;». <literal>sudo</literal> ne demande que le mot de passe d’un "
"utilisateur normal. Installez le paquet <literal>sudo</literal> et activez-"
"le en définissant les options dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/sudoers</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Consultez l’exemple de configuration dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>&nbsp;» et <xref linkend="
"\"_sudo_configuration\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"My usage of <literal>sudo</literal> for the single user system (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_sudo_configuration\"/>) is aimed to protect myself from my own "
"stupidity. Personally, I consider using <literal>sudo</literal> a better "
"alternative than using the system from the root account all the time.  For "
"example, the following changes the owner of \"<literal>&lt;some_file&gt;</"
"literal>\" to \"<literal>&lt;my_name&gt;</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Mon utilisation de <literal>sudo</literal> sur un système avec un seul "
"utilisateur (consultez <xref linkend=\"_sudo_configuration\"/>) est destinée "
"à me protéger moi-même contre ma propre stupidité. Personnellement, je "
"considère que l’utilisation de <literal>sudo</literal> est une meilleure "
"alternative que l’utilisation permanente du système depuis le compte de "
"l’administrateur. Par exemple, les modifications suivantes du propriétaire "
"de «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;un_fichier&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>&lt;mon_nom&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo chown &lt;my_name&gt; &lt;some_file&gt;"
msgstr "$ sudo chown &lt;mon_nom&gt; &lt;un_fichier&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Of course if you know the root password (as self-installed Debian users do), "
"any command can be run under root from any user's account using "
"\"<literal>su -c</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Bien sûr, si vous connaissez le mot de passe de root (comme beaucoup "
"d’utilisateurs de Debian qui ont installé eux-mêmes leur système), n’importe "
"quelle commande peut être lancée en tant qu’administrateur depuis un compte "
"utilisateur par «&nbsp;<literal>su -c</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "PolicyKit"
msgstr "PolicyKit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&policykit;\">PolicyKit</ulink> is an operating system "
"component for controlling system-wide privileges in Unix-like operating "
"systems."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&policykit;\">PolicyKit</ulink> est un composant du système "
"d’exploitation permettant de contrôler les droits globaux sur les systèmes "
"de type UNIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Newer GUI applications are not designed to run as privileged processes. They "
"talk to privileged processes via PolicyKit to perform administrative "
"operations."
msgstr ""
"Les applications graphiques les plus récentes ne sont pas conçues pour "
"fonctionner comme des processus privilégiés. Elles échangent avec les "
"processus privilégiés par l’intermédiaire de PolicyKit pour réaliser les "
"opérations d’administration."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"PolicyKit limits such operations to user accounts belonging to the "
"<literal>sudo</literal> group on the Debian system."
msgstr ""
"PolicyKit limite de telles opérations aux comptes d’utilisateurs appartenant "
"au groupe <literal>sudo</literal> sur le système Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>polkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>polkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "SELinux"
msgstr "SELinux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;\">Security-Enhanced Linux "
"(SELinux)</ulink> is a framework to tighten privilege model tighter than the "
"ordinary Unix-like security model with the <ulink url="
"\"&mandatoryaccesscontrolmac;\">mandatory access control (MAC)</ulink> "
"policies.  The root power may be restricted under some conditions."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;\">Security-Enhanced Linux "
"(SELinux)</ulink> est une infrastructure pour resserrer davantage le modèle "
"des privilèges que le modèle de sécurité ordinaire des systèmes semblables à "
"UNIX avec les règles de <ulink url=\"&mandatoryaccesscontrolmac;\">contrôle "
"d’accès obligatoire (MAC)</ulink> («&nbsp;mandatory access control&nbsp;»). "
"La puissance de l’administrateur peut être restreinte sous certaines "
"conditions."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Restricting access to some server services"
msgstr "Restreindre l’accès à certains services du serveur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For system security, it is a good idea to disable as much server programs as "
"possible.  This becomes critical for network servers.  Having unused "
"servers, activated either directly as <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> "
"or via <ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink> program, are "
"considered security risks."
msgstr ""
"Pour la sécurité du système, il est préférable de désactiver autant de "
"programmes de serveurs que possible. Cela devient critique pour les services "
"par l’intermédiaire du réseau. Avoir des services réseau inutilisés, qu’ils "
"soient activés directement en tant que <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">démon</ulink> "
"ou par l’intermédiaire du programme <ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-"
"serveur</ulink>, est considéré comme un risque de sécurité."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many programs, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, use PAM based access "
"control.  There are many ways to restrict access to some server services."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux programmes, tels que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, utilisent un contrôle "
"d’accès basé sur PAM. Il y a de nombreuses manières de restreindre l’accès à "
"certains serveurs de services&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"configuration files: \"<literal>/etc/default/&lt;program_name&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"fichiers de configuration&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/&lt;"
"nom_programme&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "runlevel configuration for <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"configuration du niveau de fonctionnement («&nbsp;runlevel&nbsp;» du <ulink "
"url=\"&daemon;\">démon</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable "
"Authentication Modules)</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Modules "
"d’authentification attachables) («&nbsp;Pluggable Authentication "
"Modules&nbsp;»)</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>\" for <ulink url=\"&superserver;"
"\">super-server</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>&nbsp;» pour le <ulink url="
"\"&superserver;\">super-serveur</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</"
"literal>\" for <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">TCP wrapper</ulink>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"hosts.allow</literal>&nbsp;» pour l’<ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">enrobeur "
"TCP</ulink>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>\" for <ulink url=\"&sunrpc;\">Sun RPC</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>&nbsp;» pour <ulink url=\"&sunrpc;"
"\">Sun RPC</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>\" "
"for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>atd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/at."
"deny</literal>&nbsp;» pour <citerefentry><refentrytitle>atd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/cron.deny</"
"literal>\" for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"cron.deny</literal>&nbsp;» pour <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkfirewall;\">Network firewall</ulink> of <ulink url="
"\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> infrastructure"
msgstr ""
"un <ulink url=\"&networkfirewall;\">pare-feu réseau</ulink> de "
"l’infrastructure <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_the_runlevel_management_example\"/>, <xref linkend="
"\"_the_default_parameter_for_each_init_script\"/>, <xref linkend="
"\"_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss\"/>, <xref linkend="
"\"_network_service_initialization\"/>, and <xref linkend="
"\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_runlevel_management_example\"/>, <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_default_parameter_for_each_init_script\"/>, <xref linkend="
"\"_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss\"/>, <xref linkend="
"\"_network_service_initialization\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&sunrpc;\">Sun RPC</ulink> services need to be active for "
"<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink> and other RPC based programs."
msgstr ""
"Les services <ulink url=\"&sunrpc;\">Sun RPC</ulink> doivent être actif pour "
"<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink> et les autres programmes basés sur RPC."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you have problems with remote access in a recent Debian system, comment "
"out offending configuration such as \"ALL: PARANOID\" in \"<literal>/etc/"
"hosts.deny</literal>\" if it exists.  (But you must be careful on security "
"risks involved with this kind of action.)"
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez des problèmes pour les accès à distance sur un système Debian "
"récent, commentez la ligne de configuration posant problème, comme «&nbsp;"
"ALL: PARANOID&nbsp;» de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>&nbsp;» si "
"elle existe. (Mais vous devrez faire attention au risque de sécurité induit "
"par ce type d’action)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Security of authentication"
msgstr "Sécurité de l’authentification"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The information here <emphasis role=\"strong\">may not be sufficient</"
"emphasis> for your security needs but it should be a <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">good start</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Les informations données ici pourraient ne répondre <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">que partiellement</emphasis> à vos besoins en matière de sécurité mais "
"elles devraient néanmoins constituer <emphasis role=\"strong\">un bon point "
"de départ</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Secure password on the Internet"
msgstr "Mot de passe sûr avec Internet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many popular transportation layer services communicate messages including "
"password authentication in the plain text. It is very bad idea to transmit "
"password in the plain text over the wild Internet where it can be "
"intercepted.  You can run these services over \"<ulink url="
"\"&transportlayersecurity;\">Transport Layer Security</ulink>\" (TLS) or its "
"predecessor, \"Secure Sockets Layer\" (SSL) to secure entire communication "
"including password by the encryption."
msgstr ""
"La couche de transport de nombreux services populaires communique les "
"messages, y compris les mots de passe d’authentification, en texte clair. "
"C’est une très mauvaise idée de transmettre un mot de passe en texte clair "
"dans la jungle d’Internet où il peut être intercepté. Vous pouvez faire "
"tourner des services sur une couche de transport sécurisée «&nbsp;<ulink url="
"\"&transportlayersecurity;\">Sécurité de la couche de transport («&nbsp;"
"Transport Layer Security&nbsp;»)</ulink>&nbsp;» (TLS) ou son prédécesseur "
"«&nbsp;Secure Sockets Layer&nbsp;» (SSL) pour sécuriser par chiffrement la "
"communication dans son ensemble, y compris le mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of insecure and secure services and ports"
msgstr "Liste des services et ports sûrs et non sûrs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "insecure service name"
msgstr "nom de service non sûr"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "port"
msgstr "port"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "secure service name"
msgstr "nom de service sûr"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "www (http)"
msgstr "www (http)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "80"
msgstr "80"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "https"
msgstr "https"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "443"
msgstr "443"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "smtp (mail)"
msgstr "smtp (courrier électronique)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "25"
msgstr "25"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ssmtp (smtps)"
msgstr "ssmtp (smtps)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "465"
msgstr "465"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ftp-data"
msgstr "données ftp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "20"
msgstr "20"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ftps-data"
msgstr "données ftps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "989"
msgstr "989"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ftp"
msgstr "ftp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "21"
msgstr "21"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ftps"
msgstr "ftps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "telnet"
msgstr "telnet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "23"
msgstr "23"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "telnets"
msgstr "telnets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "992"
msgstr "992"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "imap2"
msgstr "imap2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "143"
msgstr "143"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "imaps"
msgstr "imaps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "993"
msgstr "993"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "pop3"
msgstr "pop3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "110"
msgstr "110"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "pop3s"
msgstr "pop3s"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "995"
msgstr "995"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ldap"
msgstr "ldap"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "389"
msgstr "389"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ldaps"
msgstr "ldaps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "636"
msgstr "636"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The encryption costs CPU time.  As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep "
"communication in plain text while securing just the password with the secure "
"authentication protocol such as \"Authenticated Post Office Protocol"
"\" (APOP) for POP and \"Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism "
"MD5\" (CRAM-MD5) for SMTP and IMAP.  (For sending mail messages over the "
"Internet to your mail server from your mail client, it is recently popular "
"to use new message submission port 587 instead of traditional SMTP port 25 "
"to avoid port 25 blocking by the network provider while authenticating "
"yourself with CRAM-MD5.)"
msgstr ""
"Le chiffrement coûte du temps processeur. Comme solution de remplacement "
"pour économiser du temps processeur, vous pouvez continuer à effectuer les "
"communications en texte clair tout en ne sécurisant que le mot de passe avec "
"un protocole d’authentification sécurisé comme «&nbsp;Authenticated Post "
"Office Protocol&nbsp;» (APOP) pour POP et «&nbsp;Challenge-Response "
"Authentication Mechanism MD5&nbsp;» (CRAM-MD5) pour SMTP et IMAP. (Depuis "
"peu, pour envoyer des messages de courrier électronique au travers "
"d’internet à votre serveur de courrier depuis votre client de courrier, il "
"est devenu habituel d’utiliser le port 587 en remplacement du port SMTP 25 "
"habituel pour soumettre le courrier afin d’éviter le blocage du port 25 par "
"le fournisseur d’accès au réseau tout en vous authentifiant avec CRAM-MD5)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Secure Shell"
msgstr "Le shell sûr (Secure Shell)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&secureshellssh;\">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> program "
"provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an "
"insecure network with the secure authentication. It consists of the <ulink "
"url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> client, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and the <ulink url="
"\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> daemon, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  This SSH can be used "
"to tunnel an insecure protocol communication such as POP and X securely over "
"the Internet with the port forwarding feature."
msgstr ""
"Le programme <ulink url=\"&secureshellssh;\">SSH, Shell sûr</ulink> («&nbsp;"
"Secure Shell&nbsp;») permet une communication chiffrée sûre entre deux "
"machines qui ne sont pas «&nbsp;de confiance&nbsp;» au travers d’un réseau "
"non sûr avec une authentification sûre. Il est constitué du client <ulink "
"url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink>, de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, et du démon <ulink "
"url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink>, <literal>sshd</literal> (8). SSH peut "
"être utilisé pour «&nbsp;tunneler&nbsp;» de manière sécurisée un protocole "
"de communications non sûr tel que POP et X au travers d’Internet à l’aide de "
"la fonctionnalité de transfert de port."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, "
"public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password "
"authentication.  The use of public key authentication enables the remote "
"password-less login. See <xref linkend="
"\"_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Le client essaie de s’authentifier en utilisant l’authentification basée sur "
"l’hôte, une clé publique d’authentification, une authentification par "
"question-réponse ou une authentification par mot de passe. L’utilisation "
"d’une authentification par clé publique permet la connexion à distance sans "
"mot de passe. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Extra security measures for the Internet"
msgstr "Mesures de sécurité supplémentaires pour Internet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Even when you run secure services such as <ulink url=\"&secureshellssh;"
"\">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;\">Point-to-point tunneling protocol "
"(PPTP)</ulink> servers, there are still chances for the break-ins using "
"brute force password guessing attack etc. from the Internet.  Use of the "
"firewall policy (see <xref linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) together "
"with the following secure tools may improve the security situation."
msgstr ""
"Même si vous tournez avec des services sécurisés comme des serveurs <ulink "
"url=\"&secureshellssh;\">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> et <ulink url="
"\"&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;\">Point-to-point tunneling protocol "
"(PPTP)</ulink>, il reste des possibilités d’effraction en utilisant depuis "
"Internet une attaque de force brute pour trouver le mot de passe, etc. "
"L’utilisation d’une politique de pare-feu (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) conjointement avec les outils sûrs qui "
"suivent peut améliorer la sécurité&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools to provide extra security measures"
msgstr "Liste des outils fournissant des mesures de sécurité supplémentaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"small port-knock daemon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>knockd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and client "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>konck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"démon de serrure électronique IP <citerefentry><refentrytitle>knockd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et client "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>konck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors"
msgstr "bannir les IP qui provoquent des erreurs d’authentification multiples"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "lock out remote attackers trying password guessing"
msgstr ""
"verrouiller les attaquants distants cherchant à deviner le mot de passe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Securing the root password"
msgstr "sécuriser le mot de passe de l’administrateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"To prevent people to access your machine with root privilege, you need to "
"make following actions."
msgstr ""
"Afin d’éviter que des personnes accèdent à votre machine avec les privilèges "
"de l’administrateur, vous devez prendre les mesures suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Prevent physical access to the hard disk"
msgstr "rendre impossible l’accès physique au disque dur&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Lock BIOS and prevent booting from the removable media"
msgstr ""
"verrouiller le BIOS et interdire l’amorçage depuis un support amovible&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Set password for GRUB interactive session"
msgstr "définir un mot de passe pour la session interactive de GRUB&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Lock GRUB menu from editing"
msgstr "verrouiller l’édition du menu de GRUB."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"With physical access to hard disk, resetting the password is relatively easy "
"with following steps."
msgstr ""
"Avec un accès physique au disque, réinitialiser le mot de passe est "
"relativement facile en suivant les étapes suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Move the hard disk to a PC with CD bootable BIOS."
msgstr ""
"Déplacer le disque dur sur un PC dont le BIOS permet le démarrage depuis un "
"CD."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Boot system with a rescue media (Debian boot disk, Knoppix CD, GRUB CD, …)."
msgstr ""
"Démarrer le système avec un support de secours (disque d’amorçage de Debian, "
"CD Knoppix, CD GRUB…)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Mount root partition with read/write access."
msgstr "Monter la partition racine avec les droits en lecture et écriture."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Edit \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" in the root partition and make the "
"second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty."
msgstr ""
"Éditer «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;» de la partition racine "
"et vider la seconde entrée du compte <literal>root</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have edit access to the GRUB menu entry (see <xref linkend="
"\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) for <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> at "
"boot time, it is even easier with following steps."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez l’accès en édition au menu GRUB (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>), avec <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal>, il "
"est encore plus simple d’effectuer les étapes suivantes au moment du "
"démarrage&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Boot system with the kernel parameter changed to something like "
"\"<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Démarrer le système avec les paramètres du noyau modifiés en quelque chose "
"qui ressemble à «&nbsp;<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Edit \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" and make the second entry for the "
"<literal>root</literal> account empty."
msgstr ""
"Éditer «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;» et vider la seconde "
"entrée du compte <literal>root</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Reboot system."
msgstr "Redémarrer le système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The root shell of the system is now accessible without password."
msgstr ""
"L’interpréteur de commandes de l’administrateur est maintenant accessible "
"sans mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Once one has root shell access, he can access everything on the system and "
"reset any passwords on the system.  Further more, he may compromise password "
"for all user accounts using brute force password cracking tools such as "
"<literal>john</literal> and <literal>crack</literal> packages (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_system_security_and_integrity_check\"/>).  This cracked password "
"may lead to compromise other systems."
msgstr ""
"Une fois que quelqu’un a accès à l’interpréteur de commandes de "
"l’administrateur, il peut accéder à l’ensemble du système et en "
"réinitialiser tous les mots de passe. De plus, il peut compromettre le mot "
"de passe de n’importe quel utilisateur en utilisant des outils de cassage de "
"mots de passe par force brute tels que les paquets <literal>john</literal> "
"et <literal>crack</literal> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_system_security_and_integrity_check\"/>). Ces mots de passes cassés "
"peuvent permettre de compromettre d’autres systèmes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The only reasonable software solution to avoid all these concerns is to use "
"software encrypted root partition (or \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" partition) "
"using <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> and initramfs (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/>).  You always need password to boot the "
"system, though."
msgstr ""
"La seule solution logicielle raisonnable pour éviter tout ça est d’utiliser "
"une partition racine (ou une partition «&nbsp;<literal>/etc</"
"literal>&nbsp;») chiffrée par logiciel en utilisant <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;"
"\">dm-crypt</ulink> et initramfs (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_data_encryption_tips\"/>). Vous aurez alors toujours besoin d’un mot de "
"passe pour vous connecter au système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Network setup"
msgstr "Configuration du réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For general guide to the GNU/Linux networking, read the <ulink url="
"\"&linuxnetworkadministratorsguide;\">Linux Network Administrators Guide</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Pour un guide d’ordre général concernant le réseau sous GNU/Linux, lire le "
"<ulink url=\"&linuxnetworkadministratorsguide;\">Guide de l’administrateur "
"réseau de Linux</ulink> («&nbsp;Linux Network Administrators Guide&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Although this document still uses old <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with IPv4 for its "
"network configuration examples, Debian is moving to "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with IPv4+IPv6 in the <literal>wheezy</literal> release.  "
"Patches to update this document are welcomed."
msgstr ""
"Bien que ce document utilise encore l’ancien "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec IPv4 comme exemples de configuration réseau, "
"Debian se dirige vers <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec IPv4 et IPv6 à "
"partir de <literal>Wheezy</literal>. Les correctifs pour mettre à jour ce "
"document sont les bienvenus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Under <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&networkd;"
"\">networkd</ulink> may be used to manage networks.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Sous <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&networkd;"
"\">networkd</ulink> peut être utilisé pour gérer les réseaux. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The basic network infrastructure"
msgstr "L’infrastructure de base du réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system."
msgstr ""
"Passons en revue l’infrastructure de base du réseau sur un système Debian "
"moderne."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of network configuration tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de configuration du réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "packages"
msgstr "paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::ifupdown"
msgstr "config::ifupdown"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)"
msgstr ""
"outil standard pour activer ou désactiver le réseau (spécifique à Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "manage the wired network automatically"
msgstr "gérer automatiquement le réseau filaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"network testing script to enhance \"<literal>ifupdown</literal>\" package"
msgstr ""
"script de test du réseau pour améliorer le paquet «&nbsp;<literal>ifupdown</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "set routing metrics for a network interface"
msgstr "définir les métriques de routage d’une interface réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"mapping script to enhance \"<literal>ifupdown</literal>\" package via "
"\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""
"script de cartographie réseau améliorant le paquet «&nbsp;<literal>ifupdown</"
"literal>&nbsp;» par l’intermédiaire du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mapping scripts to enhance \"<literal>ifupdown</literal>\" package"
msgstr ""
"script de cartographie réseau pour améliorer le paquet «&nbsp;"
"<literal>ifupdown</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Zugschlus' interface scripts for ifupdown's manual method"
msgstr ""
"scripts d’interface de Zugschlus fournissant une méthode manuelle à ifupdown"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::NM"
msgstr "config::NM"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the "
"network automatically"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (démon)&nbsp;: gère "
"automatiquement le réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (frontal de GNOME)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (KDE frontend)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (frontal de KDE)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::wicd"
msgstr "config::wicd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "wired and wireless network manager (metapackage)"
msgstr "gestionnaire de réseau filaire ou sans fil (métapaquet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "wired and wireless network manager (command-line client)"
msgstr ""
"gestionnaire de réseau filaire ou sans fil (client en ligne de commandes)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "wired and wireless network manager (Curses client)"
msgstr "gestionnaire de réseau filaire ou sans fil (client Curses)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "wired and wireless network manager (daemon)"
msgstr "gestionnaire de réseau filaire ou sans fil (démon)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "wired and wireless network manager (GTK+ client)"
msgstr "gestionnaire de réseau filaire ou sans fil (client GTK+)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::Netfilter"
msgstr "config::Netfilter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url=\"&netfilter;"
"\">Netfilter</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"outils d’administration pour le filtrage des paquets et NAT (<ulink url="
"\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::iproute2"
msgstr "config::iproute2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network "
"configuration: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 et autres configurations "
"avancées du réseau&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, etc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"rename network interfaces based on various static criteria: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifrename</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"renommer une interface réseau en fonction de divers critères "
"statiques&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifrename</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display or change Ethernet device settings"
msgstr "afficher ou modifier les paramètres d’un périphérique Ethernet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "test::iproute2"
msgstr "test::iproute2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url=\"&hostname;"
"\">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">IP address</ulink> (<ulink "
"url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"tester l’accessibilité d’une machine distante par <ulink url=\"&hostname;"
"\">nom de machine</ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">adresse IP</ulink>  "
"(<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="
"\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> address"
msgstr ""
"tester l’accessibilité réseau d’une machine distante spécifiée par une "
"adresse <ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "trace the network path to a remote host"
msgstr "tracer le chemin du réseau vers une machine distante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::net-tools"
msgstr "config::net-tools"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"NET-3 networking toolkit (<ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink>, IPv4 "
"network configuration): <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> etc."
msgstr ""
"boîte à outils réseau NET-3 (<ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink>, "
"configuration réseau IPv4)&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "test::net-tools"
msgstr "test::net-tools"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url=\"&hostname;"
"\">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">IP address</ulink> "
"(legacy, GNU)"
msgstr ""
"tester l’accessibilité réseau d’une machine distante par <ulink url="
"\"&hostname;\">nom de machine</ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">adresse "
"IP</ulink> (ancien, GNU)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="
"\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> address (legacy)"
msgstr ""
"tester l’accessibilité réseau d’une machine distante spécifiée par une "
"adresse <ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> (ancien)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (legacy, console)"
msgstr "tracer le chemin réseau vers une machine distante (ancien, console)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::low-level"
msgstr "config::low-level"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DHCP client"
msgstr "client DHCP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)"
msgstr "client prenant en charge WPA et WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Qt GUI client for wpa_supplicant"
msgstr "client graphique (Qt) pour wpa_supplicant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions"
msgstr ""
"outils pour manipuler les «&nbsp;Extensions Linux sans fil&nbsp;» (Linux "
"Wireless Extensions)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PPP/PPPoE connection with <literal>chat</literal>"
msgstr "connexion PPP/PPPoE avec <literal>chat</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "config::helper"
msgstr "config::helper"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "configuration helper for PPPoE connection"
msgstr "assistant de configuration d’une connexion PPPoE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>chat</literal>"
msgstr ""
"assistant de configuration pour une connexion PPP avec <literal>chat</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>wvdial</literal> and "
"<literal>ppp</literal>"
msgstr ""
"assistant de configuration pour une connexion PPP avec <literal>wvdial</"
"literal> et <literal>ppp</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "test::low-level"
msgstr "test::low-level"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (curses)"
msgstr "tracer le chemin réseau vers une machine distante (curses)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK+)"
msgstr "tracer le chemin réseau vers une machine distante (curses et GTK+)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tools for common network information operations (GNOME)"
msgstr ""
"outils pour des opérations d’informations habituelles sur le réseau (GNOME)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url=\"&nmap;\">Nmap</ulink>, console)"
msgstr ""
"cartographie réseau / balayage de ports (<ulink url=\"&nmap;\">Nmap</ulink>, "
"console)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "network mapper / port scanner (GTK+)"
msgstr "cartographie réseau / balayage de ports (GTK+)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"network traffic analyzer (<ulink url=\"&tcpdump;\">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)"
msgstr ""
"analyseur de trafic réseau (<ulink url=\"&tcpdump;\">Tcpdump</ulink>, "
"console)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"network traffic analyzer (<ulink url=\"&wireshark;\">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK+)"
msgstr ""
"analyseur de trafic réseau (<ulink url=\"&wireshark;\">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK"
"+)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "network traffic analyzer (console)"
msgstr "analyseur de trafic réseau (console)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"monitoring and management system for hosts, services and networks (<ulink "
"url=\"&nagios;\">Nagios</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"système de surveillance et de gestion pour les machines, les services et les "
"réseaux (<ulink url=\"&nagios;\">Nagios</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> "
"output"
msgstr ""
"produit un résumé des connexions à partir d’une sortie de <literal>tcpdump</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"flexible network intrusion detection system (<ulink url=\"&snort;\">Snort</"
"ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"système souple de détection d’intrusion par le réseau (<ulink url=\"&snort;"
"\">Snort</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display network usage in web browser"
msgstr "afficher l’utilisation du réseau dans le navigateur web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"network clients provided with <ulink url=\"&bind;\">BIND</ulink>: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nslookup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsupdate</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"clients réseau fournis par <ulink url=\"&bind;\">BIND</ulink>&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nslookup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsupdate</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"check <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver "
"lookups"
msgstr ""
"vérifier les zones d’information <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> en "
"utilisant des requêtes du serveur de noms"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "trace a chain of <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> servers to the source"
msgstr ""
"tracer une chaîne de serveurs <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> jusqu’à la "
"source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The hostname resolution"
msgstr "Résolution du nom d’hôte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="
"\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  "
"The flow of this resolution is the following."
msgstr ""
"La résolution du nom d’hôte est actuellement prise en charge aussi par le "
"mécanisme <ulink url=\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</"
"ulink>. Le flux de cette résolution est le suivant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file with stanza like "
"\"<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>\" dictates the hostname resolution "
"order. (This replaces the old functionality of the \"<literal>order</literal>"
"\" stanza in \"<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>&nbsp;» avec une "
"entrée comme «&nbsp;<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>&nbsp;» donne l’ordre "
"de la résolution du nom d’hôte (cela remplace l’ancienne fonctionnalité de "
"l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>order</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"host.conf</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is "
"found in the \"<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>\" file, it returns all valid "
"addresses for it and exits. (The \"<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>\" file "
"contains \"<literal>multi on</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""
"La méthode <literal>files</literal> est d’abord appelée. Si le nom d’hôte "
"est trouvé dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>&nbsp;», elle "
"retourne toutes les adresses valables qui y correspondent et quitte. (Le "
"fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>&nbsp;» contient «&nbsp;"
"<literal>multi on</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by "
"the query to the <ulink url=\"&internetdomainnamesystemdns;\">Internet "
"Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the \"<literal>/etc/resolv."
"conf</literal>\" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits."
msgstr ""
"La méthode <literal>dns</literal> est appelée. Si le nom d’hôte est trouvé "
"par une requête au <ulink url=\"&internetdomainnamesystemdns;\">Système de "
"noms de domaine Internet (DNS)</ulink> («&nbsp;Internet Domain Name "
"System&nbsp;») identifié par le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</"
"literal>&nbsp;», elle retourne toutes les adresses valables correspondantes "
"et quitte."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For example, \"<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>\" looks like the following."
msgstr ""
"Par exemple, « <literal>/etc/hosts</literal> » ressemble à ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"127.0.0.1 localhost\n"
"127.0.1.1 &lt;host_name&gt;\n"
"\n"
"# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts\n"
"::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback\n"
"fe00::0 ip6-localnet\n"
"ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix\n"
"ff02::1 ip6-allnodes\n"
"ff02::2 ip6-allrouters\n"
"ff02::3 ip6-allhosts"
msgstr ""
"127.0.0.1 localhost\n"
"127.0.1.1 &lt;nom_hote&gt;\n"
"\n"
"# Les lignes suivantes servent pour les machines pouvant utiliser IPv6\n"
"::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback\n"
"fe00::0 ip6-localnet\n"
"ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix\n"
"ff02::1 ip6-allnodes\n"
"ff02::2 ip6-allrouters\n"
"ff02::3 ip6-allhosts"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each line starts with a <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">IP address</ulink> and it "
"is followed by the associated <ulink url=\"&hostname;\">hostname</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Chaque ligne commence par une <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">adresse IP</ulink> "
"et est suivie du <ulink url=\"&hostname;\">nom d’hôte</ulink> associé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The IP address <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> in the second line of this "
"example may not be found on some other Unix-like systems.  The <ulink url="
"\"&debianinstaller;\">Debian Installer</ulink> creates this entry for a "
"system without a permanent IP address as a workaround for some software (e."
"g., GNOME) as documented in the <ulink url=\"&bughbjgcb;\">bug #719621</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"L’adresse IP <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> en deuxième ligne de cet exemple "
"pourrait ne pas être présente sur d’autres systèmes de type UNIX. L’<ulink "
"url=\"&debianinstaller;\">installateur Debian</ulink> ajoute cette entrée "
"pour les systèmes sans adresse IP permanente en tant que contournement pour "
"certains programmes (par exemple GNOME) comme expliqué dans le <ulink url="
"\"&bughbjgcb;\">bogue nº 719621</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The &lt;host_name&gt; matches the hostname defined in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"hostname</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le &lt;nom_hote&gt; correspond au nom d’hôte défini dans « <literal>/etc/"
"hostname</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For a system with a permanent IP address, that permanent IP address should "
"be used here instead of <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Pour un système avec une adresse IP permanente, cette adresse IP devrait "
"être utilisée à la place de <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For a system with a permanent IP address and a <ulink url="
"\"&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;\">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</"
"ulink> provided by the <ulink url=\"&domainnamesystemdns;\">Domain Name "
"System (DNS)</ulink>, that canonical &lt;host_name&gt;.&lt;domain_name&gt; "
"should be used instead of just &lt;host_name&gt;."
msgstr ""
"Pour un système avec une adresse IP permanente et un <ulink url="
"\"&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;\">nom de domaine complètement qualifié "
"(FQDN)</ulink> fourni par le <ulink url=\"&domainnamesystemdns;\">système de "
"noms de domaine (DNS)</ulink>, les &lt;nom_hote&gt; et &lt;nom_domaine&gt; "
"canoniques devraient être utilisés ici, plutôt que le simple &lt;"
"nom_hote&gt;."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" is a static file if the "
"<literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is "
"a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the "
"resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP=\"<literal>192.168.11.1</"
"literal>\", it contains the following."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>&nbsp;» est un fichier statique si "
"le paquet <literal>resolvconf</literal> n’est pas installé. S’il est "
"installé, c’est un lien symbolique. Dans tous les cas, il contient des "
"informations qui initialisent les routines du résolveur. Si le DNS est "
"trouvé à l’IP=«&nbsp;<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>&nbsp;», il contient ce "
"qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "nameserver 192.168.11.1"
msgstr "nameserver 192.168.11.1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this \"<literal>/etc/resolv."
"conf</literal>\" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook "
"scripts automatically."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>resolvconf</literal> fait de ce «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"resolv.conf</literal>&nbsp;» un lien symbolique et gère son contenu "
"automatiquement par le script hook."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the PC workstation on the typical adhoc LAN environment, the hostname "
"can be resolved via Multicast DNS (mDNS, <ulink url=\"&zeroconf;\">Zeroconf</"
"ulink>) in addition to the basic <literal>files</literal> and <literal>dns</"
"literal> methods."
msgstr ""
"Pour une station de travail «&nbsp;compatible PC&nbsp;» sur un réseau local "
"ad hoc typique, le nom d’hôte peut être résolu à l’aide du Multicast DNS "
"(mDNS, <ulink url=\"&zeroconf;\">Zeroconf</ulink>) en plus des méthodes "
"traditionnelles par <literal>fichiers</literal> et <literal>dns</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&avahi;\">Avahi</ulink> provides a framework for Multicast DNS "
"Service Discovery on Debian."
msgstr ""
"Sur les systèmes Debian, <ulink url=\"&avahi;\">Avahi</ulink> fournit un "
"cadre pour le «&nbsp;Multicast DNS Service Discovery&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"It is equivalent of <ulink url=\"&applebonjourapplerendezvous;\">Apple "
"Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Il est l’équivalent de <ulink url=\"&applebonjourapplerendezvous;\">Apple "
"Bonjour/Apple Rendezvous</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> plugin package provides host name "
"resolution via mDNS for the GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) functionality of "
"the GNU C Library (glibc)."
msgstr ""
"Le greffon de la bibliothèque <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> fournit une "
"résolution de nom d’hôte à l’aide de mDNS pour la fonction «&nbsp;GNU Name "
"Service Switch (NSS)&nbsp;» de «&nbsp;GNU C Library (glibc)&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file should have stanza like "
"\"<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>&nbsp; devrait "
"contenir une section telle que «&nbsp;<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal "
"[NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Host names ending with the <ulink url=\"&local;\">\".local\"</ulink> <ulink "
"url=\"&pseudotopleveldomain;\">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink> (TLD) are "
"resolved."
msgstr ""
"La résolution est appliquée aux noms d’hôtes se terminant avec le <ulink url="
"\"&pseudotopleveldomain;\">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink> (TLD) <ulink url="
"\"&local;\">«&nbsp;.local&nbsp;»</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The mDNS IPv4 link-local multicast address \"<literal>224.0.0.251</literal>"
"\" or its IPv6 equivalent \"<literal>FF02::FB</literal>\" are used to make "
"DNS query for a name ending with \"<literal>.local</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’adresse IPV4 de lien-local multicast mDNS «&nbsp;<literal>224.0.0.251</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ou son équivalente pour l’IPV6 «&nbsp;<literal>FF02::FB</"
"literal>&nbsp; est utilisée pour faire une requête DNS sur les noms se "
"terminant en «&nbsp;<literal>.local</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The hostname resolution via deprecated <ulink url=\"&netbiosovertcpip;"
"\">NETBios over TCP/IP</ulink> used by the older Windows system can be "
"provided by installing the <literal>winbind</literal> package.  The "
"\"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file should have stanza like "
"\"<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4 wins</"
"literal>\" to enable this functionality.  (Modern Windows system usually use "
"the <literal>dns</literal> method for the hostname resolution.)"
msgstr ""
"La résolution du nom de machine par le protocole obsolète <ulink url="
"\"&netbiosovertcpip;\">NETBios over TCP/IP</ulink> utilisé par les systèmes "
"Windows plus anciens peut être fournie en installant le paquet "
"<literal>winbind</literal>. Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</"
"literal>&nbsp;» devra avoir une entrée semblable à «&nbsp;<literal>hosts: "
"files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4 wins</literal>&nbsp;» afin "
"d’activer cette fonctionnalité (les systèmes Windows récents utilisent "
"normalement la méthode <literal>dns</literal> pour la résolution de nom "
"d’hôte)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;\">expansion of generic "
"Top-Level Domains (gTLD)</ulink> in the <ulink url=\"&domainnamesystem;"
"\">Domain Name System</ulink> is underway.  Watch out for the <ulink url="
"\"&namecollision;\">name collision</ulink> when chosing a domain name used "
"only within LAN."
msgstr ""
"L'<ulink url=\"&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;\">expansion de nom de "
"domaine de premier niveau générique « generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD) »</"
"ulink> dans le <ulink url=\"&domainnamesystem;\"> système de noms de domaine</"
"ulink> est en cours de réalisation. Soyez attentifs aux <ulink "
"url=\"&namecollision;\">conflits de noms</ulink> lors du choix d'un nom de "
"domaine utilisé uniquement au sein d'un réseau local « LAN »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The network interface name"
msgstr "Nom de l’interface réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The network interface name, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, is assigned to "
"each hardware in the Linux kernel through the user space configuration "
"mechanism, <literal>udev</literal> (see <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/"
">), as it is found.  The network interface name is referred as <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">physical interface</emphasis> in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Le nom de l’interface réseau, par exemple <literal>eth0</literal>, est "
"assigné dans le noyau Linux à chaque matériel par le mécanisme "
"<literal>udev</literal> de configuration de l’espace utilisateur (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>), lorsqu’il est trouvé. On appelle "
"l’interface réseau <emphasis role=\"strong\">interface physique</emphasis> "
"(«&nbsp;physical interface&nbsp;») dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to ensure each network interface to be named persistently for each "
"reboot using <ulink url=\"&macaddress;\">MAC address</ulink> etc., there is "
"a rules file \"<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>"
"\".  This file is automatically generated by the \"<literal>/lib/udev/"
"write_net_rules</literal>\" program, probably run by the "
"\"<literal>persistent-net-generator.rules</literal>\" rules file. You can "
"modify it to change naming rule."
msgstr ""
"De manière à ce que les interfaces réseau aient un nom homogène lors des "
"redémarrages en utilisant l’<ulink url=\"&macaddress;\">adresse MAC</ulink>, "
"etc., il existe un fichier de règles «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-"
"persistent-net.rules</literal>&nbsp;». Ce fichier est créé automatiquement "
"par le programme «&nbsp;<literal>/lib/udev/write_net_rules</literal>&nbsp;», "
"probablement lancé par le fichier de règles «&nbsp;<literal>persistent-net-"
"generator.rules</literal>&nbsp;». Vous pouvez le modifier pour changer la "
"règle de nommage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"When editing the \"<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</"
"literal>\" rules file, you must keep each rule on a single line and the "
"<ulink url=\"&macaddress;\">MAC address</ulink> in lowercase. For example, "
"if you find \"FireWire device\" and \"PCI device\" in this file, you "
"probably want to name \"PCI device\" as <literal>eth0</literal> and "
"configure it as the primary network interface."
msgstr ""
"En éditant le fichier de règles «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-"
"persistent-net.rules</literal>&nbsp;», vous devrez conserver chaque règle "
"sur une seule ligne et l’<ulink url=\"&macaddress;\">adresse MAC</ulink> en "
"minuscule. Par exemple, si vous trouvez «&nbsp;FireWire device&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;PCI device&nbsp;» dans ce fichier, vous voudrez probablement nommer "
"<literal>eth0</literal> le «&nbsp;PCI device&nbsp;» et le configurer comme "
"interface réseau primaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The network address range for the LAN"
msgstr "Plage d’adresses réseau du réseau local («&nbsp;LAN&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved "
"for use on the <ulink url=\"&localareanetworkslans;\">local area networks "
"(LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url=\"&rfcbjbi;\">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses "
"are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper."
msgstr ""
"Un rappel des plages d’adresses IPv4 32 bits de chacune des classes "
"réservées à l’utilisation sur un <ulink url=\"&localareanetworkslans;"
"\">réseau local (LAN)</ulink> par la <ulink url=\"&rfcbjbi;\">rfc1918</"
"ulink>. Ces adresses garantissent qu’aucun conflit ne sera créé avec aucune "
"des adresses présentes sur Internet proprement dit."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of network address ranges"
msgstr "Liste des plages d’adresses de réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Class"
msgstr "Classe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "network addresses"
msgstr "adresses de réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "net mask"
msgstr "masque de réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "net mask /bits"
msgstr "masque de réseau /bits"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "# of subnets"
msgstr "nombre de sous-réseaux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "A"
msgstr "A"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "10.x.x.x"
msgstr "10.x.x.x"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "255.0.0.0"
msgstr "255.0.0.0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "/8"
msgstr "/8"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "B"
msgstr "B"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x"
msgstr "172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "255.255.0.0"
msgstr "255.255.0.0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "/16"
msgstr "/16"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "16"
msgstr "16"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "C"
msgstr "C"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x"
msgstr "192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "255.255.255.0"
msgstr "255.255.255.0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "/24"
msgstr "/24"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "256"
msgstr "256"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not "
"access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts "
"as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="
"\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">Network Address Translation (NAT)</"
"ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN "
"environment."
msgstr ""
"Si une de ces adresses est assignée à une machine, cette machine ne doit "
"alors pas accéder directement à Internet mais passer par une passerelle qui "
"agit en tant que serveur mandataire («&nbsp;proxy&nbsp;») pour les services "
"individuels ou sinon effectuer une <ulink url="
"\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">traduction d’adresse réseau (NAT)</ulink> "
"(«&nbsp;Network Address Translation&nbsp;». Un routeur à large bande "
"effectue en général la NAT pour l’environnement du LAN de l’utilisateur "
"grand public."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The network device support"
msgstr "La gestion du périphérique réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are "
"some network devices which require <ulink url=\"&dfsg;\">DFSG</ulink> non-"
"free firmware to support them.  Please see <xref linkend="
"\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/>."
msgstr ""
"La plupart des périphériques matériels sont pris en charge par le système "
"Debian, il y a quelques périphériques de réseau qui exigent, pour les gérer, "
"des microprogrammes non libres d’après les <ulink url=\"&dfsg;\">principes "
"du logiciel libre selon Debian</ulink>. Veuillez consulter <xref linkend="
"\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The modern network configuration for desktop"
msgstr "Configuration moderne de réseau pour ordinateur de bureau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian <literal>squeeze</literal> and newer can manage the network "
"connection via management <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> software "
"such as <ulink url=\"&networkmanagernm;\">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> "
"(network-manager and associated packages) or <ulink url=\"&wicd;\">Wicd</"
"ulink> (wicd and associated packages)."
msgstr ""
"À partir de la version <literal>squeeze</literal>, les systèmes Debian "
"peuvent gérer la connexion au réseau à l’aide de <ulink url=\"&daemon;"
"\">démons</ulink> tels que <ulink url=\"&networkmanagernm;\">NetworkManager "
"(NM)</ulink> (paquet network-manager et les paquets associés) ou <ulink url="
"\"&wicd;\">Wicd</ulink> (paquet wicd et les paquets associés)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"They come with their own <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> and command-line "
"programs as their user interfaces."
msgstr ""
"Ils sont fournis avec leur propre interface utilisateur graphique (<ulink "
"url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink>) et en ligne de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"They come with their own <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> as their "
"backend system."
msgstr ""
"Ils ont leur propre <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">démon</ulink> en tant que sytème "
"dorsal."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet."
msgstr "Ils permettent une connexion facile de votre système à Internet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration."
msgstr ""
"Ils permettent une gestion facile de la configuration du réseau filaire ou "
"sans fil."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Ils nous permettent de configurer le réseau indépendamment de l’ancien "
"paquet «&nbsp;<literal>ifupdown</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These "
"are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas utiliser ces outils de configuration automatique du réseau sur un "
"serveur. Ils ont été prévus principalement pour les utilisateurs de système "
"de bureau tournant sur des ordinateurs portables."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to "
"avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and "
"its configuration file \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ces outils modernes de configuration du réseau doivent être configurés "
"correctement afin d’éviter des conflits avec l’ancien paquet "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> et son fichier de configuration «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Some features of these automatic network configuration tools may suffer "
"regressions.  These are not as robust as the legacy <literal>ifupdown</"
"literal> package.  Check <ulink url=\"&btsofnetworkmanager;\">BTS of network-"
"manager</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&btsofwicd;\">BTS of wicd</ulink> for "
"current issues and limitations."
msgstr ""
"Certaines fonctionnalités de ces outils de configuration automatique du "
"réseau peuvent souffrir de régressions. Ils ne sont pas aussi robustes que "
"l’ancien paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal>. Consultez le <ulink url="
"\"&btsofnetworkmanager;\">BTS de network-manager</ulink> et le <ulink url="
"\"&btsofwicd;\">BTS de wicd</ulink> pour en savoir plus sur les problèmes et "
"les limitations actuelles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "GUI network configuration tools"
msgstr "Outils graphiques de configuration du réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Official documentations for NM and Wicd on Debian are provided in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README.Debian</literal>\", respectively."
msgstr ""
"Les documentations officielles de NM et Wicd sous Debian sont fournies "
"respectivement par «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README."
"Debian</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README."
"Debian</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows."
msgstr ""
"Essentiellement, la configuration réseau pour un ordinateur de bureau est "
"faite de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "
"\"<literal>netdev</literal>\" by the following (Alternatively, do it "
"automatically via <ulink url=\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop "
"environments such as GNOME and KDE)."
msgstr ""
"Rendez l’utilisateur du bureau, par exemple <literal>toto</literal>, membre "
"du groupe «&nbsp;<literal>netdev</literal>&nbsp;» à l’aide de la commande "
"suivante (vous pouvez aussi le faire automatiquement à l’aide de <ulink url="
"\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink> sous les environnements de bureau modernes comme "
"GNOME et KDE)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo adduser foo netdev"
msgstr "$ sudo adduser toto netdev"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Keep configuration of \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" as "
"simple as in the following."
msgstr ""
"Gardez la configuration de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» aussi simple que possible comme ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"auto lo\n"
"iface lo inet loopback"
msgstr ""
"auto lo\n"
"iface lo inet loopback"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Restart NM or Wicd by the following."
msgstr "Redémarrez NM ou Wicd de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager restart"
msgstr "$ sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager restart"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/wicd restart"
msgstr "$ sudo /etc/init.d/wicd restart"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Configure your network via GUI."
msgstr "Configurez votre réseau à l’aide d’une interface graphique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Only interfaces which are <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> listed in "
"\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" are managed by NM or Wicd to "
"avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Afin d’éviter les conflits avec <literal>ifupdown</literal>, seules les "
"interfaces qui ne sont <emphasis role=\"strong\">pas</emphasis> listées dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» sont gérées par NM "
"ou Wicd."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek "
"appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as "
"<literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-"
"openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, "
"<literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</"
"literal>, etc.  The same goes for those of Wicd."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez étendre les possibilités de configuration de NM, veuillez "
"récupérer les modules d’extension appropriés et les paquets supplémentaires "
"tels que <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-"
"manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</"
"literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-"
"bluetooth</literal>, etc. Il en va de même pour ceux de Wicd."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"These automatic network configuration tools may not be compatible with "
"esoteric configurations of legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> in \"<literal>/"
"etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" such as ones in <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>.  "
"Check <ulink url=\"&btsofnetworkmanager;\">BTS of network-manager</ulink> "
"and <ulink url=\"&btsofwicd;\">BTS of wicd</ulink> for current issues and "
"limitations."
msgstr ""
"Ces outils de configuration automatique peuvent ne pas être compatibles avec "
"des configurations ésotériques de l’ancien <literal>ifupdown</literal> dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» telles que celles "
"se trouvant en <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>. Consultez le "
"<ulink url=\"&btsofnetworkmanager;\">BTS de network-manager</ulink> et le "
"<ulink url=\"&btsofwicd;\">BTS de wicd</ulink> pour les problèmes et les "
"limitations actuels."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The legacy network connection and configuration"
msgstr "Ancienne méthode de configuration et de connexion réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"When the method described in <xref linkend="
"\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/> does not suffice your "
"needs, you should use the legacy network connection and configuration method "
"which combines many simpler tools."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque la méthode décrite dans <xref linkend="
"\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/> ne suffit pas à vos "
"besoins, vous pouvez utiliser les anciennes connexion au réseau et méthode "
"de configuration qui combinent de nombreux outils simples."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The legacy network connection is specific for each method (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_connection_method_legacy\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"L’ancienne connexion au réseau est spécifique pour chacune des méthodes "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_network_connection_method_legacy\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are 2 types of programs for the low level network configuration on "
"Linux (see <xref linkend=\"_iproute2_commands\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Il existe deux types de programmes de bas niveau pour la configuration du "
"réseau sous un système Linux (consultez <xref linkend=\"_iproute2_commands\"/"
">)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Old <ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink> programs "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) are from the Linux NET-3 networking system. "
"Most of these are obsolete now."
msgstr ""
"Les programmes <ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink> anciens "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) proviennent du système de réseau NET-3 de "
"Linux. La plupart d’entre-eux sont aujourd’hui obsolètes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"New <ulink url=\"&linuxiproutec;\">Linux iproute2</ulink> programs "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, …) are the current Linux networking system."
msgstr ""
"Les nouveaux programmes <ulink url=\"&linuxiproutec;\">Linux iproute2</"
"ulink> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) représentent le système actuel de gestion de "
"réseau sous Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although these low level networking programs are powerful, they are "
"cumbersome to use.  So high level network configuration systems have been "
"created."
msgstr ""
"Bien que ces programmes de bas niveau soient puissants, ils sont lourds à "
"utiliser. Des systèmes de haut niveau de configuration du système ont donc "
"été créés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package is the de facto standard for such "
"high level network configuration system on Debian.  It enables you to bring "
"up network simply by doing , e.g., \"<literal>ifup eth0</literal>\".  Its "
"configuration file is the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" "
"file and its typical contents are the following."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> est le standard de fait pour un tel "
"système de configuration de haut niveau du réseau sur Debian. Il vous permet "
"d’activer un réseau en utilisant simplement, par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>ifup eth0</literal>&nbsp;». Son fichier de configuration est le "
"fichier <literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» et son contenu "
"typique est le suivant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"auto lo\n"
"iface lo inet loopback\n"
"\n"
"auto eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet dhcp"
msgstr ""
"auto lo\n"
"iface lo inet loopback\n"
"\n"
"auto eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet dhcp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package was created to supplement "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> system to support smooth reconfiguration of "
"network address resolution by automating rewrite of resolver configuration "
"file \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\".  Now, most Debian network "
"configuration packages are modified to use <literal>resolvconf</literal> "
"package (see \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>resolvconf</literal> a été créé pour complément au "
"système <literal>ifupdown</literal> afin de prendre en charge une "
"reconfiguration en douceur de la résolution d’adresse du réseau en "
"automatisant la réécriture du fichier de configuration de la résolution "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>&nbsp;». Maintenant, la plupart "
"des paquets de Debian servant à la configuration du réseau sont modifiés "
"pour utiliser le paquet <literal>resolvconf</literal> (consultez «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Helper scripts to the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package such as "
"<literal>ifplugd</literal>, <literal>guessnet</literal>, <literal>ifscheme</"
"literal>, etc. are created to automate dynamic configuration of network "
"environment such as one for mobile PC on wired LAN.  These are relatively "
"difficult to use but play well with existing <literal>ifupdown</literal> "
"system."
msgstr ""
"Des scripts d’aide pour le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> comme "
"<literal>ifplugd</literal>, <literal>guessnet</literal>, <literal>ifscheme</"
"literal>, etc. ont été créés pour automatiser la configuration de "
"l’environnement réseau comme dans le cas d’un PC mobile sur un réseau local "
"câblé. Ils sont relativement difficiles à utiliser mais fonctionnent bien en "
"conjonction avec un système <literal>ifupdown</literal> existant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"These are explained in detail with examples (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Cela est expliqué en détail et avec des exemples (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The network connection method (legacy)"
msgstr "Méthode de connexion réseau (ancienne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The connection test methods described in this section are meant for testing "
"purposes.  It is not meant to be used directly for the daily network "
"connection.  You are advised to use NM, Wicd, or the <literal>ifupdown</"
"literal> package instead (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"La méthode de test de connexion décrite dans cette section est destinée à "
"des fins de test. Elle n’est pas destinée à être directement utilisée pour "
"la connexion réseau de tous les jours. Vous êtes invité à utiliser à la "
"place NM, Wicd ou le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The typical network connection method and connection path for a PC can be "
"summarized as the following."
msgstr ""
"La connexion typique au réseau et le chemin de connexion pour un PC peuvent "
"être résumés comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of network connection methods and connection paths"
msgstr "Liste des méthodes de connexions réseau et des chemins de connexion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "PC"
msgstr "PC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "connection method"
msgstr "méthode de connexion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "connection path"
msgstr "chemin de connexion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Serial port (<literal>ppp0</literal>)"
msgstr "Port série (<literal>ppp0</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PPP"
msgstr "PPP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"⇔ <ulink url=\"&modem;\">modem</ulink> ⇔ POTS ⇔ dial-up access point ⇔ ISP"
msgstr ""
"⇔ <ulink url=\"&modem;\">modem</ulink> ⇔ POTS ⇔ point d’accès réseau commuté "
"⇔ FAI"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Ethernet port (<literal>eth0</literal>)"
msgstr "Port Ethernet (<literal>eth0</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PPPoE/DHCP/Static"
msgstr "PPPoE/DHCP/Statique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "⇔ BB-modem ⇔ BB service ⇔ BB access point ⇔ ISP"
msgstr "⇔ BB-modem ⇔ BB service ⇔ BB access point ⇔ FAI"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DHCP/Static"
msgstr "DHCP/Statique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"⇔ LAN ⇔ BB-router with <ulink url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network "
"address translation (NAT)</ulink> (⇔ BB-modem …)"
msgstr ""
"⇔ LAN ⇔ routeur BB avec <ulink url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;"
"\">traduction d’adresse (NAT)</ulink> (⇔ modem BB …)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is the summary of configuration scripts for each connection method."
msgstr ""
"Voici un résumé des scripts de configuration de chaque méthode de "
"connexion&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of network connection configurations"
msgstr "Liste des configurations de connexions réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "configuration"
msgstr "configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "backend package(s)"
msgstr "paquets(s) de support"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>pppconfig</literal> to create deterministic chat"
msgstr "<literal>pppconfig</literal> pour créer un chat déterministe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>pppconfig</literal>, <literal>ppp</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>pppconfig</literal>, <literal>ppp</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PPP (alternative)"
msgstr "PPP (alternative)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>wvdialconf</literal> to create heuristic chat"
msgstr "<literal>wvdialconf</literal> pour créer un chat heuristique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ppp</literal>, <literal>wvdial</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ppp</literal>, <literal>wvdial</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PPPoE"
msgstr "PPPoE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>pppoeconf</literal> to create deterministic chat"
msgstr "<literal>pppoeconf</literal> pour créer un chat déterministe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>pppoeconf</literal>, <literal>ppp</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>pppoeconf</literal>, <literal>ppp</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DHCP"
msgstr "DHCP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "described in \"<literal>/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf</literal>\""
msgstr "décrit dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>isc-dhcp-client</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>isc-dhcp-client</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "static IP (IPv4)"
msgstr "IP statique (IPv4)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "described in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\""
msgstr "décrit dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>iproute</literal> or <literal>net-tools</literal> (obsolete)"
msgstr "<literal>iproute</literal> ou <literal>net-tools</literal> (obsolète)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "static IP (IPv6)"
msgstr "IP statique (IPv6)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>iproute</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>iproute</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "The network connection acronyms mean the following."
msgstr ""
"Les acronymes de connexion au réseau ont la signification suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of network connection acronyms"
msgstr "Liste des acronymes de connexion au réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "acronym"
msgstr "acronyme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&pots;\">POTS</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&pots;\">POTS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "plain old telephone service"
msgstr ""
"service téléphonique analogique classique («&nbsp;plain old telephone "
"service&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "BB"
msgstr "BB"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&broadband;\">broadband</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&broadband;\">large bande</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "BB-service"
msgstr "BB-service"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"e.g., the digital subscriber line (DSL), the cable TV, or the fiber to the "
"premises (FTTP)"
msgstr ""
"par exemple, l’ADSL, la télévision par câble ou les services sur fibre "
"optique (FTTP)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "BB-modem"
msgstr "BB-modem"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"e.g., <ulink url=\"&thedslmodem;\">the DSL modem</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&thecablemodem;\">the cable modem</ulink>, or <ulink url="
"\"&theopticalnetworkterminalont;\">the optical network terminal (ONT)</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"par exemple, <ulink url=\"&thedslmodem;\">le modem ADSL</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&thecablemodem;\">le modem sur réseau câblé</ulink> ou <ulink url="
"\"&theopticalnetworkterminalont;\">le terminal de réseau optique (ONT)</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&lan;\">LAN</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&lan;\">LAN</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "local area network"
msgstr "réseau local («&nbsp;local area network&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&wan;\">WAN</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&wan;\">WAN</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "wide area network"
msgstr "réseau étendu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "dynamic host configuration protocol"
msgstr ""
"protocole de configuration dynamique des machines («&nbsp;dynamic host "
"configuration protocol&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "point-to-point protocol"
msgstr "protocole point à point («&nbsp;point to point protocol&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&pppoe;\">PPPoE</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&pppoe;\">PPPoE</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "point-to-point protocol over Ethernet"
msgstr "protocole point à point avec encapsulation Ethernet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isp;\">ISP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isp;\">FAI («&nbsp;ISP&nbsp;»)</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Internet service provider"
msgstr "fournisseur d’accès à Internet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The WAN connection services via cable TV are generally served by DHCP or "
"PPPoE.  The ones by ADSL and FTTP are generally served by PPPoE.  You have "
"to consult your ISP for exact configuration requirements of the WAN "
"connection."
msgstr ""
"Les services de connexion au réseau étendu (WAN) par l’intermédiaire du "
"câble du réseau de télévision sont en général servis par DHCP ou PPPoE. Ceux "
"qui sont connectés en ADSL et FTTP sont en général servis par PPPoE. Vous "
"devrez consulter votre FAI afin de connaître les exigences exactes de "
"configuration de la connexion WAN."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"When BB-router is used to create home LAN environment, PCs on LAN are "
"connected to the WAN via BB-router with <ulink url="
"\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network address translation (NAT)</"
"ulink>.  For such case, PC's network interfaces on the LAN are served by "
"static IP or DHCP from the BB-router.  BB-router must be configured to "
"connect the WAN following the instruction by your ISP."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’un routeur large bande («&nbsp;BB-router&nbsp;») est utilisé pour "
"créer un environnement de réseau local domestique, les PC sur le réseau "
"local sont connectés au réseau étendu (WAN) par l’intermédiaire du routeur "
"large bande par <ulink url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\"> traduction "
"d’adresse réseau (NAT)</ulink>. Dans ce cas, les interfaces réseau des PC "
"sur le réseau local sont servies avec des adresses IP statiques ou par DHCP "
"depuis le routeur large bande. Le routeur large bande, pour se connecter au "
"réseau étendu, doit être configuré en suivant les instructions de votre FAI."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The DHCP connection with the Ethernet"
msgstr "La connexion DHCP avec Ethernet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The typical modern home and small business network, i.e. LAN, are connected "
"to the WAN (Internet) using some consumer grade broadband router.  The LAN "
"behind this router is usually served by the <ulink url="
"\"&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;\">dynamic host configuration protocol "
"(DHCP)</ulink> server running on the router."
msgstr ""
"Le réseau moderne domestique ou pour une petite entreprise typique (réseau "
"local, LAN) est connecté au réseau étendu («&nbsp;WAN&nbsp;») (Internet) en "
"utilisant un routeur à large bande grand public. Le réseau local derrière ce "
"routeur est habituellement configuré par un serveur de <ulink url="
"\"&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;\">protocole de configuration dynamique "
"de l’hôte (DHCP)</ulink> («&nbsp;dynamic host configuration protocol&nbsp;») "
"tournant sur le routeur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Just install the <literal>isc-dhcp-client</literal> package for the Ethernet "
"served by the <ulink url=\"&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;\">dynamic host "
"configuration protocol (DHCP)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Installez simplement le paquet <literal>isc-dhcp-client</literal> pour "
"Ethernet desservi par le <ulink url=\"&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;\"> "
"protocole de configuration dynamique de l’hôte (DHCP)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dhclient.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dhclient.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The static IP connection with the Ethernet"
msgstr "Connexion Ethernet avec une adresse IP statique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "No special action is needed for the Ethernet served by the static IP."
msgstr ""
"Il n’y a pas d’action spécifique nécessaire pour la configuration Ethernet "
"avec une adresse IP statique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The PPP connection with pppconfig"
msgstr "La connexion PPP avec pppconfig"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The configuration script <literal>pppconfig</literal> configures the <ulink "
"url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink> connection interactively just by selecting the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Le script de configuration <literal>pppconfig</literal> configure la "
"connexion <ulink url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink> de manière interactive en "
"sélectionnant simplement les éléments suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The telephone number"
msgstr "numéro de téléphone&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The ISP user name"
msgstr "identifiant chez le fournisseur d’accès (FAI)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The ISP password"
msgstr "mot de passe chez le FAI&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The port speed"
msgstr "vitesse du port&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The modem communication port"
msgstr "port de communication avec le modem&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The authentication method"
msgstr "méthode d’authentification."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"List of configuration files for the <ulink url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink> "
"connection with pppconfig"
msgstr ""
"Liste des fichiers de configuration pour la connexion <ulink url=\"&ppp;"
"\">PPP</ulink> avec pppconfig"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/&lt;isp_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/&lt;nom_fai&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"The <literal>pppconfig</literal> generated configuration file for "
"<literal>pppd</literal> specific to &lt;isp_name&gt;"
msgstr ""
"fichier de configuration spécifique à &lt;nom_fai&gt; créé par "
"<literal>pppconfig</literal> pour <literal>pppd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/chatscripts/&lt;isp_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/chatscripts/&lt;nom_fai&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"The <literal>pppconfig</literal> generated configuration file for "
"<literal>chat</literal> specific to &lt;isp_name&gt;"
msgstr ""
"fichier de configuration spécifique à &lt;nom_fai&gt; créé par "
"<literal>pppconfig</literal> pour <literal>chat</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/options</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ppp/options</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The general execution parameter for <literal>pppd</literal>"
msgstr "paramètres généraux d’exécution de <literal>pppd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secret</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secret</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Authentication data for the <ulink url=\"&pap;\">PAP</ulink> (security risk)"
msgstr ""
"données d’authentification pour <ulink url=\"&pap;\">PAP</ulink> (risque de "
"sécurité)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/chap-secret</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ppp/chap-secret</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Authentication data for the <ulink url=\"&chap;\">CHAP</ulink> (more secure)"
msgstr ""
"données d’authentification pour <ulink url=\"&chap;\">CHAP</ulink> (plus "
"sécurisé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The \"&lt;isp_name&gt;\" value of \"<literal>provider</literal>\" is assumed "
"if <literal>pon</literal> and <literal>poff</literal> commands are invoked "
"without arguments."
msgstr ""
"La valeur «&nbsp;&lt;nom_fai&gt;&nbsp;» du champ «&nbsp;<literal>provider</"
"literal>&nbsp;» est supposée si les commandes <literal>pon</literal> et "
"<literal>poff</literal> sont appelées sans paramètre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can test configuration using low level network configuration tools as "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez tester la configuration de la manière suivante, en utilisant des "
"outils de configuration de réseau de bas niveau&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo pon &lt;isp_name&gt;\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo poff &lt;isp_name&gt;"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo pon &lt;nom_fai&gt;\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo poff &lt;nom_fai&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/ppp/README.Debian.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/ppp/README.Debian.gz</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The alternative PPP connection with wvdialconf"
msgstr "Autre connexion PPP avec wvdialconf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A different approach to using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is to run it from "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> which comes in the <literal>wvdial</literal> package.  Instead "
"of <literal>pppd</literal> running <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to dial in and "
"negotiate the connection, <literal>wvdial</literal> does the dialing and "
"initial negotiating and then starts <literal>pppd</literal> to do the rest."
msgstr ""
"Une approche différente de l’utilisation de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est de le lancer depuis <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui est fourni par le "
"paquet <literal>wvdial</literal>. Plutôt que <literal>pppd</literal> faisant "
"tourner <literal>chat</literal> (8) pour numéroter et négocier la connexion, "
"<literal>wvdial</literal> effectue la numérotation et la négociation "
"initiale puis démarre <literal>pppd</literal> pour effectuer le reste."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The configuration script <literal>wvdialconf</literal> configures the PPP "
"connection interactively just by selecting the following."
msgstr ""
"Le script de configuration <literal>wvdialconf</literal> configure la "
"connexion PPP de manière interactive en sélectionnant simplement ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>wvdial</literal> succeeds in making the connection in most cases "
"and maintains authentication data list automatically."
msgstr ""
"<literal>wvdial</literal> réussit à réaliser la connexion dans la plupart "
"des cas et conserve automatiquement la liste des données d’authentification."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of configuration files for the PPP connection with wvdialconf"
msgstr ""
"Liste des fichiers de configuration pour une connexion PPP avec wvdialconf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/wvdial</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/wvdial</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"The <literal>wvdialconf</literal> generated configuration file for "
"<literal>pppd</literal> specific to <literal>wvdial</literal>"
msgstr ""
"fichier de configuration spécifique à <literal>wvdial</literal>créé par "
"<literal>wvdialconf</literal> pour <literal>pppd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/wvdial.conf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/wvdial.conf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The <literal>wvdialconf</literal> generated configuration file"
msgstr "fichier de configuration créé par <literal>wvdialconf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo wvdial\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo killall wvdial"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo wvdial\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo killall wvdial"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The PPPoE connection with pppoeconf"
msgstr "La connexion PPPoE avec pppoeconf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When your ISP serves you with PPPoE connection and you decide to connect "
"your PC directly to the WAN, the network of your PC must be configured with "
"the PPPoE. The PPPoE stand for PPP over Ethernet. The configuration script "
"<literal>pppoeconf</literal> configures the PPPoE connection interactively."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque votre FAI vous propose une connexion avec PPPoE et que vous décidez "
"de connecter directement votre PC au WAN, le réseau de votre PC doit être "
"configuré avec PPPoE. PPPoE signifie «&nbsp;PPP over Ethernet&nbsp;» (PPP "
"encapsulé par Ethernet). Le script de configuration <literal>pppoeconf</"
"literal> configure la connexion PPPoE de manière interactive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The configuration files are the following."
msgstr "Les fichiers de configuration sont les suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of configuration files for the PPPoE connection with pppoeconf"
msgstr ""
"Liste des fichiers de configuration pour une connexion PPPoE avec pppoeconf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/fournisseur-accès-adsl</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"The <literal>pppoeconf</literal> generated configuration file for "
"<literal>pppd</literal> specific to <literal>pppoe</literal>"
msgstr ""
"fichier de configuration spécifique à <literal>pppoe</literal> créé par "
"<literal>pppoeconf</literal> pour <literal>pppd</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n"
"$ sudo pon dsl-provider\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo poff dsl-provider\n"
"$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n"
"$ sudo pon fournisseur-accès-adsl\n"
"...\n"
"$ sudo poff fournisseur-accès-adsl\n"
"$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The basic network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)"
msgstr "Configuration de base du réseau avec ifupdown (ancienne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The traditional <ulink url=\"&tcpipnetwork;\">TCP/IP network</ulink> setup "
"on the Debian system uses <literal>ifupdown</literal> package as a high "
"level tool.  There are 2 typical cases."
msgstr ""
"La configuration traditionnelle du <ulink url=\"&tcpipnetwork;\">réseau TCP/"
"IP</ulink> sur un système Debian utilise le paquet <literal>ifupdown</"
"literal> comme outil de haut niveau. Il y a deux cas typiques&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"For <emphasis role=\"strong\">dynamic IP</emphasis> system such as mobile "
"PCs, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role=\"strong\">with</"
"emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and enable you to switch "
"your network configuration easily (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Pour les systèmes utilisant une <emphasis role=\"strong\">adresse IP "
"dynamique</emphasis> tels que les PC portables, vous devrez configurer le "
"réseau TCP/IP <emphasis role=\"strong\">avec</emphasis> le paquet "
"<literal>resolvconf</literal> et ce qui vous permettra changer facilement la "
"configuration de votre réseau (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"For <emphasis role=\"strong\">static IP</emphasis> system such as servers, "
"you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role=\"strong\">without</emphasis> "
"the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and keep your system simple (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Pour les systèmes ayant une <emphasis role=\"strong\">adresse IP statique</"
"emphasis> tels que les serveurs, vous devrez configurer le réseau TCP/IP "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">sans</emphasis> le paquet <literal>resolvconf</"
"literal> et garder un système simple (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"These traditional setup methods are quite useful if you wish to set up "
"advanced configuration; find details in the following."
msgstr ""
"Ces méthodes traditionnelles de configuration sont assez utiles si vous "
"désirez définir une configuration avancée ; plus de détails dans ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package provides the standardized framework "
"for the high level network configuration in the Debian system. In this "
"section, we learn the basic network configuration with <literal>ifupdown</"
"literal> with simplified introduction and many typical examples."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> fournit l’ossature standardisée pour "
"la configuration du réseau de haut niveau sur un système Debian. Dans cette "
"section, nous apprenons les bases de la configuration du réseau avec "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> avec une introduction simplifiée et de nombreux "
"exemples typiques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The command syntax simplified"
msgstr "La syntaxe de commande simplifiée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package contains 2 commands: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifdown</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  They offer high "
"level network configuration dictated by the configuration file \"/etc/"
"network/interfaces\"."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> contient 2 commandes&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifdown</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Elles offrent une "
"configuration de réseau de haut niveau à l’aide du fichier de configuration "
"«&nbsp;/etc/network/interfaces&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of basic network configuration commands with ifupdown"
msgstr "Liste des commandes de base de configuration du réseau avec ifupdown"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ifup eth0</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ifup eth0</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration "
"<literal>eth0</literal> if \"<literal>iface eth0</literal>\" stanza exists"
msgstr ""
"activer l’interface réseau <literal>eth0</literal> avec la configuration "
"<literal>eth0</literal> si l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>iface eth0</"
"literal>&nbsp;» existe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ifdown eth0</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ifdown eth0</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the "
"configuration <literal>eth0</literal> if \"<literal>iface eth0</literal>\" "
"stanza exists"
msgstr ""
"désactiver l’interface réseau <literal>eth0</literal> avec la "
"configuration<literal>eth0</literal> si l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>iface eth0</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not use low level configuration tools such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands to configure "
"an interface in <emphasis role=\"strong\">up</emphasis> state."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas utiliser les outils de configuration de bas niveau tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ni les commandes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour configurer une "
"interface se trouvant dans l’état <emphasis role=\"strong\">actif</emphasis> "
"(«&nbsp;up&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid "There is no command <literal>ifupdown</literal>."
msgstr "Il n’y a pas de commande <literal>ifupdown</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The basic syntax of \"/etc/network/interfaces\""
msgstr "Syntaxe de base de «&nbsp;/etc/network/interfaces&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The key syntax of \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" as "
"explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be summarized as "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"La syntaxe clé de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» "
"telle qu’expliquée dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> peut être résumée "
"comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of stanzas in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Liste des entrées de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "stanza"
msgstr "entrée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>auto &lt;interface_name&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>auto &lt;nom_interface&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "start interface &lt;interface_name&gt; upon start of the system"
msgstr ""
"démarrer l’interface &lt;nom_interface&gt; lors du démarrage du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>allow-auto &lt;interface_name&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>allow-auto &lt;nom_interface&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>allow-hotplug &lt;interface_name&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>allow-hotplug &lt;nom_interface&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"start interface &lt;interface_name&gt; when the kernel detects a hotplug "
"event from the interface"
msgstr ""
"démarrer l’interface &lt;nom_interface&gt; lorsque le noyau détecte un "
"événement «&nbsp;à chaud&nbsp;» depuis cette interface"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Lines started with \"<literal>iface &lt;config_name&gt; …</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Les lignes qui commencent par «&nbsp;<literal>iface &lt;nom_config&gt; …</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "define the network configuration &lt;config_name&gt;"
msgstr "définissent la configuration de réseau &lt;nom_config&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Lines started with \"<literal>mapping &lt;interface_name_glob&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Les lignes qui commencent par «&nbsp;<literal>mapping &lt;"
"nom_interface_glob&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"define mapping value of &lt;config_name&gt; for the matching &lt;"
"interface_name&gt;"
msgstr ""
"définissent une valeur de correspondance de &lt;nom_config&gt; pour "
"l’interface correspondant à &lt;nom_interface&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "A line starting with a hash \"<literal>#</literal>\""
msgstr "Une ligne commençant par le signe «&nbsp;<literal>#</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"ignore as comments (end-of-line comments are <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</"
"emphasis> supported)"
msgstr ""
"est traitée comme commentaire et ignorée (les commentaires de fin de ligne "
"ne sont <emphasis role=\"strong\">pas</emphasis> pris en charge)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "A line ending with a backslash \"<literal>\\</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Une barre oblique inversée («&nbsp;<literal>\\</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;back "
"slash&nbsp;» en anglais) en fin de ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extend the configuration to the next line"
msgstr "étend la configuration à la ligne suivante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Lines started with <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></"
"emphasis> stanza has the following syntax."
msgstr ""
"Les lignes commençant par l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</"
"literal></emphasis> ont la syntaxe suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"iface &lt;config_name&gt; &lt;address_family&gt; &lt;method_name&gt;\n"
" &lt;option1&gt; &lt;value1&gt;\n"
" &lt;option2&gt; &lt;value2&gt;\n"
" ..."
msgstr ""
"iface &lt;nom_config&gt; &lt;famille_adresse&gt; &lt;nom_méthode&gt;\n"
" &lt;option1&gt; &lt;valeur1&gt;\n"
" &lt;option2&gt; &lt;valeur2&gt;\n"
" ..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the basic configuration, the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</"
"literal></emphasis> stanza is not used and you use the network interface "
"name as the network configuration name (See <xref linkend="
"\"_the_mapping_stanza\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Pour la configuration de base, l’entrée de <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> n’est pas utilisée si vous utilisez "
"le nom de l’interface réseau comme nom de configuration du réseau (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_mapping_stanza\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not define duplicates of the \"<literal>iface</literal>\" stanza for a "
"network interface in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas définir dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» "
"d’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>iface</literal>&nbsp;» en double pour une interface "
"réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The loopback network interface"
msgstr "L’interface réseau de rebouclage («&nbsp;loopback&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following configuration entry in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>\" file brings up the loopback network interface <literal>lo</"
"literal> upon booting the system (via <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis> stanza)."
msgstr ""
"L’entrée de configuration suivante du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» active l’interface réseau «&nbsp;loopback&nbsp;» "
"<literal>lo</literal> lors du démarrage du système (grâce à l’entrée "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis>)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This one always exists in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" "
"file."
msgstr ""
"Elle existe toujours dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The network interface served by the DHCP"
msgstr "Interfaces réseau gérées par DHCP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"After preparing the system by <xref linkend="
"\"_the_dhcp_connection_with_the_ethernet\"/>, the network interface served "
"by the DHCP is configured by creating the configuration entry in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""
"Après avoir préparé le système selon <xref linkend="
"\"_the_dhcp_connection_with_the_ethernet\"/>, l’interface réseau gérée par "
"le DHCP est configurée en créant l’entrée de configuration suivante dans le "
"fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet dhcp"
msgstr ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet dhcp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface <literal>eth0</"
"literal>, the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></"
"emphasis> stanza causes <literal>ifup</literal> to bring up the interface "
"and the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza "
"causes <literal>ifup</literal> to use DHCP to configure the interface."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque le noyau de Linux détecte l’interface physique <literal>eth0</"
"literal>, l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</"
"literal></emphasis> permet à <literal>ifup</literal> d’activer l’interface "
"et l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> "
"demande à <literal>ifup</literal> d’utiliser DHCP pour configurer "
"l’interface."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The network interface with the static IP"
msgstr "Interface réseau avec une adresse IP fixe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The network interface served by the static IP is configured by creating the "
"configuration entry in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" "
"file as the following."
msgstr ""
"Une interface réseau avec une adresse IP fixe est configurée en créant de la "
"manière suivante une entrée de configuration du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.11.100\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" gateway 192.168.11.1\n"
" dns-domain example.com\n"
" dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1"
msgstr ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.11.100\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" gateway 192.168.11.1\n"
" dns-domain example.com\n"
" dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface <literal>eth0</"
"literal>, the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></"
"emphasis> stanza causes <literal>ifup</literal> to bring up the interface "
"and the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza "
"causes <literal>ifup</literal> to use the static IP to configure the "
"interface."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque le noyau de Linux détecte l’interface physique <literal>eth0</"
"literal>, l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</"
"literal></emphasis> permet à <literal>ifup</literal> d’activer l’interface "
"et l'entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> "
"permet à <literal>ifup</literal> d'utiliser l’IP statique pour la configurer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here, I assumed the following."
msgstr "Ici, je suppose ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"IP address range of the LAN network: <literal>192.168.11.0</literal> - "
"<literal>192.168.11.255</literal>"
msgstr ""
"plage d’adresses IP du réseau local&nbsp;: <literal>192.168.11.0</literal> - "
"<literal>192.168.11.255</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "IP address of the gateway: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>"
msgstr "adresse IP de la passerelle&nbsp;: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "IP address of the PC: <literal>192.168.11.100</literal>"
msgstr "adresse IP du PC&nbsp;: <literal>192.168.11.100</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package: installed"
msgstr "paquet <literal>resolvconf</literal>&nbsp;: installé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The domain name: \"<literal>example.com</literal>\""
msgstr "nom de domaine&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>example.com</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "IP address of the DNS server: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>"
msgstr ""
"adresse IP address du serveur DNS&nbsp;: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed, DNS related "
"configuration needs to be done manually by editing the \"<literal>/etc/"
"resolv.conf</literal>\" as the following."
msgstr ""
"Si le paquet <literal>resolvconf</literal> n’est pas installé, vous devrez "
"faire vous-même la configuration associée au DNS en éditant le fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"nameserver 192.168.11.1\n"
"domain example.com"
msgstr ""
"nameserver 192.168.11.1\n"
"domain example.com"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The IP addresses used in the above example are not meant to be copied "
"literally.  You have to adjust IP numbers to your actual network "
"configuration."
msgstr ""
"Les adresses IP utilisées dans l’exemple ci-dessus ne sont pas destinées à "
"être recopiées littéralement. Vous devrez adapter les adresses IP à la "
"configuration réelle de votre réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The basics of wireless LAN interface"
msgstr "Les bases de l’interface réseau sans fil"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&wirelesslanwlanforshort;\">wireless LAN (WLAN for short)</"
"ulink> provides the fast wireless connectivity through the spread-spectrum "
"communication of unlicensed radio bands based on the set of standards called "
"<ulink url=\"&ieeeiacbb;\">IEEE 802.11</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&wirelesslanwlanforshort;\">réseau local sans fil</ulink> "
"(«&nbsp;wireless LAN ou WLAN&nbsp;») permet une connexion sans fil à haute "
"vitesse par une communication en spectre étalé «&nbsp;spread-spectrum&nbsp;» "
"sur des bandes radio ne nécessitant pas de licence en utilisant un ensemble "
"de normes appelées <ulink url=\"&ieeeiacbb;\">IEEE 802.11</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The WLAN interfaces are almost like normal Ethernet interfaces but require "
"some network ID and encryption key data to be provided when they are "
"initialized.  Their high level network tools are exactly the same as that of "
"Ethernet interfaces except interface names are a bit different like "
"<literal>eth1</literal>, <literal>wlan0</literal>, <literal>ath0</literal>, "
"<literal>wifi0</literal>, … depending on the kernel drivers used."
msgstr ""
"Les interfaces WLAN se comportent sensiblement de la même manière que les "
"interfaces Ethernet normales mais elles demandent un identifiant de réseau "
"et des données de clé de chiffrement lors de leur initialisation. Leurs "
"outils réseau de haut niveau sont exactement les mêmes que pour les "
"interfaces Ethernet mais les noms des interfaces sont un peu différents, "
"comme <literal>eth1</literal>, <literal>wlan0</literal>, <literal>ath0</"
"literal>, <literal>wifi0</literal>, … selon les pilotes du noyau utilisés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>wmaster0</literal> device is the master device which is an "
"internal device used only by <ulink url=\"&softmac;\">SoftMAC</ulink> with "
"new <ulink url=\"&maciacbbapioflinux;\">mac80211 API of Linux</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le périphérique <literal>wmaster0</literal> est le périphérique-maître "
"interne utilisé uniquement par <ulink url=\"&softmac;\">SoftMAC</ulink> avec "
"la nouvelle <ulink url=\"&maciacbbapioflinux;\">API mac80211 de Linux</"
"ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here are some keywords to remember for the WLAN."
msgstr "Voici quelques mot-clés à se souvenir pour le WLAN&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of acronyms for WLAN"
msgstr "Liste d’acronymes pour le WLAN"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "full word"
msgstr "en entier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "NWID"
msgstr "NWID"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Network ID"
msgstr "ID du réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"16 bit network ID used by pre-802.11 <ulink url=\"&wavelan;\">WaveLAN</"
"ulink> network (very deprecated)"
msgstr ""
"ID du réseau sur 16 bits utilisées par les réseaux <ulink url=\"&wavelan;"
"\">WaveLAN</ulink> pre-802.11 (complètement dépassé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "(E)SSID"
msgstr "(E)SSID"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"(Extended) <ulink url=\"&servicesetidentifier;\">Service Set Identifier</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&servicesetidentifier;\">Service Set Identifier</ulink> (étendu)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"network name of the <ulink url=\"&wirelessaccesspointsaps;\">Wireless Access "
"Points (APs)</ulink> interconnected to form an integrated <ulink url="
"\"&iacbbwirelesslan;\">802.11 wireless LAN</ulink>, Domain ID"
msgstr ""
"nom de réseau des <ulink url=\"&wirelessaccesspointsaps;\">Points d’accès "
"sans fil (AP)</ulink> interconnectés pour former un <ulink url="
"\"&iacbbwirelesslan;\"> réseau local sans fil 802.11</ulink>, identifiant de "
"domaine"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "WEP, (WEP2)"
msgstr "WEP, (WEP2)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&wiredequivalentprivacy;\">Wired Equivalent Privacy</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&wiredequivalentprivacy;\">Wired Equivalent Privacy</ulink> "
"(confidentialité équivalente à un réseau câblé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"1st generation 64-bit (128-bit) wireless encryption standard with 40-bit key "
"(deprecated)"
msgstr ""
"première génération de norme de chiffrement sans fil sur 64 bits (128 bits) "
"avec une clé sur 40 bits (dépassé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "WPA"
msgstr "WPA"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&wifiprotectedaccess;\">Wi-Fi Protected Access</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&wifiprotectedaccess;\">Wi-Fi Protected Access</ulink> (Accès "
"Wi-Fi protégé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"2nd generation wireless encryption standard (most of 802.11i), compatible "
"with WEP"
msgstr ""
"seconde génération de norme de chiffrement sans fil (la plus grande partie "
"de 802.11i), compatible avec WEP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "WPA2"
msgstr "WPA2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&wifiprotectedaccessc;\">Wi-Fi Protected Access 2</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&wifiprotectedaccessc;\">Wi-Fi Protected Access 2</ulink> "
"(Accès protégé Wi-FI 2)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"3rd generation wireless encryption standard (full 802.11i), non-compatible "
"with WEP"
msgstr ""
"troisième génération de norme de chiffrement sans fil (802.11i complète), "
"non compatible avec WEP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The actual choice of protocol is usually limited by the wireless router you "
"deploy."
msgstr ""
"Le choix du protocole est normalement restreint par le routeur sans fil "
"déployé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The wireless LAN interface with WPA/WPA2"
msgstr "L’interface de réseau local sans fil avec WPA/WPA2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to install the <literal>wpasupplicant</literal> package to support "
"the WLAN with the new WPA/WPA2."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez installer le paquet <literal>wpasupplicant</literal> afin de "
"prendre en compte le WLAN avec les nouveaux protocoles WPA/WPA2."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In case of the <ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink> served IP on WLAN "
"connection, the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry "
"should be as the following."
msgstr ""
"Dans le cas d’IP fournies par <ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink> sur une "
"connexion WLAN, l’entrée du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» doit être similaire à ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"allow-hotplug ath0\n"
"iface ath0 inet dhcp\n"
" wpa-ssid homezone\n"
" # hexadecimal psk is encoded from a plaintext passphrase\n"
" wpa-psk 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f"
msgstr ""
"allow-hotplug ath0\n"
"iface ath0 inet dhcp\n"
" wpa-ssid zonemaison\n"
" # la clé psk hexadécimale est encodée depuis une phrase de passe en texte clair\n"
" wpa-psk 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/wpasupplicant/README.modes.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/wpasupplicant/README.modes.gz</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The wireless LAN interface with WEP"
msgstr "L’interface réseau local sans fil avec WEP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to install the <literal>wireless-tools</literal> package to support "
"the WLAN with the old WEP.  (Your consumer grade router may still be using "
"this insecure infrastructure but this is better than nothing.)"
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez installer le paquet <literal>wireless-tools</literal> pour "
"prendre en charge le WLAN avec l’ancien protocole WEP. (Votre routeur grand "
"public peut encore utiliser cette infrastructure non sûre mais c’est mieux "
"que rien)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that your network traffic on WLAN with WEP may be sniffed by "
"others."
msgstr ""
"Remarquez que le trafic réseau sur votre WLAN avec WEP peut être espionné "
"par d’autres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet dhcp\n"
" wireless-essid Home\n"
" wireless-key1 0123-4567-89ab-cdef\n"
" wireless-key2 12345678\n"
" wireless-key3 s:password\n"
" wireless-defaultkey 2\n"
" wireless-keymode open"
msgstr ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet dhcp\n"
" wireless-essid Maison\n"
" wireless-key1 0123-4567-89ab-cdef\n"
" wireless-key2 12345678\n"
" wireless-key3 s:mot_de_passe\n"
" wireless-defaultkey 2\n"
" wireless-keymode open"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/wireless-tools/README.Debian</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/wireless-tools/README.Debian</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The PPP connection"
msgstr "La connexion PPP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to configure the PPP connection first as described before (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_ppp_connection_with_pppconfig\"/>).  Then, add the "
"\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry for the primary "
"PPP device <literal>ppp0</literal> as the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez d’abord configurer la connexion PPP comme décrit précédemment "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_ppp_connection_with_pppconfig\"/>). Ensuite, "
"ajoutez dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» une entrée pour le périphérique PPP primaire <literal>ppp0</"
"literal> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"iface ppp0 inet ppp\n"
" provider &lt;isp_name&gt;"
msgstr ""
"iface ppp0 inet ppp\n"
" provider &lt;nom_fai&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The alternative PPP connection"
msgstr "La connexion alternative PPP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to configure the alternative PPP connection with <literal>wvdial</"
"literal> first as described before (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_alternative_ppp_connection_with_wvdialconf\"/>).  Then, add the "
"\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry for the primary "
"PPP device <literal>ppp0</literal> as the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez d’abord configurer la connexion PPP alternative avec "
"<literal>wvdial</literal> comme décrit précédemment (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_alternative_ppp_connection_with_wvdialconf\"/>). Ajoutez ensuite dans "
"le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» une "
"entrée pour le périphérique primaire PPP <literal>ppp0</literal> comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "iface ppp0 inet wvdial"
msgstr "iface ppp0 inet wvdial"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The PPPoE connection"
msgstr "La connexion PPPoE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For PC connected directly to the WAN served by the PPPoE, you need to "
"configure system with the PPPoE connection as described before (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf\"/>).  Then, add the "
"\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry for the primary "
"PPPoE device <literal>eth0</literal> as the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour le PC directement connecté au WAN et utilisant PPPoE, vous devez "
"configurer votre système pour une connexion PPPoE comme cela a été décrit "
"précédemment (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf"
"\"/>). Ajoutez ensuite dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» une entrée pour le premier périphérique PPPoE "
"<literal>eth0</literal> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet manual\n"
" pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n"
" up ifup ppp0=dsl\n"
" down ifdown ppp0=dsl\n"
" post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down\n"
"# The following is used internally only\n"
"iface dsl inet ppp\n"
" provider dsl-provider"
msgstr ""
"allow-hotplug eth0\n"
"iface eth0 inet manual\n"
" pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n"
" up ifup ppp0=dsl\n"
" down ifdown ppp0=dsl\n"
" post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down\n"
"# Ce qui suit est utilisé uniquement de manière interne\n"
"iface dsl inet ppp\n"
" provider fournisseur-internet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The network configuration state of ifupdown"
msgstr "État de configuration réseau de ifupdown"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>\" file stores the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">intended</emphasis> network configuration states "
"for all the currently active network interfaces managed by the "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> package. Unfortunately, even if the "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> system fails to bring up the interface as "
"intended, the \"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>\" file lists it "
"active."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>&nbsp;» "
"enregistre l’état <emphasis role=\"strong\">désiré</emphasis> de la "
"connexion réseau pour toutes les interfaces réseau actuellement actives et "
"gérées par le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal>. Malheureusement, même si "
"le système <literal>ifupdown</literal> échoue dans l’activation de "
"l’interface comme désiré, le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/run/"
"ifstate</literal>&nbsp;» l’affichera comme active."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Unless the output of the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command for an "
"interface does not have a line like following example, it can not be used as "
"a part of <ulink url=\"&ipvenetwork;\">IPV4 network</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Si la sortie de la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> d’une interface n’a "
"pas de ligne telle que la suivante, elle ne peut pas être utilisée en tant "
"qu’élément d’un <ulink url=\"&ipvenetwork;\">réseau IPV4</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "  inet addr:192.168.11.2  Bcast:192.168.11.255  Mask:255.255.255.0"
msgstr "  inet addr:192.168.11.2  Bcast:192.168.11.255  Mask:255.255.255.0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For the Ethernet device connected to the PPPoE, the output of the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command lacks a line which looks like above "
"example."
msgstr ""
"Pour un périphérique Ethernet connecté en PPPoE, la sortie de la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ne produit pas de ligne semblable à celle de "
"l’exemple ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The basic network reconfiguration"
msgstr "Configuration réseau de base"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you try to reconfigure the interface, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, you "
"must disable it first with the \"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>sudo "
"ifdown eth0</literal></emphasis>\" command.  This removes the entry of "
"<literal>eth0</literal> from the \"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</"
"literal>\" file. (This may result in some error message if <literal>eth0</"
"literal> is not active or it is configured improperly previously.  So far, "
"it seems to be safe to do this for the simple single user work station at "
"any time.)"
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous tentez de reconfigurer une interface, par exemple "
"<literal>eth0</literal>, vous devez d’abord la désactiver par la commande "
"«&nbsp;<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0</literal></"
"emphasis>&nbsp;». Cela supprime l’entrée <literal>eth0</literal> du fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>&nbsp;» (quelques messages "
"d’erreur peuvent être émis si <literal>eth0</literal> n’est pas active ou a "
"été mal configurée auparavant. Jusqu’à présent, il semble qu’il soit sans "
"danger de le faire n’importe quand sur une simple station de travail n’ayant "
"qu’un seul utilisateur)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You are now free to rewrite the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"
"\" contents as needed to reconfigure the network interface, <literal>eth0</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez maintenant réécrire le contenu du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» selon vos besoins pour reconfigurer "
"l’interface réseau <literal>eth0</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Then, you can reactivate <literal>eth0</literal> with the \"<emphasis role="
"\"strong\"><literal>sudo ifup eth0</literal></emphasis>\" command."
msgstr ""
"Ensuite, vous pourrez réactiver <literal>eth0</literal> avec la commande "
"&nbsp;<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>sudo ifup eth0</literal></"
"emphasis>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can (re)initialize the network interface simply by \"<emphasis role="
"\"strong\"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0;sudo ifup eth0</literal></emphasis>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez (ré)initialiser l’interface réseau simplement par «&nbsp;"
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0;sudo ifup eth0</"
"literal></emphasis>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The ifupdown-extra package"
msgstr "La paquet ifupdown-extra"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package provides easy network "
"connection tests for use with the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> fournit des tests de connexion "
"au réseau faciles à utiliser avec le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>network-test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command can be used from the shell."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>network-test</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> peut être utilisée "
"depuis l’interpréteur de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The automatic scripts are run for each <literal>ifup</literal> command "
"execution."
msgstr ""
"Les scripts automatiques sont lancés pour chaque exécution de la commande "
"<literal>ifup</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>network-test</literal> command frees you from the execution of "
"cumbersome low level commands to analyze the network problem."
msgstr ""
"La commande <literal>network-test</literal> vous libère de l’exécution "
"d’ennuyeuses commandes de bas niveau pour analyser les problèmes du réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The automatic scripts are installed in \"<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>"
"\" and perform the following."
msgstr ""
"Les scripts automatiques sont installés dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/*/"
"</literal>&nbsp;» et effectuent ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Check the network cable connection"
msgstr "vérifier la connexion du câble réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Check duplicate use of IP address"
msgstr "vérifier l’utilisation d’une adresse IP dupliquée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Setup system's static routes based on the \"<literal>/etc/network/routes</"
"literal>\" definition"
msgstr ""
"définir les routes statiques du système basées sur la définition de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/network/routes</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Check if network gateway is reachable"
msgstr "vérifier si la passerelle réseau peut être atteinte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Record results in the \"<literal>/var/log/syslog</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""
"enregistrer les résultats dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/var/log/syslog</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This syslog record is quite useful for administration of the network problem "
"on the remote system."
msgstr ""
"L’enregistrement dans syslog est assez utile pour l’administration des "
"problèmes de réseau sur un système distant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The automatic behavior of the <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package is "
"configurable with the \"<literal>/etc/default/network-test</literal>\". Some "
"of these automatic checks slow down the system boot-up a little bit since it "
"takes some time to listen for <ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> replies."
msgstr ""
"Le comportement automatique du paquet <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> est "
"configurable par «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/network-test</literal>&nbsp;» "
"Certaines de ces vérifications automatiques ralentissent un peu le démarrage "
"du système car elles prennent un certain temps à l’écoute des réponses "
"<ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The advanced network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)"
msgstr "Configuration réseau avancée avec ifupdown (ancienne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package can be improved "
"beyond what was described in <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> with the "
"advanced knowledge."
msgstr ""
"Les fonctionnalités du paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> peuvent être "
"améliorées au-delà de ce qui est décrit dans <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> avec des "
"connaissances avancées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The functionalities described here are completely optional.  I, being lazy "
"and minimalist, rarely bother to use these."
msgstr ""
"Les fonctionnalités décrites ici sont entièrement facultatives. Étant "
"paresseux et minimaliste, je me suis rarement ennuyé à les utiliser."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"If you could not set up network connection by information in <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>, you make "
"situation worse by using information below."
msgstr ""
"Si vous n’êtes pas arrivé à établir une connexion réseau à l’aide des "
"informations de <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>, vous ne ferez "
"qu’empirer la situation en utilisant les informations qui suivent&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The ifplugd package"
msgstr "La paquet ifplugd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifplugd</literal> package is an older automatic network "
"configuration tool which can manage only Ethernet connections. This solves "
"unplugged/replugged Ethernet cable issues for mobile PC etc.  If you have "
"<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&wicd;"
"\">Wicd</ulink> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/>) installed, you do not "
"need this package."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifplugd</literal> est un ancien outil de configuration "
"automatique de réseau qui ne peut gérer que les connexions Ethernet. Il "
"permet de régler le problème des connexions et déconnexions des câbles "
"Ethernet avec les PC mobiles, etc. Si vous avez installé <ulink url="
"\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&wicd;\">Wicd</"
"ulink> (consultez <xref linkend= "
"\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/>), vous n’avez pas besoin "
"de ce paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This package runs a <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> and replaces "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">auto</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">allow-"
"hotplug</emphasis> functionalities (see <xref linkend=\"list-of-stanzas-in-"
"eni\"/>) and starts interfaces upon their connection to the network."
msgstr ""
"Ce paquet fait tourner un <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">démon</ulink> qui remplace "
"les fonctionnalités <emphasis role=\"strong\">auto</emphasis> ou <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">allow-hotplug</emphasis> (consultez <xref linkend=\"list-of-"
"stanzas-in-eni\"/>) et qui  active les interfaces lors de leur connexion au "
"réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is how to use the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package for the internal "
"Ethernet port, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Voici comment utiliser le paquet <literal>ifplugd</literal> pour le port "
"Ethernet interne, par exemple, <literal>eth0</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Remove stanza in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\": "
"\"<literal>auto eth0</literal>\" or \"<literal>allow-hotplug eth0</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"Supprimez l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>auto eth0</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>allow-hotplug eth0</literal>&nbsp;» de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Keep stanza in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\": "
"\"<literal>iface eth0 inet …</literal>\" and \"<literal>mapping …</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"Conservez les entrées «&nbsp;<literal>iface eth0 inet …</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>mapping …</literal>&nbsp;» de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Install the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package."
msgstr "Installez le paquet <literal>ifplugd</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run \"<literal>sudo dpkg-reconfigure ifplugd</literal>\"."
msgstr "Lancez «&nbsp;<literal>sudo dpkg-reconfigure ifplugd</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Put <literal>eth0</literal> as the \"static interfaces to be watched by "
"ifplugd\"."
msgstr ""
"Mettez <literal>eth0</literal> comme interface «&nbsp;statique devant être "
"surveillée par ifplugd&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Now, the network reconfiguration works as you desire."
msgstr "Le réseau fonctionne maintenant comme vous le désirez."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Upon power-on or upon hardware discovery, the interface is not brought up by "
"itself."
msgstr ""
"Lors de la mise sous tension ou lors de la découverte du matériel, "
"l’interface n’est pas activée par elle-même."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Quick boot process without the long DHCP timeout."
msgstr ""
"Processus de démarrage rapide sans le long délai de dépassement de temps de "
"DHCP."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"No funny activated interface without proper IPv4 address (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_configuration_state_of_ifupdown\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Pas d’interface bizarre activée sans une adresse IPV4 correcte (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_network_configuration_state_of_ifupdown\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Upon finding the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought up."
msgstr "L’interface est activée lors de la découverte du câble Ethernet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Upon some time after unplugging the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought "
"down automatically."
msgstr ""
"L’interface est désactivée quelque temps après que le câble Ethernet ait été "
"débranché."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Upon plugging in another Ethernet cable, the interface is brought up under "
"the new network environment."
msgstr ""
"L’interface est activée dans le nouvel environnement de réseau lors de la "
"connexion d’un autre câble Ethernet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The arguments for the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifplugd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command can set its "
"behaviors such as the delay for reconfiguring interfaces."
msgstr ""
"Les paramètres de la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifplugd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> peuvent définir son "
"comportement tel que le délai de reconfiguration des interfaces."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The ifmetric package"
msgstr "Le paquet ifmetric"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifmetric</literal> package enables us to manipulate metrics of "
"routes a posteriori even for DHCP."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifmetric</literal> permet de manipuler a posteriori la "
"métrique de routes même avec DHCP."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following sets the <literal>eth0</literal> interface to be preferred "
"over the <literal>wlan0</literal> interface."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit permettra de rendre l’interface <literal>eth0</literal> "
"prioritaire sur l’interface <literal>wlan0</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Install the <literal>ifmetric</literal> package."
msgstr "installer le paquet <literal>ifmetric</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Add an option line with \"<literal>metric 0</literal>\" just below the "
"\"<literal>iface eth0 inet dhcp</literal>\" line in \"<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ajouter l’option avec «&nbsp;<literal>metric 0</literal>&nbsp;» juste en-"
"dessous de la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>iface eth0 inet dhcp</literal>&nbsp;» "
"dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Add an option line with \"<literal>metric 1</literal>\" just below the "
"\"<literal>iface wlan0 inet dhcp</literal>\" line in \"<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"ajouter une ligne d’option avec «&nbsp;<literal>metric 1</literal>&nbsp;» "
"juste en-dessous de la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>iface wlan0 inet dhcp</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The metric 0 means the highest priority route and is the default one.  The "
"larger metric value means lower priority routes. The IP address of the "
"active interface with the lowest metric value becomes the originating one. "
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifmetric</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;metric 0&nbsp;» indique la route de plus haute priorité et c’est "
"celle par défaut. La plus grande valeur de «&nbsp;metric&nbsp;» indique une "
"route de moindre priorité. L’adresse IP de l’interface active ayant la "
"valeur de «&nbsp;metric&nbsp;» la plus basse devient celle d’origine. "
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifmetric</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The virtual interface"
msgstr "L’interface virtuelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A single physical Ethernet interface can be configured as multiple virtual "
"interfaces with different IP addresses.  Usually the purpose is to connect "
"an interface to several IP subnetworks.  For example, IP address based "
"virtual web hosting by a single network interface is one such application."
msgstr ""
"Une seule interface Ethernet physique peut être configurée en tant que de "
"multiples interfaces virtuelles avec différentes adresses IP. "
"Habituellement, le but est de connecter une interface à plusieurs sous-"
"réseaux ayant des IP différentes. Par exemple, l’hébergement web virtuel "
"basé sur l’IP avec une seule interface réseau est une application de ce type."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For example, let's suppose the following."
msgstr "Supposons, par exemple, ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"A single Ethernet interface on your host is connected to a Ethernet hub (not "
"to the broadband router)."
msgstr ""
"une seule interface Ethernet de votre machine est raccordée à un «&nbsp;hub "
"Ethernet&nbsp;» (pas au routeur à large bande)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The Ethernet hub is connected to both the Internet and LAN network."
msgstr ""
"le concentrateur Ethernet est connecté à la fois à Internet et au réseau "
"local&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The LAN network uses subnet <literal>192.168.0.x/24</literal>."
msgstr ""
"le réseau local utilise le sous-réseau <literal>192.168.0.x/24</"
"literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Your host uses DHCP served IP address with the physical interface "
"<literal>eth0</literal> for the Internet."
msgstr ""
"votre machine utilise une adresse IP fournie par DHCP avec l’interface "
"physique <literal>eth0</literal> pour Internet&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Your host uses <literal>192.168.0.1</literal> with the virtual interface "
"<literal>eth0:0</literal> for the LAN."
msgstr ""
"votre machine utilise <literal>192.168.0.1</literal> avec l’interface "
"virtuelle <literal>eth0:0</literal> pour le réseau local."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following stanzas in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" "
"configure your network."
msgstr ""
"Les entrées suivantes de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» permettent de configurer votre réseau&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"iface eth0 inet dhcp\n"
" metric 0\n"
"iface eth0:0 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.0.1\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" network 192.168.0.0\n"
" metric 1"
msgstr ""
"iface eth0 inet dhcp\n"
" metric 0\n"
"iface eth0:0 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.0.1\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" network 192.168.0.0\n"
" metric 1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Although this configuration example with <ulink url="
"\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> "
"using <ulink url=\"&netfilteriptables;\">netfilter/iptables</ulink> (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) can provide cheap router for "
"the LAN with only single interface, there is no real firewall capability "
"with such set up.  You should use 2 physical interfaces with NAT to secure "
"the local network from the Internet."
msgstr ""
"Bien que cet exemple de configuration avec <ulink url="
"\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">traduction d’adresse réseau (NAT)</ulink> "
"en utilisant <ulink url=\"&netfilteriptables;\">netfilter/iptables</ulink> "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) puisse fournir un "
"routeur économique pour le réseau local avec une seule interface, il n’y a "
"pas, avec votre configuration, de possibilité réelle de pare-feu. Vous "
"devriez utiliser deux interfaces physiques avec NAT afin de sécuriser le "
"réseau local contre ce qui provient d’Internet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The advanced command syntax"
msgstr "Syntaxe de commande avancée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package offers advanced network "
"configuration using the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network configuration</"
"emphasis> name and the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</"
"emphasis> name.  I use a terminology being slightly different from the one "
"used in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> fournit une configuration avancée du "
"réseau en utilisant le nom <emphasis role=\"strong\">configuration réseau</"
"emphasis> et le nom <emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</emphasis>. "
"J’utilise une terminologie un peu différente de celle utilisée dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of terminology for network devices"
msgstr "Terminologie des périphériques réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "manpage terminology"
msgstr "terminologie de la page de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "my terminology"
msgstr "ma terminologie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "examples in the following text"
msgstr "exemple dans le texte suivant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">physical interface</emphasis> name"
msgstr "nom de l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface physique</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> name"
msgstr "nom de l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>lo</literal>, <literal>eth0</literal>, <literal>&lt;"
"interface_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>lo</literal>, <literal>eth0</literal>, <literal>&lt;"
"nom_interface&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"name given by the Linux kernel (using <literal>udev</literal> mechanism)"
msgstr ""
"nom donné dans le noyau Linux (utilisant le mécanisme <literal>udev</"
"literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">logical interface</emphasis> name"
msgstr "nom de l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface logique</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">network configuration</emphasis> name"
msgstr "nom de la <emphasis role=\"strong\">configuration réseau</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>config1</literal>, <literal>config2</literal>, <literal>&lt;"
"config_name&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>config1</literal>, <literal>config2</literal>, <literal>&lt;"
"nom_config&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"name token following <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></"
"emphasis> in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"noms suivants <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> "
"dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Basic network configuration commands in <xref linkend="
"\"_the_command_syntax_simplified\"/> require the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">network configuration</emphasis> name token of the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza to match the <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> name in the \"<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes élémentaires de configuration du réseau se trouvant dans <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_command_syntax_simplified\"/> exigent que le nom de la "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">configuration réseau</emphasis> de l’entrée "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> corresponde au "
"nom de l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</emphasis> dans le "
"fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Advanced network configuration commands enables separation of the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">network configuration</emphasis> name and the <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> name in the \"<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>\" as the following."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes avancées de configuration du réseau permettent de séparer de "
"la manière suivante le nom de la <emphasis role=\"strong\">configuration "
"réseau</emphasis> et le nom de l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</"
"emphasis> dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of advanced network configuration commands with ifupdown"
msgstr "Liste des commandes avancées de configuration du réseau par ifupdown"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ifup eth0=config1</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ifup eth0=config1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration "
"<literal>config1</literal>"
msgstr ""
"activer une interface réseau <literal>eth0</literal> avec la configuration "
"<literal>config1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ifdown eth0=config1</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ifdown eth0=config1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the "
"configuration <literal>config1</literal>"
msgstr ""
"désactiver une interface réseau <literal>eth0</literal> avec la "
"configuration <literal>config1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration "
"selected by <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> "
"stanza"
msgstr ""
"activer une interface réseau <literal>eth0</literal> avec la configuration "
"sélectionnée par l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</"
"literal></emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the "
"configuration selected by <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</"
"literal></emphasis> stanza"
msgstr ""
"désactiver une interface réseau <literal>eth0</literal> avec la "
"configuration sélectionnée par l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"> "
"<literal>mapping</literal></emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The mapping stanza"
msgstr "L’entrée «&nbsp;mapping&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"We skipped explaining the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</"
"literal></emphasis> stanza in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>\" in <xref linkend=\"_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces\"/"
"> to avoid complication.  This stanza has the following syntax."
msgstr ""
"Nous avons sauté l’explication de l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» dans la <xref linkend="
"\"_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces\"/> pour éviter des "
"complications. Cette entrée possède la syntaxe suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"mapping &lt;interface_name_glob&gt;\n"
" script &lt;script_name&gt;\n"
" map &lt;script_input1&gt;\n"
" map &lt;script_input2&gt;\n"
" map ..."
msgstr ""
"mapping &lt;motif_nom_interface&gt;\n"
" script &lt;nom_script&gt;\n"
" map &lt;script_entrée1&gt;\n"
" map &lt;script_entrée2&gt;\n"
" map ..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This provides advanced features to the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>\" file by automating the choice of the configuration with the "
"mapping script specified by <literal>&lt;script_name&gt;</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Cela fournit des fonctionnalités avancées au fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» en automatisant le choix de la "
"configuration avec le script de «&nbsp;mapping&nbsp;» indiqué par "
"<literal>&lt;nom_script&gt;</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Let's follow the execution of the following."
msgstr "Suivons l’exécution de ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo ifup eth0"
msgstr "$ sudo ifup eth0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When the \"<literal>&lt;interface_name_glob&gt;</literal>\" matches "
"\"<literal>eth0</literal>\", this execution produces the execution of the "
"following command to configure <literal>eth0</literal> automatically."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;motif_nom_interface&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» "
"correspond à «&nbsp;<literal>eth0</literal>&nbsp;», cette exécution lance "
"l’exécution de la commande suivante afin de configurer automatiquement "
"<literal>eth0</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo ifup eth0=$(echo -e '&lt;script_input1&gt; \\n &lt;script_input2&gt; \\n ...' | &lt;script_name&gt; eth0)"
msgstr "$ sudo ifup eth0=$(echo -e '&lt;script_entrée1&gt; \\n &lt;script_entrée2&gt; \\n ...' | &lt;nom_script&gt; eth0)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, script input lines with \"<literal>map</literal>\" are optional and "
"can be repeated."
msgstr ""
"Ici, les lignes d’entrée du script contenant «&nbsp;<literal>map</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sont facultatives et peuvent être répétées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The glob for <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> "
"stanza works like shell filename glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Le motif générique (glob) pour l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> fonctionne comme les motifs "
"génériques des noms de fichiers de l’interpréteur de commandes (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The manually switchable network configuration"
msgstr "Configuration réseau commutable manuellement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is how to switch manually among several network configurations without "
"rewriting the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file as in "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_network_reconfiguration\"/> ."
msgstr ""
"Voici comment commuter manuellement entre plusieurs configurations de réseau "
"sans réécrire le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» comme dans <xref linkend=\"_the_basic_network_reconfiguration"
"\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For all the network configuration you need to access, you create a separate "
"stanza in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Créez un paragraphe distinct dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"interfaces</literal>&nbsp;» pour chaque configuration de réseau auquel vous "
"souhaitez accéder, comme dans les exemples suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"auto lo\n"
"iface lo inet loopback\n"
"\n"
"iface config1 inet dhcp\n"
"\n"
"iface config2 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.11.100\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" gateway 192.168.11.1\n"
" dns-domain example.com\n"
" dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1\n"
"\n"
"iface pppoe inet manual\n"
" pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n"
" up ifup ppp0=dsl\n"
" down ifdown ppp0=dsl\n"
" post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down\n"
"\n"
"# The following is used internally only\n"
"iface dsl inet ppp\n"
" provider dsl-provider\n"
"\n"
"iface pots inet ppp\n"
" provider provider"
msgstr ""
"auto lo\n"
"iface lo inet loopback\n"
"\n"
"iface config1 inet dhcp\n"
"\n"
"iface config2 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.11.100\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" gateway 192.168.11.1\n"
" dns-domain example.com\n"
" dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1\n"
"\n"
"iface pppoe inet manual\n"
" pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n"
" up ifup ppp0=dsl\n"
" down ifdown ppp0=dsl\n"
" post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down\n"
"\n"
"# Ce qui suit n'est utilisé que de manière interne\n"
"iface dsl inet ppp\n"
" provider fai_adsl\n"
"\n"
"iface pots inet ppp\n"
" provider fai"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network configuration name</"
"emphasis> which is the token after <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</"
"literal></emphasis> does not use the token for the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">network interface name</emphasis>.  Also, there are no <emphasis role="
"\"strong\"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis> stanza nor <emphasis role="
"\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> stanza to start the "
"network interface <literal>eth0</literal> automatically upon events."
msgstr ""
"Vous remarquez que le <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de configuration de "
"réseau</emphasis> qui est l’élément suivant <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> n’utilise pas l’élément pour le "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">nom d’interface réseau</emphasis>. Notez aussi "
"qu’il n’y a pas d’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>auto</literal></"
"emphasis> ni d’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</"
"literal></emphasis>pour démarrer automatiquement l’interface réseau "
"<literal>eth0</literal> sur événement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Now you are ready to switch the network configuration."
msgstr "Vous êtes maintenant prêt à commuter la configuration de votre réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the DHCP.  You bring up the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> (the physical interface) "
"<literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network "
"configuration</emphasis> name (the logical interface name) <literal>config1</"
"literal> to it by the following."
msgstr ""
"Déplaçons votre PC vers un réseau local desservi par DHCP. Vous activez "
"l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</emphasis> (l’interface "
"physique) <literal>eth0</literal> en lui assignant le nom de <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">configuration réseau</emphasis> (le nom de l’interface logique) "
"<literal>config1</literal> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifup eth0=config1\n"
"Password:\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifup eth0=config1\n"
"Password:\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured by DHCP and "
"connected to LAN."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>eth0</literal> est active, configurée par DHCP et "
"connectée au réseau local."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifdown eth0=config1\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifdown eth0=config1\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected from LAN."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>eth0</literal> est inactive et déconnectée du réseau "
"local."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the static IP.  You bring up the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> <literal>eth0</"
"literal> by assigning the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network configuration</"
"emphasis> name <literal>config2</literal> to it by the following."
msgstr ""
"Déplaçons votre PC vers un réseau local avec une adresse IP fixe. Vous "
"activez l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</emphasis> "
"<literal>eth0</literal> en lui assignant le nom de <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">configuration réseau</emphasis> <literal>config2</literal> de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifup eth0=config2\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifup eth0=config2\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured with static IP and "
"connected to LAN. The additional parameters given as <literal>dns-*</"
"literal> configures \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" contents.  This "
"\"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" is better manged if the "
"<literal>resolvconf</literal> package is installed."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>eth0</literal> est active, configurée avec une IP "
"statique et connectée au réseau local. Les paramètres supplémentaires donnés "
"sous la forme <literal>dns-*</literal> configurent le contenu de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>&nbsp;». Ce fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"resolv.conf</literal>&nbsp;» est mieux géré si le paquet "
"<literal>resolvconf</literal> est installé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifdown eth0=config2\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifdown eth0=config2\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected from LAN, "
"again."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>eth0</literal> est de nouveau inactive et déconnectée "
"du réseau local."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's move your PC to a port on BB-modem connected to the PPPoE served "
"service.  You bring up the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</"
"emphasis> <literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">network configuration</emphasis> name <literal>pppoe</literal> to it by "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Déplaçons votre PC sur le port d’un modem large bande connecté au service "
"par PPPoE. Vous activez l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</"
"emphasis><literal>eth0</literal> en lui assignant le nom de <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">configuration réseau</emphasis> <literal>pppoe</literal> de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifup eth0=pppoe\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifup eth0=pppoe\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured with PPPoE "
"connection directly to the ISP."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>eth0</literal> est active, configurée avec une "
"connexion PPPoE, directement vers le FAI."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifdown eth0=pppoe\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifdown eth0=pppoe\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected, again."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>eth0</literal> est de nouveau désactivée et déconnectée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's move your PC to a location without LAN or BB-modem but with POTS and "
"modem.  You bring up the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</"
"emphasis> <literal>ppp0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">network configuration</emphasis> name <literal>pots</literal> to it by "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Déplaçons votre PC à un emplacement sans réseau local et sans modem large "
"bande mais avec un POTS et un modem (modem sur le réseau commuté). Vous "
"activez l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">interface réseau</emphasis> "
"<literal>ppp0</literal> en lui assignant le nom de <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">configuration réseau</emphasis> <literal>pots</literal> de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifup ppp0=pots\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifup ppp0=pots\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The interface <literal>ppp0</literal> is up and connected to the Internet "
"with PPP."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>ppp0</literal> est active et connectée à Internet par "
"PPP."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo ifdown ppp0=pots\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ sudo ifdown ppp0=pots\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The interface <literal>ppp0</literal> is down and disconnected from the "
"Internet."
msgstr ""
"L’interface <literal>ppp0</literal> est inactive et déconnectée d’Internet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You should check the \"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>\" file "
"for the current network configuration state of the <literal>ifupdown</"
"literal> system."
msgstr ""
"Vous devriez vérifier l’état actuel de la configuration du réseau du système "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/run/"
"ifstate</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"You may need to adjust numbers at the end of <literal>eth*</literal>, "
"<literal>ppp*</literal>, etc. if you have multiple network interfaces."
msgstr ""
"Il se peut que vous ayez besoin d’ajuster le nombre à la fin de "
"<literal>eth*</literal>, <literal>ppp*</literal>, etc. si vous avez "
"plusieurs interfaces réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Scripting with the ifupdown system"
msgstr "Scripts avec le système ifupdown"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifupdown</literal> system automatically runs scripts installed "
"in \"<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>\" while exporting environment "
"variables to scripts."
msgstr ""
"Le système <literal>ifupdown</literal> lance automatiquement les scripts qui "
"sont installés dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"exportant les variables d’environnement vers les scripts."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of environment variables passed by the ifupdown system"
msgstr "Liste des variables d’environnement passées par le système ifupdown"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "environment variable"
msgstr "variable d’environnement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "value passed"
msgstr "valeur passée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$IFACE</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$IFACE</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "physical name (interface name) of the interface being processed"
msgstr "nom physique (nom d’interface) de l’interface en cours de traitement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$LOGICAL</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$LOGICAL</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "logical name (configuration name) of the interface being processed"
msgstr ""
"nom logique (nom de configuration) de l’interface en cours de traitement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$ADDRFAM</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$ADDRFAM</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;address_family&gt; of the interface"
msgstr "&lt;famille_d_adresses&gt; de l’interface"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$METHOD</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$METHOD</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;method_name&gt; of the interface (e.g., \"static\")"
msgstr "&lt;nom_méthode&gt; de l’interface. (par exemple «&nbsp;static&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$MODE</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$MODE</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"start\" if run from <literal>ifup</literal>, \"stop\" if run from "
"<literal>ifdown</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;&nbsp;» si lancé depuis <literal>ifup</literal>, «&nbsp;stop&nbsp;» "
"si lancé depuis <literal>ifdown</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$PHASE</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$PHASE</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"as per \"<literal>$MODE</literal>\", but with finer granularity, "
"distinguishing the <literal>pre-up</literal>, <literal>post-up</literal>, "
"<literal>pre-down</literal> and <literal>post-down</literal> phases"
msgstr ""
"comme pour «&nbsp;<literal>$MODE</literal>&nbsp;» mais avec une plus faible "
"granularité permettant de distinguer les phases <literal>pre-up</literal>, "
"<literal>post-up</literal>, <literal>pre-down</literal> et <literal>post-"
"down</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$VERBOSITY</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$VERBOSITY</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"indicates whether \"<literal>--verbose</literal>\" was used; set to 1 if so, "
"0 if not"
msgstr ""
"indique si «&nbsp;<literal>--verbose</literal>&nbsp;» a été utilisé. "
"Positionnée à 1 dans ce cas, à 0 sinon"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$PATH</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$PATH</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"command search path: \"<literal>/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/"
"usr/bin:/sbin:/bin</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"chemin de recherche de la commande&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local/sbin:/"
"usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$IF_&lt;OPTION&gt;</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$IF_&lt;OPTION&gt;</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"value for the corresponding option under the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza"
msgstr ""
"valeur de l’option correspondante de l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, each environment variable, \"<literal>$IF_&lt;OPTION&gt;</literal>\", "
"is created from the name for the corresponding option such as &lt;"
"option1&gt; and &lt;option2&gt; by prepending \"<literal>$IF_</literal>\", "
"converting the case to the upper case, replacing hyphens to underscores, and "
"discarding non-alphanumeric characters."
msgstr ""
"Ici, chaque variable d’environnement, «&nbsp;<literal>$IF_&lt;OPTION&gt; </"
"literal>&nbsp;», est créée à partir du nom de l’option correspondante comme "
"&lt;option1&gt; et &lt;option2&gt; en les préfixant avec «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$IF_</literal>&nbsp;», et en convertissant la casse en majuscules, en "
"remplaçant les tirets («&nbsp;-&nbsp;») par des tirets soulignés («&nbsp;"
"_&nbsp;») et en supprimant les caractères non alphanumériques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces\"/> for &lt;"
"address_family&gt;, &lt;method_name&gt;, &lt;option1&gt; and &lt;option2&gt;."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces\"/> "
"pour &lt;famille_adresse&gt;, &lt;nom_méthode&gt;, &lt;option1&gt; et &lt;"
"option2&gt;."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_ifupdown_extra_package\"/>) uses these environment variables to "
"extend the functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.  The "
"<literal>ifmetric</literal> package (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_ifmetric_package\"/>) installs the \"<literal>/etc/network/if-up.d/"
"ifmetric</literal>\" script which sets the metric via the \"<literal>"
"$IF_METRIC</literal>\" variable.  The <literal>guessnet</literal> package "
"(see <xref linkend=\"_mapping_with_guessnet\"/>), which provides simple and "
"powerful framework for the auto-selection of the network configuration via "
"the mapping mechanism, also uses these."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_ifupdown_extra_package\"/>) utilise ces variables d’environnement "
"pour étendre les fonctionnalités du paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal>. Le "
"paquet <literal>ifmetric</literal> (consultez <xref linkend= "
"\"_the_ifmetric_package\"/>) installe le script «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/"
"if-up.d/ifmetric</literal>&nbsp;» qui définit la métrique par "
"l’intermédiaire de la variable «&nbsp;<literal>$IF_METRIC</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Le paquet <literal>guessnet</literal> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_mapping_with_guessnet\"/>), qui fournit une ossature simple et puissante "
"pour la sélection automatique de la configuration du réseau par le mécanisme "
"de cartographie de réseau («&nbsp;mapping&nbsp;»), les utilise aussi."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For more specific examples of custom network configuration scripts using "
"these environment variables, you should check example scripts in \"<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/*</literal>\" and scripts used in "
"<literal>ifscheme</literal> and <literal>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</literal> "
"packages.  These additional scripts have some overlaps of functionalities "
"with basic <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> and <literal>guessnet</literal> "
"packages.  If you install these additional scripts, you should customize "
"these scripts to avoid interferences."
msgstr ""
"Pour des exemples plus spécifiques de scripts personnalisés de configuration "
"du réseau en utilisant les variables d’environnement, vous pouvez consulter "
"les scripts d’exemples se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"ifupdown/examples/*</literal>&nbsp;» et les scripts utilisés dans les "
"paquets <literal>ifscheme</literal> et <literal>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</"
"literal>. Ces scripts supplémentaires ont des fonctionnalités qui se "
"chevauchent un peu avec les paquets de base <literal>ifupdown-extra</"
"literal> et <literal>guessnet</literal>. Si vous installez ces scripts "
"supplémentaires, vous devrez les personnaliser afin d’éviter des "
"interférences."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Mapping with guessnet"
msgstr "Cartographie réseau avec guessnet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Instead of manually choosing configuration as described in <xref linkend="
"\"_the_manually_switchable_network_configuration\"/>, you can use the "
"mapping mechanism described in <xref linkend=\"_the_mapping_stanza\"/> to "
"select network configuration automatically with custom scripts."
msgstr ""
"Plutôt que de choisir manuellement la configuration comme il est décrit dans "
"la <xref linkend=\"_the_manually_switchable_network_configuration\"/>, vous "
"pouvez utiliser le mécanisme de cartographie réseau décrit dans la <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_mapping_stanza\"/> pour sélectionner automatiquement la "
"configuration du réseau à l’aide de scripts personnalisés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command provided by "
"the <literal>guessnet</literal> package is designed to be used as a mapping "
"script and provides powerful framework to enhance the <literal>ifupdown</"
"literal> system."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fournie par le paquet "
"<literal>guessnet</literal> est conçue pour être utilisée comme script de "
"cartographie réseau et fournit une infrastructure puissante pour améliorer "
"le système <literal>ifupdown</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You list test condition as the value for <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options for each network "
"configuration under <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></"
"emphasis> stanza."
msgstr ""
"Vous listez la condition de test comme valeur des options de <emphasis role="
"\"strong\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> pour chacune des "
"configurations de réseau de l’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Mapping choses the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></"
"emphasis> with first non-ERROR result as the network configuration."
msgstr ""
"La cartographie du réseau choisit la première entrée <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> donnant un résultat qui ne soit pas "
"en erreur comme configuration du réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This dual usage of the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file "
"by the mapping script, <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>, and the "
"original network configuration infrastructure, <literal>ifupdown</literal>, "
"does not cause negative impacts since <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options only export extra "
"environment variables to scripts run by the <literal>ifupdown</literal> "
"system.  See details in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Cette double utilisation du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» par le script de mapping, <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</"
"literal> et l’infrastructure d’origine de configuration du réseau, "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal>, n’a pas d’impact négatif car les options de "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> n’exportent "
"que des variables d’environnement supplémentaires vers les scripts lancés "
"par le système <literal>ifupdown</literal>. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"When multiple <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet</literal></"
"emphasis> option lines are required in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>\", use option lines started with <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>guessnet1</literal></emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\"><literal>guessnet2</literal></emphasis>, and so on, since the "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> package does not allow starting strings of "
"option lines to be repeated."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’il est nécessaire d’avoir plusieurs lignes d’options de <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/network/interfaces</literal>&nbsp;», utilisez les lignes d’options "
"commençant  par <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet1</literal></"
"emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet2</literal></emphasis> "
"et ainsi de suite, car le paquet <literal>ifupdown</literal> n’autorise pas "
"que les chaînes de caractères de début des lignes d’options soient "
"dupliquées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The low level network configuration"
msgstr "Configuration réseau de bas niveau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Iproute2 commands"
msgstr "Commandes Iproute2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level "
"network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from "
"obsolete <ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink "
"url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink> etc. commands."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes <ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">Iproute2</ulink> offrent des "
"possibilités complètes de configuration de bas niveau du réseau. Voici une "
"table de conversion des commandes obsolètes <ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-"
"tools</ulink> obsolètes vers les nouvelles commandes <ulink url=\"&iproutec;"
"\">iproute2</ulink>, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"Translation table from obsolete <literal>net-tools</literal> commands to new "
"<literal>iproute2</literal> commands"
msgstr ""
"Table de conversion depuis les commandes obsolètes <literal>net-tools</"
"literal> vers les nouvelles commandes <literal>iproute2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "obsolete net-tools"
msgstr "net-tools obsolètes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "new iproute2 etc."
msgstr "nouveau iproute2, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "manipulation"
msgstr "manipulation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ip addr</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ip addr</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device"
msgstr "adresse de protocole (IP ou IPv6) d’un périphérique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>route</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>route</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ip route</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ip route</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "routing table entry"
msgstr "entrée de la table de routage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>arp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>arp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ip neigh</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ip neigh</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ARP or NDISC cache entry"
msgstr "entrée de cache ARP ou NDISC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ipmaddr</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ipmaddr</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ip maddr</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ip maddr</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "multicast address"
msgstr "adresse multicast"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>iptunnel</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>iptunnel</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ip tunnel</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ip tunnel</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tunnel over IP"
msgstr "tunnel sur IP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nameif</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nameif</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifrename</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifrename</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "name network interfaces based on MAC addresses"
msgstr "nommer les interfaces réseau en se basant sur l’adresse MAC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mii-tool</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mii-tool</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ethtool</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ethtool</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Ethernet device settings"
msgstr "paramétrage du périphérique Ethernet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <ulink url=\"&iproutecutilitysuitehowto;\">IPROUTE2 "
"Utility Suite Howto</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <ulink url=\"&iproutecutilitysuitehowto;"
"\">Howto de la suite utilitaire IPROUTE2</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Safe low level network operations"
msgstr "Opérations sûres de bas niveau sur le réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may use low level network commands as follows safely since they do not "
"change network configuration."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez utiliser de manière sûre les commandes de réseau de bas niveau "
"de la manière suivante car elles ne modifient pas la configuration du "
"réseau&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of low level network commands"
msgstr "Liste des commandes de réseau de bas niveau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ifconfig</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ifconfig</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display the link and address status of active interfaces"
msgstr "afficher l’état et l’adresse du lien des interfaces actives"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ip addr show</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ip addr show</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>route -n</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>route -n</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display all the routing table in numerical addresses"
msgstr "afficher toutes les tables de routage sous forme d’adresses numériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ip route show</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ip route show</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>arp</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>arp</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"display the current content of the <ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> cache "
"tables"
msgstr ""
"afficher le contenu actuel des tables de cache d’<ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>plog</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>plog</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display ppp daemon log"
msgstr "afficher le journal du démon ppp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ping yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ping yahoo.com</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "check the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"vérifier la connexion internet vers «&nbsp;<literal>yahoo.com</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>whois yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>whois yahoo.com</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"check who registered \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\" in the domains database"
msgstr ""
"vérifier qui a enregistré «&nbsp;<literal>yahoo.com</literal>&nbsp;» dans la "
"base de données des domaines"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>traceroute yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>traceroute yahoo.com</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "trace the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"tracer la connexion Internet vers «&nbsp;<literal>yahoo.com</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tracepath yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tracepath yahoo.com</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mtr yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mtr yahoo.com</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"trace the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
"\" (repeatedly)"
msgstr ""
"tracer la connexion Internet vers «&nbsp;<literal>yahoo.com</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (de manière répétitive)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dig [@dns-serveur.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"check <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> records of \"<literal>example.com</"
"literal>\" by \"<literal>dns-server.com</literal>\" for a \"<literal>a</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>mx</literal>\", or \"<literal>any</literal>\" record"
msgstr ""
"vérifier les enregistrements <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>example.com</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;<literal>dns-serveur.com</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour un enregistrement «&nbsp;<literal>a</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>mx</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>any</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>iptables -L -n</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>iptables -L -n</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "check packet filter"
msgstr "vérifier le filtre de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>netstat -a</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>netstat -a</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "find all open ports"
msgstr "rechercher tous les ports ouverts"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>netstat -l --inet</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>netstat -l --inet</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "find listening ports"
msgstr "rechercher les ports à l’écoute"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>netstat -ln --tcp</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>netstat -ln --tcp</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "find listening TCP ports (numeric)"
msgstr "rechercher les ports TCP à l’écoute (numérique)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>dlint example.com</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>dlint example.com</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "check DNS zone information of \"<literal>example.com</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"vérifier les informations de zone DNS de «&nbsp;<literal>example.com</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Some of these low level network configuration tools reside in \"<literal>/"
"sbin/</literal>\".  You may need to issue full command path such as "
"\"<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>\" or add \"<literal>/sbin</literal>\" to "
"the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" list in your \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"Certains de ces outils de configuration du réseau se trouvent dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/sbin/</literal>&nbsp;». Il vous faudra peut-être utiliser le "
"chemin complet vers la commande comme «&nbsp;<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ou ajouter «&nbsp;<literal>/sbin</literal>&nbsp;» à la liste "
"«&nbsp;<literal>$PATH</literal>&nbsp;» dans votre fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/."
"bashrc</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Network optimization"
msgstr "Optimisation du réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation.  I "
"touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection."
msgstr ""
"L’optimisation générique du réseau est en dehors des buts de cette "
"documentation. Je ne parle que des sujets pertinents pour une connexion de "
"l’utilisateur grand public."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of network optimization tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils d’optimisation du réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display bandwidth usage information on an network interface"
msgstr "afficher l’utilisation de la bande passante d’une interface réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool"
msgstr "outil de mesure de la bande passante du protocole Internet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"write a \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file based on bandwidth "
"tests"
msgstr ""
"écrire un fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"fonction de tests de bande passante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "InterFace STATistics Monitoring"
msgstr ""
"InterFace STATistics Monitoring (surveillance des statistiques de "
"l’interface)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator"
msgstr "surveillance portable de la bande passante et estimation du débit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "script that quickly measures network device throughput"
msgstr "script qui mesure rapidement le débit d\"une interface réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "empirical stochastic bandwidth tester"
msgstr "testeur de bande passante empirique et stochastique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor"
msgstr "moniteur de bande passante simple en mode console"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "console-based Ethernet statistics monitor"
msgstr "moniteur de statistiques Ethernet en mode console"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "bandwidth analysis tool"
msgstr "outil d’analyse de bande passante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Finding optimal MTU"
msgstr "Rechercher le MTU optimum"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;\">Maximum Transmission Unit "
"(MTU)</ulink> value can be determined experimentally with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with \"<literal>-M do</literal>\" option which sends ICMP "
"packets with data size starting from 1500 (with offset of 28 bytes for the IP"
"+ICMP header) and finding the largest size without IP fragmentation."
msgstr ""
"La valeur du <ulink url=\"&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;\">Maximum "
"Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> (Unité de transmission maximum) peut être "
"déterminée expérimentalement par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec l’option «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-M do</literal>&nbsp;» qui envoie des paquets ICMP dont la taille "
"commence par 1500 (avec un décalage de 28 octets pour l’en-tête IP+ICMP) et "
"recherche la taille la plus grande sans fragmentation d’IP."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ping -c 1 -s $((1500-28)) -M do www.debian.org\n"
"PING www.debian.org (194.109.137.218) 1472(1500) bytes of data.\n"
"From 192.168.11.2 icmp_seq=1 Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1454)\n"
"\n"
"--- www.debian.org ping statistics ---\n"
"0 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors"
msgstr ""
"$ ping -c 1 -s $((1500-28)) -M do www.debian.org\n"
"PING www.debian.org (194.109.137.218) 1472(1500) bytes of data.\n"
"From 192.168.11.2 icmp_seq=1 Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1454)\n"
"\n"
"--- www.debian.org ping statistics ---\n"
"0 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Try 1454 instead of 1500"
msgstr "Essayez 1454 à la place de 1500"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> succeed with 1454."
msgstr ""
"Vous voyez que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> a réussi avec 1454."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This process is <ulink url=\"&pathmtupmtudiscovery;\">Path MTU (PMTU) "
"discovery</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcbbjb;\">RFC1191</ulink>) and the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tracepath</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command can automate this."
msgstr ""
"Ce processus est la <ulink url=\"&pathmtupmtudiscovery;\">découverte du "
"chemin MTU (PMTU)</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcbbjb;\">RFC1191</ulink>) et la "
"commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tracepath</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut l’automatiser."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The above example with PMTU value of 1454 is for my previous FTTP provider "
"which used <ulink url=\"&asynchronoustransfermode;\">Asynchronous Transfer "
"Mode</ulink> (ATM) as its backbone network and served its clients with the "
"<ulink url=\"&pppoe;\">PPPoE</ulink>.  The actual PMTU value depends on your "
"environment, e.g., 1500 for the my new FTTP provider."
msgstr ""
"L’exemple ci-dessus avec une valeur de PMTU de 1454 correspond à mon "
"fournisseur FTTP précédent qui utilisait <ulink url="
"\"&asynchronoustransfermode;\">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</ulink> (ATM) "
"comme réseau fédérateur («&nbsp;backbone&nbsp;») et servait ses clients avec "
"<ulink url=\"&pppoe;\">PPPoE</ulink>. La valeur réelle de PMTU dépend de "
"votre environnement, par exemple, 1500 avec mon nouveau fournisseur FTTP."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value"
msgstr "Lignes directrices pour une valeur optimum de MTU"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "network environment"
msgstr "environnement de réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "MTU"
msgstr "MTU"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "rationale"
msgstr "justification"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Dial-up link (IP: PPP)"
msgstr "Lien commuté (IP&nbsp;: PPP)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "576"
msgstr "576"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "standard"
msgstr "standard"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed)"
msgstr "Lien Ethernet (IP&nbsp;: DHCP ou fixe)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1500"
msgstr "1500"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "standard and default"
msgstr "standard et par défaut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Ethernet link (IP: PPPoE)"
msgstr "lien Ethernet (IP&nbsp;: PPPoE)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1492 (=1500-8)"
msgstr "1492 (=1500-8)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "2 bytes for PPP header and 6 bytes for PPPoE header"
msgstr "2 octets pour l’en-tête PPP et 6 octets pour l’en-tête PPPoE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: DHCP or fixed)"
msgstr ""
"lien Ethernet (épine dorsale de réseau du FAI&nbsp;: ATM, IP&nbsp;: DHCP ou "
"fixe)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1462 (=48*31-18-8)"
msgstr "1462 (=48*31-18-8)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"author's speculation: 18 bytes for Ethernet header, 8 bytes for SAR trailer"
msgstr ""
"spéculations de l’auteur&nbsp;: 18 octets pour l’en-tête Ethernet, 8 octets "
"pour le «&nbsp;trailer&nbsp;» SAR"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: PPPoE)"
msgstr "lien Ethernet (réseau fédérateur du FAI &nbsp;: ATM, IP&nbsp;: PPPoE)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1454 (=48*31-8-18-8)"
msgstr "1454 (=48*31-8-18-8)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"see \"<ulink url=\"&optimalmtuconfigeadslconnections;\">Optimal MTU "
"configuration for PPPoE ADSL Connections</ulink>\" for rationale"
msgstr ""
"consultez une justification dans «&nbsp;<ulink url="
"\"&optimalmtuconfigeadslconnections;\">Configuration optimum du MTU pour les "
"connexions ADSL PPPoE </ulink>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "In addtion to these basic guide lines, you should know the following."
msgstr ""
"En plus de ces lignes directrices, vous devriez savoir ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</ulink> etc.) may "
"reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads."
msgstr ""
"Toute utilisation d’une méthode de tunneling (<ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</"
"ulink>, etc.) peut réduire le MTU optimal en raison de la surcharge qu’elle "
"engendre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value."
msgstr ""
"La valeur de MTU ne doit pas excéder la valeur expérimentale déterminée de "
"PMTU ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met."
msgstr ""
"La valeur de MTU la plus élevée est généralement meilleure lors que les "
"autres limitations sont remplies."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Setting MTU"
msgstr "Définir le MTU"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are examples for setting the MTU value from its default 1500 to 1454."
msgstr ""
"Voici des exemples de définition de la valeur de MTU à partir de ses valeurs "
"par défaut 1500 à 1454."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the DHCP (see <xref linkend=\"_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"
"\"/>), you can replace pertinent <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</"
"literal></emphasis> stanza lines in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>\" with the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour le DHCP (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp\"/>), vous pouvez remplacer les "
"lignes d’entrée <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></"
"emphasis> pertinentes du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» avec ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"iface eth0 inet dhcp\n"
" pre-up /sbin/ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454"
msgstr ""
"iface eth0 inet dhcp\n"
" pre-up /sbin/ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the static IP (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip\"/>), you can replace pertinent "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza lines "
"in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" with the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour une IP statique (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip\"/>), vous pouvez remplacer les "
"lignes d’entrées <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></"
"emphasis> pertinentes du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</"
"literal>&nbsp;» avec ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"iface eth0 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.11.100\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" gateway 192.168.11.1\n"
" mtu 1454\n"
" dns-domain example.com\n"
" dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1"
msgstr ""
"iface eth0 inet static\n"
" address 192.168.11.100\n"
" netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
" gateway 192.168.11.1\n"
" mtu 1454\n"
" dns-domain example.com\n"
" dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the direct PPPoE (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf\"/>), you can replace pertinent "
"\"<literal>mtu</literal>\" line in the \"<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-"
"provider</literal>\" with the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour une connexion PPPoE directe (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf\"/>), vous pouvez remplacer la ligne "
"«&nbsp;<literal>mtu</literal>&nbsp;» pertinente du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</literal>&nbsp;» par ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "mtu 1454"
msgstr "mtu 1454"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&maximumsegmentsize;\">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) "
"is used as an alternative measure of packet size.  The relationship between "
"MSS and MTU are the following."
msgstr ""
"La <ulink url=\"&maximumsegmentsize;\">taille maximum de segment</ulink> "
"(MSS&nbsp;: «&nbsp;maximum segment size&nbsp;») est utilisée comme mesure de "
"remplacement de la taille des paquets. La relation entre MSS et MTU est la "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4"
msgstr "MSS = MTU - 40 pour IPv4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6"
msgstr "MSS = MTU - 60 pour IPv6"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/"
">) based optimization can clamp packet size by the MSS and is useful for the "
"router.  See \"TCPMSS\" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les optimisations basées sur <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) peuvent limiter la taille des "
"paquets au MSS, ce qui est utile pour le routeur. Consultez \"TCPMSS\" dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "WAN TCP optimization"
msgstr "Optimisation de TCP sur le réseau Internet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The TCP throughput can be maximized by adjusting TCP buffer size parameters "
"as described in \"<ulink url=\"&tcptuningguide;\">TCP Tuning Guide</ulink>\" "
"and \"<ulink url=\"&tcptuning;\">TCP tuning</ulink>\" for the modern high-"
"bandwidth and high-latency WAN.  So far, the current Debian default settings "
"serve well even for my LAN connected by the fast 1G bps FTTP service."
msgstr ""
"Le débit de TCP peut être maximisé en ajustant les paramètres de taille de "
"tampon TCP comme cela est décrit dans «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&tcptuningguide;"
"\">Guide de réglage de TCP</ulink>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;TCP Tuning Guide&nbsp;») "
"et «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&tcptuning;\">réglage de TCP</ulink>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;"
"TCP tuning&nbsp;») pour les réseaux WAN modernes de haut débit et de faible "
"latence. À ce jour, les paramètres par défaut de Debian fonctionnent bien "
"même lorsque mon réseau local est connecté par l’intermédiaire d’un service "
"rapide sur fibre optique (FTTP) à 1Gb/s."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Netfilter infrastructure"
msgstr "Infrastructure de netfilter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for "
"<ulink url=\"&statefulfirewall;\">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> "
"with <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">Linux kernel</ulink> modules (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink> fournit l’infrastructure pour "
"un<ulink url=\"&statefulfirewall;\"> pare-feu dynamique</ulink> («&nbsp;"
"stateful firewall&nbsp;») et la <ulink url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;"
"\">traduction d’adresses réseau (NAT)</ulink> («&nbsp;network address "
"translation&nbsp;») avec des modules du <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">noyau "
"de Linux</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel_module_initialization"
"\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of firewall tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils de pare-feu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"administration tools for <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for IPv4, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip6tables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for IPv6)"
msgstr ""
"outils d’administration pour <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour IPv4, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip6tables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for IPv6)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"administration tools for <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>arptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for ARP)"
msgstr ""
"outils d’administration pour <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>arptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour ARP)"

# Pas sûr de mon coup pour «pontage» ^^
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"administration tools for <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ebtables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for Ethernet bridging)"
msgstr ""
"outils d’administration pour <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ebtables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour le pontage Ethernet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"continuously monitor <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> state "
"(similar to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"surveillance continue de l’état de <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</"
"ulink> (semblable à <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink> initialization"
msgstr ""
"initialisation de <ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, générateur de "
"fichier de configuration pour <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (light "
"version)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, générateur de "
"fichier de configuration pour <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(version légère)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6 version)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, générateur de "
"fichier de configuration pour <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(version IPv6)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6, light "
"version)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, générateur de "
"fichier de configuration pour <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(version légère, IPv6)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Main user space program of <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> is "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>.  You can manually configure <ulink url="
"\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its state "
"with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-save</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, and restore it via init script with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> upon system reboot."
msgstr ""
"L’outil <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> principal de l’espace "
"utilisateur est <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vous pouvez "
"configurer vous-même <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> de manière "
"interactive depuis l’interpréteur de commandes, enregistrer son état avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-save</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et le restaurer par l’intermédiaire d’un script "
"d’init avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-restore</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> lors du redémarrage du "
"système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink url=\"&shorewall;\">shorewall</"
"ulink> ease this process."
msgstr ""
"Des scripts d’assistant tels que <ulink url=\"&shorewall;\">shorewall</"
"ulink> facilitent ce processus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"See documentations at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwnetfilterorgdocumentation;"
"\">http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/</ulink> (or in \"<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"Consultez les documentations se trouvant sur <ulink url="
"\"&httpwwwnetfilterorgdocumentation;\">http://www.netfilter.org/"
"documentation/</ulink> (ou dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/"
"</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxnetworkingconceptshowto;\">Linux Networking-concepts "
"HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxnetworkingconceptshowto;\">Linux Networking-concepts "
"HOWTO</ulink> (HOWTO des concepts réseau de Linux)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcepacketfilteringhowto;\">Linux 2.4 Packet Filtering "
"HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcepacketfilteringhowto;\">Linux 2.4 Packet Filtering "
"HOWTO</ulink> (HOWTO du filtrage des paquets de Linux 2.4)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&linuxcenathowto;\">Linux 2.4 NAT HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcenathowto;\">Linux 2.4 NAT HOWTO</ulink> (HOWTO du NAT "
"de Linux 2.4)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Although these were written for Linux <emphasis role=\"strong\">2.4</"
"emphasis>, both <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command and netfilter "
"kernel function apply for Linux <emphasis role=\"strong\">2.6</emphasis> and "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">3.x</emphasis> kernel series."
msgstr ""
"Bien qu’elles aient été écrites pour Linux <emphasis role=\"strong\">2.4</"
"emphasis>, la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et la fonction "
"netfilter du noyau s’appliquent toutes deux aux séries <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">2.6</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"strong\">3.x</emphasis> du "
"noyau Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Network applications"
msgstr "Applications réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"After establishing network connectivity (see <xref linkend=\"_network_setup"
"\"/>), you can run various network applications."
msgstr ""
"Après avoir établi une connexion réseau (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_network_setup\"/>), vous pouvez faire tourner diverses applications "
"réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Web browsers"
msgstr "Navigateurs Web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are many <ulink url=\"&webbrowser;\">web browser</ulink> packages to "
"access remote contents with <ulink url=\"&hypertexttransferprotocol;"
"\">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> (HTTP)."
msgstr ""
"Il y a de nombreux paquets de <ulink url=\"&webbrowser;\">navigateurs web</"
"ulink> permettant d’accéder à des contenus distants avec le <ulink url="
"\"&hypertexttransferprotocol;\">protocole de transfert hypertexte</ulink> "
"(«&nbsp;Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of web browsers"
msgstr "Liste de navigateurs web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of web browser"
msgstr "description du navigateur web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "X"
msgstr "X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&chromium;\">Chromium</ulink>, (open-source browser from Google)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&chromium;\">Chromium</ulink> (navigateur libre de Google)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&unbranded;\">unbranded</ulink> <ulink url=\"&mozillafirefox;"
"\">Mozilla Firefox</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&mozillafirefox;\">Mozilla Firefox</ulink> <ulink url="
"\"&unbranded;\">démarqué</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>iceape-browser</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>iceape-browser</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&unbranded;\">unbranded</ulink><ulink url=\"&mozilla;"
"\">Mozilla</ulink>, removed due to security concerns <ulink url=\"&bugfaffgf;"
"\">bug#505565</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&mozilla;\">Mozilla</ulink>, supprimé en raisons de problèmes "
"de sécurité <ulink url=\"&bugfaffgf;\">bogue nº 505565</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&hig;\">HIG</ulink> "
"compliant, <ulink url=\"&epiphany;\">Epiphany</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&epiphany;\">Epiphany</"
"ulink> respectant <ulink url=\"&hig;\">HIG</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&konqueror;\">Konqueror</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&konqueror;\">Konqueror</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dillo;\">Dillo</ulink>, (light weight browser, <ulink url="
"\"&fltk;\">FLTK</ulink> based)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dillo;\">Dillo</ulink> (navigateur léger, basé sur <ulink url="
"\"&fltk;\">FLTK</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text"
msgstr "texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&wdm;\">w3m</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&wdm;\">w3m</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&lynx;\">Lynx</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&lynx;\">Lynx</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&elinks;\">ELinks</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&elinks;\">ELinks</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (text only)"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (texte uniquement)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "graphics"
msgstr "graphique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (console graphics without X)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (graphique en mode console sans X)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Browser configuration"
msgstr "Configuration du navigateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may be able to use following special URL strings for some browsers to "
"confirm their settings."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez utiliser les chaînes d’URL spéciales suivantes pour confirmer le "
"paramétrage de certains navigateurs&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>about:</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>about:</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>about:config</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>about:config</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>about:plugins</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>about:plugins</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian offers many free browser plugin packages in the main archive area "
"which can handle not only <ulink url=\"&javasoftwareplatform;\">Java "
"(software platform)</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&flash;\">Flash</ulink> but "
"also <ulink url=\"&mpeg;\">MPEG</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mpegc;\">MPEG2</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mpege;\">MPEG4</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&divx;\">DivX</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&windowsmediavideowmv;\">Windows Media Video (.wmv)</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&quicktimemov;\">QuickTime (.mov)</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&mpdmpd;\">MP3 (.mp3)</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&oggvorbis;\">Ogg/Vorbis</"
"ulink> files, DVDs, VCDs, etc.  Debian also offers helper programs to "
"install non-free browser plugin packages as contrib or non-free archive area."
msgstr ""
"Debian propose pour les navigateurs, dans la section main, de nombreux "
"paquets de greffons libres qui peuvent gérer non seulement <ulink url="
"\"&javasoftwareplatform;\">Java (plateforme logicielle)</ulink> et <ulink "
"url=\"&flash;\">Flash</ulink> mais aussi les fichiers <ulink url=\"&mpeg;"
"\">MPEG</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mpegc;\">MPEG2</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mpege;"
"\">MPEG4</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&divx;\">DivX</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&windowsmediavideowmv;\">Windows Media Video (.wmv)</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&quicktimemov;\">QuickTime (.mov)</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mpdmpd;\">MP3 (."
"mp3)</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&oggvorbis;\">Ogg/Vorbis</ulink>, les DVD, "
"VCD, etc. Debian propose aussi, dans les sections contrib ou non-free, des "
"paquets de programmes facilitant l’installation de greffons non libres pour "
"les navigateurs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of browser plugin packages"
msgstr "Liste des paquets de greffons pour les navigateurs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "main"
msgstr "main"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Java plugin based on OpenJDK and IcedTea"
msgstr "Greffon Java basé sur OpenJDK et IcedTea"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Flash plugin based on Gnash"
msgstr "greffon Flash basé sur Gnash"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "contrib"
msgstr "contrib"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Flash plugin helper to install Adobe Flash Player (i386, amd64 only)"
msgstr ""
"assistant à l’installation du greffon Flash pour installer le lecteur Flash "
"d’Adobe (i386 et amd64 uniquement)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Multimedia plugin based on <ulink url=\"&vlcmediaplayer;\">VLC media player</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"greffon multimédia basé sur <ulink url=\"&vlcmediaplayer;\">VLC media "
"player</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Multimedia plugin based on (GNOME) <ulink url=\"&mplayer;\">MPlayer</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"greffon multimédia basé sur (GNOME) <ulink url=\"&mplayer;\">MPlayer</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Although use of above Debian packages are much easier, browser plugins can "
"be still manually enabled by installing \"*.so\" into plugin directories (e."
"g., \"<literal>/usr/lib/iceweasel/plugins/</literal>\") and restarting "
"browsers."
msgstr ""
"Bien que l’utilisation des paquets Debian ci-dessus soit plus facile, il est "
"toujours possible d’installer vous-même des greffons de navigateur en "
"installant les fichiers «&nbsp;*.so&nbsp;»  dans les répertoires de "
"greffons, (par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/lib/iceweasel/plugins/</"
"literal>&nbsp;») et en redémarrant le navigateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Some web sites refuse to be connected based on the user-agent string of your "
"browser.  You can work around this situation by <ulink url="
"\"&spoofingtheuseragentstring;\">spoofing the user-agent string</ulink>.  "
"For example, you can do this by adding following line into user "
"configuration files such as \"<literal>~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/"
"user.js</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Certains sites web refusent les connexions en se basant sur la chaîne «&nbsp;"
"user-agent&nbsp;» de votre navigateur. Vous pouvez contourner cette "
"situation en <ulink url=\"&spoofingtheuseragentstring;\">usurpant la chaîne "
"user-agent</ulink>. Vous pouvez le faire, par exemple, en ajoutant la ligne "
"suivante dans les fichiers de configuration de l’utilisateur tels que «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/user.js</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"«&nbsp;<literal>~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "user_pref{\"general.useragent.override\",\"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)\"};"
msgstr "user_pref{\"general.useragent.override\",\"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)\"};"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you can add and reset this variable by typing "
"\"<literal>about:config</literal>\" into URL and right clicking its display "
"contents."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi ajouter et réinitialiser cette variable en entrant l’URL "
"«&nbsp;<literal>about:config</literal>&nbsp;» et en faisant un clic-droit "
"pour afficher son contenu."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Spoofed user-agent string may cause <ulink url=\"&badsideeffectswithjava;"
"\">bad side effects with Java</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Usurper la chaîne user-agent peut provoquer de <ulink url="
"\"&badsideeffectswithjava;\">mauvais effets de bord avec Java</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The mail system"
msgstr "Le système de courrier électronique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the "
"Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document."
msgstr ""
"Si vous êtes sur le point de configurer le serveur de courrier pour échanger "
"directement du courrier avec Internet, vous feriez mieux de lire ce document "
"élémentaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The mail system involves many server programs and many client programs "
"running on multiple hosts.  From the functionarity, there are 3 types of "
"mail agent programs:"
msgstr ""
"Le système de courriels inclus de nombreux logiciels serveurs et clients "
"fonctionnant sur de nombreuses machines hôtes. En termes de fonctionnalités, "
"il y a 3 sortes de logiciels d'agents de courriel :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The mail transport agent (<ulink url=\"&mta;\">MTA</ulink>, see <xref "
"linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) is a program for transferring mails "
"between different hosts."
msgstr ""
"L'agent de transport de courriel (<ulink url=\"&mta;\">MTA</ulink>, voir <xref "
"linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) est un programme dont le but est le "
"transfert de courriels entre différents hôtes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The mail delivery agent (<ulink url=\"&mda;\">MDA</ulink>, see <xref linkend="
"\"_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter\"/>) is a program for delivering "
"messages to the users' mailboxes within a host."
msgstr ""
"L'agent de distribution de courriel (<ulink url=\"&mda;\">MDA</ulink>, voir "
"<xref linkend=\"_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter\"/>) est un programme "
"dont le but est la distribution de messages dans les boîtes aux lettres des "
"utilisateurs au sein d'un hôte."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The mail user agent (MUA, also known as <ulink url=\"&emailclient;\">email "
"client</ulink>, see <xref linkend=\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>) is the program "
"to generate messages and to access delivered messages."
msgstr ""
"Le client de messagerie (MUA, ou encore <ulink url=\"&emailclient;\">email client</ulink>, "
"voir <xref linkend=\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>) est le programme utilisé pour "
"créer des messages et accéder aux messages reçus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The following configuration examples are only valid for the typical mobile "
"workstation on consumer grade Internet connections."
msgstr ""
"Les exemples de configuration suivants ne sont valables que pour une station "
"de travail mobile typique avec des connexions internet de type grand public."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Email basics"
msgstr "Bases du courrier électronique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An <ulink url=\"&email;\">email</ulink> message consists of three "
"components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body."
msgstr ""
"Un <ulink url=\"&email;\">courrier électronique</ulink> est composé de trois "
"parties : l’enveloppe, l’en-tête et le corps du message."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"To\" and \"From\" information in the message envelope is used by the "
"<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> to deliver the email. (The \"From\" "
"information in the message envelope is also called <ulink url="
"\"&bounceaddress;\">bounce address</ulink>, From_, etc.)."
msgstr ""
"Les renseignements « To » et « From » de l’enveloppe sont utilisés par le "
"<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> pour délivrer le courrier électronique "
"(« From » dans l’enveloppe indique l’<ulink url=\"&bounceaddress;\">adresse "
"de rebond</ulink>, « From_ », etc.)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"To\" and \"From\" information in the message header is displayed by "
"the <ulink url=\"&emailclient;\">email client</ulink>. (While it is most "
"common for these to be the same as ones in the message envelope, such is not "
"always the case.)"
msgstr ""
"Les renseignements « To » et « From » de l’en-tête sont affichés par le "
"<ulink url=\"&emailclient;\">client de messagerie</ulink> (même s’ils sont "
"généralement identiques à ceux de l’enveloppe, ce n’est pas toujours le cas)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&emailclient;\">email client</ulink> (MUA) needs to "
"interpret the message header and body data using <ulink url="
"\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions "
"(MIME)</ulink> to deal the content data type and encoding."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&emailclient;\">client de messagerie</ulink> (MUA) a besoin "
"d’interpréter l’en-tête du message et les données du corps en utilisant les "
"<ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail "
"Extensions (MIME)</ulink> pour gérer le type de données et l’encodage du "
"contenu."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Modern mail service basics"
msgstr "Bases du service de courrier électronique moderne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to minimize exposure to the spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) "
"problems, many ISPs which provide consumer grade Internet connections are "
"implementing counter measures."
msgstr ""
"De manière à limiter les risques dus au problème des pourriels (courriels "
"non désirés et non sollicités), de nombreux fournisseurs d’accès à Internet "
"qui fournissent une connexion Internet pour le grand public mettent en place "
"des contre-mesures."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The smarthost service for their customers to send message uses the message "
"submission port (587) specified in <ulink url=\"&rfceeaj;\">rfc4409</ulink> "
"with the password (<ulink url=\"&smtpauth;\">SMTP AUTH</ulink> service) "
"specified in <ulink url=\"&rfcejfe;\">rfc4954</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le service smarthost pour l’envoi des messages de leurs clients utilise le "
"port (587) défini dans la <ulink url=\"&rfceeaj;\">rfc4409</ulink> avec le "
"service de mot de passe (<ulink url=\"&smtpauth;\">SMTP AUTH</ulink>) défini "
"dans la <ulink url=\"&rfcejfe;\">rfc4954</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> port (25) connection from their "
"internal network hosts (except ISP's own outgoing mail server) to the "
"Internet are blocked."
msgstr ""
"La connexion sur le port <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> (25) depuis les "
"machines de leur réseau interne (à l’exception de la sortie propre aux "
"serveurs du FAI lui-même) vers Internet est bloquée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> port (25) connection to the ISP's "
"incoming mail server from some suspicious external network hosts are "
"blocked.  (The connection from hosts on the dynamic IP address range used by "
"the dial-up and other consumer grade Internet connections are the first ones "
"to be blocked.)"
msgstr ""
"La connexion au serveur de courrier entrant du FAI sur le port <ulink url="
"\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> (25) depuis certaines machines d’une source externe "
"douteuse est bloquée. (La connexion des machines dans la plage d’adresses IP "
"dynamiques utilisée par les clients du réseau commuté ou d’autres connexions "
"Internet grand public sont les premières à être bloquées)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&antispamtechniques;\">Anti-spam techniques</ulink> such as "
"<ulink url=\"&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;\">DomainKeys Identified Mail "
"(DKIM)</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&sender_policy_frameworkspf;"
"\">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink> are widely used for the <ulink url="
"\"&emailfiltering;\">email filtering</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"La <ulink url=\"&antispamtechniques;\">lutte anti-spam</ulink> en utilisant "
"<ulink url=\"&domainkeysidentifiedmail;\">DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)</"
"ulink> et <ulink url=\"&sender_policy_frameworkspf;\">Sender Policy "
"Framework (SPF)</ulink> est couramment utilisée pour le <ulink url="
"\"&emailfiltering;\">filtrage du courrier</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&domainkeysidentifiedmail;\">DomainKeys Identified Mail</"
"ulink> service may be provided for your mail sent through the smarthost."
msgstr ""
"Le service de <ulink url=\"&domainkeysidentifiedmail;\">DomainKeys "
"Identified Mail</ulink> peut être fourni pour vos messages envoyés par "
"l’intermédiaire du smarthost."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When configuring your mail system or resolving mail delivery problems, you "
"must consider these new limitations."
msgstr ""
"Lors de la configuration de votre système de courrier électronique, ou lors "
"de la résolution de problèmes de diffusion de courrier, vous devez tenir "
"compte de ces nouvelles limitations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In light of these hostile Internet situation and limitations, some "
"independent Internet mail ISPs such as Yahoo.com and Gmail.com offer the "
"secure mail service which can be connected from anywhere on the Internet "
"using <ulink url=\"&transportlayerseesocketslayerssl;\">Transport Layer "
"Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"À la lumière de cette situation hostile d’Internet, certains fournisseurs de "
"service de courrier électronique comme Yahoo.com et Gmail.com offrent un "
"service de courrier électronique sécurisé que l’on peut utiliser depuis "
"n’importe où sur Internet en utilisant <ulink url="
"\"&transportlayerseesocketslayerssl;\">Transport Layer Security (TLS) et son "
"prédécesseur, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The smarthost service on port 465 with the deprecated SMTP over SSL (<ulink "
"url=\"&smtps;\">SMTPS</ulink> protocol)."
msgstr ""
"Le service de smarthost sur le port 465 avec l’obsolète SMTP sur SSL (<ulink "
"url=\"&smtps;\">SMTPS</ulink>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The smarthost service on port 587 with the <ulink url=\"&starttls;"
"\">STARTTLS</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le service de smarthost sur le port 587 avec <ulink url=\"&starttls;"
"\">STARTTLS</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The incoming mail is accessible at the TLS/POP3 port (995) with <ulink url="
"\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le courrier électronique entrant est accessible par le port TLS/POP3 (995) "
"par <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"It is not realistic to run SMTP server on consumer grade network to send "
"mail directly to the remote host reliably.  They are very likely to be "
"rejected.  You must use some smarthost services offered by your connection "
"ISP or independent mail ISPs."
msgstr ""
"Il n’est pas réaliste de mettre en œuvre un serveur SMTP sur un réseau grand "
"public pour envoyer de manière fiable le courrier électronique directement "
"vers une machine distante. Il sera probablement rejeté. Vous devez utiliser "
"les services de smarthost offerts par votre fournisseur d’accès ou par un "
"fournisseur de courrier électronique indépendant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the simplicity, I assume that the smarthost is located at "
"\"<literal>smtp.hostname.dom</literal>\", requires <ulink url="
"\"&smtpauthentication;\">SMTP Authentication</ulink>, and uses the message "
"submission port (587) with the <ulink url=\"&starttls;\">STARTTLS</ulink> in "
"the following text."
msgstr ""
"Pour simplifier, supposons que le smarthost situé à «&nbsp;<literal>smtp."
"hostname.dom</literal>&nbsp;» exige l’<ulink url=\"&smtpauthentication;"
"\">authentification SMTP</ulink> et utilise le port de soumission de "
"messages (587) avec <ulink url=\"&starttls;\">STARTTLS</ulink> dans le texte "
"qui suit."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The mail configuration strategy for workstation"
msgstr ""
"Stratégie de configuration du courrier électronique pour une station de "
"travail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The most simple mail configuration is that the mail is sent to the ISP's "
"smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 server by the MUA (see <xref linkend="
"\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>) itself. This type of configuration is popular "
"with full featured GUI based MUA such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>icedove</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>evolution</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc. If you need to "
"filter mail by their types, you use MUA's filtering function. For this case, "
"the local MTA (see <xref linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) need to do "
"local delivery only (when sender and receiver are on the same host)."
msgstr ""
"La configuration de courrier électronique la plus simple est que le courrier "
"électronique soit émis vers le smarthost du fournisseur d’accès et reçu du "
"serveur POP3 de ce fournisseur d’accès par le MUA (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>) lui-même. Ce type de configuration est courant "
"avec les MUA entièrement basés sur une interface graphique tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>icedove</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>evolution</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc. Si vous devez "
"filtrer le courriel selon son type, vous utiliserez les fonctions de "
"filtrage du MUA. Dans ce cas, l’agent de transport du courrier (MTA) local "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) n’aura que la "
"distribution locale à effectuer (dans la mesure où expéditeur et "
"destinataire sont sur le même hôte)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that the Debian system is the multiuser system.  Even if you are "
"the only user, there are many programs running as root and they may send you "
"a mail."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez noter que le système Debian est un système multi-utilisateur. Même "
"si vous êtes l'unique usager, il y a de nombreux logiciels exécutés en tant "
"que superutilisateur qui peuvent vous envoyer un courriel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The alternative mail configuration is that the mail is sent via local MTA to "
"the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 by the mail retriever (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility\"/>) to the "
"local mailbox.  If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MDA with "
"filter (see <xref linkend=\"_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter\"/>) to "
"filter mail into separate mailboxes.  This type of configuration is popular "
"with simple console based MUA such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mew</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, etc., although this is possible with any MUAs (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>). For this case, the local MTA (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) need to do both smarthost delivery "
"and local delivery.  Since mobile workstation does not have valid FQDN, you "
"must configure the local MTA to hide and spoof the real local mail name in "
"outgoing mail to avoid mail delivery errors (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"La configuration de courriel de remplacement est que le courriel soit envoyé "
"via un MTA local vers le smarthost du FAI et reçu du serveur POP3 du FAI par "
"le logiciel de récupération du courriel (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility\"/>) vers une boîte à "
"lettres locale. Si vous avez besoin de filtrer le courriel en fonction de "
"son type, vous pouvez utiliser un MDA (agent de distribution du courriel) "
"avec filtres (consultez <xref linkend=\"_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter"
"\"/>) pour filtrer les courriels vers des boîtes à lettres séparées. Ce type "
"de configuration est populaire avec un simple MUA en mode console tel que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mew</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc., bien que ce soit possible avec n’importe "
"quel MUA (consultez <xref linkend=\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>). Dans ce cas, "
"le MTA local (consultez <xref linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) doit "
"faire à la fois la diffusion vers le smarthost et la diffusion locale). "
"Comme les stations de travail mobiles n’ont pas de nom de domaine pleinement "
"qualifié (FDQN) valable, vous devez configurer le MTA local pour masquer et "
"simuler le nom de courrier local réel pour le courriel sortant afin d’éviter "
"des erreurs de distribution (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You may wish to configure MUA/MDA to use <ulink url=\"&maildir;\">Maildir</"
"ulink> for storing email messages somewhere under your home directory."
msgstr ""
"Vous pourrez avoir envie de configurer MUA/MDA afin d’utiliser <ulink url="
"\"&maildir;\">Maildir</ulink> pour stocker les messages de courrier "
"électronique quelque part dans l’arborescence de votre répertoire personnel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Mail transport agent (MTA)"
msgstr "Agent de transport de courrier électronique («&nbsp;MTA&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For normal workstation, the popular choice for Mail transport agent (MTA) is "
"either <literal>exim4-*</literal> or <literal>postfix</literal> packages.  "
"It is really up to you."
msgstr ""
"Pour une station de travail normale le choix habituel pour l’agent de "
"transport du courrier électronique (MTA) est soit le paquet <literal>exim4-"
"*</literal>, soit <literal>postfix</literal>. C’est vraiment laissé à votre "
"choix."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of basic mail transport agent related packages for workstation"
msgstr ""
"Liste des paquets liés à l’agent de transport du courrier pour une station "
"de travail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default)"
msgstr ""
"Agent de transport de courrier électronique Exim4 (MTA&nbsp;: par défaut "
"dans Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Exim4 documentation (text) and common files"
msgstr "Documentation d’Exim4 (texte) et fichiers communs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Exim4 documentation (html)"
msgstr "Documentation d’Exim4 (html)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Exim4 documentation (info)"
msgstr "Documentation d’Exim4 (info)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: alternative)"
msgstr ""
"Agent de transport de courrier électronique Postfix (MTA&nbsp;: remplacement)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix documentation (html+text)"
msgstr "Documentation de Postfix (html+texte)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH)"
msgstr ""
"Implémentation de l’API Cyrus SASL  (complément à Postfix pour SMTP AUTH)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Cyrus SASL - documentation"
msgstr "Cyrus SASL - documentation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although the popcon vote count of <literal>exim4-*</literal> looks several "
"times popular than that of <literal>postfix</literal>, this does not mean "
"<literal>postfix</literal> is not popular with Debian developers.  The "
"Debian server system uses both <literal>exim4</literal> and "
"<literal>postfix</literal>.  The <ulink url=\"&mailheaderanalysis;\">mail "
"header analysis</ulink> of mailing list postings from prominent Debian "
"developers also indicate both of these MTAs are as popular."
msgstr ""
"Bien que suivant le nombre de votes popcon <literal>exim4-*</literal> semble "
"de beaucoup plus populaire que <literal>postfix</literal>, cela ne signifie "
"pas que <literal>postfix</literal> n’est pas populaire chez les développeurs "
"de Debian. Le système de serveur de Debian utilise à la fois <literal>exim4</"
"literal> et <literal>postfix</literal>. L’<ulink url=\"&mailheaderanalysis;"
"\">analyse des en-têtes de courriels</ulink> vers les listes de diffusion "
"par les développeurs principaux de Debian montre aussi que ces deux MTA ont "
"la même popularité."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages are known to have very small memory "
"consumption and very flexible for its configuration.  The <literal>postfix</"
"literal> package is known to be compact, fast, simple, and secure.  Both "
"come with ample documentation and are as good in quality and license."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets <literal>exim4-*</literal> sont connus pour consommer très peu "
"de mémoire et avoir une configuration très souple. Le paquet "
"<literal>postfix</literal> est connu pour être compact, rapide, simple et "
"sûr. Les deux sont livrés avec une riche documentation, sont d’aussi bonne "
"qualité et ont une aussi bonne licence."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are many choices for mail transport agent (MTA) packages with "
"different capability and focus in Debian archive."
msgstr ""
"Il existe dans l’archive Debian un grand choix de paquets d’agents de "
"transport du courrier électronique (MTA) avec des possibilités et des "
"objectifs différents."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"List of choices for mail transport agent (MTA) packages in Debian archive"
msgstr ""
"Liste des choix de paquets Debian d’agent de transport du courrier "
"électronique (MTA)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "capability and focus"
msgstr "possibilités et objectif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full"
msgstr "complet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full (security)"
msgstr "complet (sécurité)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full (flexible)"
msgstr "complet (souple)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full (only if you are already familiar)"
msgstr "complet (uniquement lorsque vous serez déjà familiarisé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "strip down, no local mail"
msgstr "limité, pas de courrier local"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "very full (web interface etc.)"
msgstr "très complet (interface web, etc.)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "light"
msgstr "léger"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "light (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>esmtp</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"léger (extension de compatibilité avec sendmail vers <literal>esmtp</"
"literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "light (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>msmtp</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"léger (extension de compatibilité avec sendmail vers <literal>msmtp</"
"literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The configuration of exim4"
msgstr "Configuration d’exim4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure <literal>exim4-*</"
"literal> packages as the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour le courrier d’Internet par l’intermédiaire d’un smarthost, vous "
"(re)configurerez les paquets <literal>exim4-*</literal> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 stop\n"
"$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure exim4-config"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 stop\n"
"$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure exim4-config"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Select \"mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail\" for "
"\"General type of mail configuration\"."
msgstr ""
"Choisir «&nbsp;envoi via relais («&nbsp;smarthost&nbsp;») - réception SMTP "
"ou fetchmail&nbsp;»&nbsp;: pour «&nbsp;Configuration du serveur de "
"courriel&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"System mail name:\" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref linkend="
"\"_the_hostname_resolution\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Définir «&nbsp;Nom de courriel du système&nbsp;» à sa valeur par défaut qui "
"est le nom pleinement qualifié (FQDN, consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_hostname_resolution\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:\" to its "
"default as \"127.0.0.1 ; ::1\"."
msgstr ""
"Définir «&nbsp;Liste d’adresses IP où Exim sera en attente de connexions "
"SMTP entrantes&nbsp;» à sa valeur par défaut qui est "
"«&nbsp;127.0.0.1 ; ::1&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Unset contents of \"Other destinations for which mail is accepted:\"."
msgstr ""
"Supprimer le contenu de «&nbsp;Autres destinations dont le courriel doit "
"être accepté&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Unset contents of \"Machines to relay mail for:\"."
msgstr "Supprimer le contenu de «&nbsp;Machines à relayer&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:\" to \"smtp."
"hostname.dom:587\"."
msgstr ""
"Définir «&nbsp;Nom réseau ou adresse IP du système «&nbsp;"
"smarthost&nbsp;»&nbsp;» à «&nbsp;smtp.hostname.dom:587&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Select \"&lt;No&gt;\" for \"Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?\". (Use "
"\"<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>\" as in <xref linkend="
"\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>, instead.)"
msgstr ""
"Sélectionner «&nbsp;&lt;Non&gt;&nbsp;» pour «&nbsp;Faut-il cacher le nom "
"local de courriel dans les courriels sortants&nbsp;?&nbsp;». (Utiliser "
"plutôt «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>&nbsp;» comme dans "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Reply to \"Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?\" as one of "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Donner à «&nbsp;Faut-il optimiser les requêtes DNS (connexion à la "
"demande))&nbsp;?&nbsp;» l’une des réponses suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"No\" if the system is connected to the Internet while booting."
msgstr "«&nbsp;Non&nbsp;» si le système est connecté à Internet au démarrage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"Yes\" if the system is <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> connected "
"to the Internet while booting."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;Oui&nbsp;» si le système n’est <emphasis role=\"strong\">pas</"
"emphasis> connecté à Internet au démarrage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"Delivery method for local mail:\" to \"mbox format in /var/mail/\"."
msgstr ""
"Définir «&nbsp;Méthode de distribution du courrier local&nbsp;:&nbsp;» à "
"«&nbsp;Format «&nbsp;mbox&nbsp;» dans /var/mail&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Select \"&lt;Yes&gt;\" for \"Split configuration into small files?:\"."
msgstr ""
"Sélectionner «&nbsp;Oui&nbsp;» pour «&nbsp;Faut-il séparer la configuration "
"dans plusieurs fichiers&nbsp;?&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create password entries for the smarthost by editing \"<literal>/etc/exim4/"
"passwd.client</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Créer les entrées de mots de passe pour le smarthost en éditant «&nbsp;"
"<literal> /etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo vim /etc/exim4/passwd.client\n"
" ...\n"
"$ cat /etc/exim4/passwd.client\n"
"^smtp.*\\.hostname\\.dom:username@hostname.dom:password"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo vim /etc/exim4/passwd.client\n"
" ...\n"
"$ cat /etc/exim4/passwd.client\n"
"^smtp.*\\.nommachine\\.dom:nomutilisateur@nommachine.dom:motdepasse"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Start <literal>exim4</literal> by the following."
msgstr "Lancer <literal>exim4</literal> par la commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 start"
msgstr "$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 start"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The host name in \"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\" should not "
"be the alias.  You check the real host name with the following."
msgstr ""
"Le nom de machine dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ne doit pas être un alias. Vérifiez le nom de machine réel "
"comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ host smtp.hostname.dom\n"
"smtp.hostname.dom is an alias for smtp99.hostname.dom.\n"
"smtp99.hostname.dom has address 123.234.123.89"
msgstr ""
"$ host smtp.hostname.dom\n"
"smtp.hostname.dom is an alias for smtp99.hostname.dom.\n"
"smtp99.hostname.dom has address 123.234.123.89"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I use regex in \"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\" to work "
"around the alias issue.  SMTP AUTH probably works even if the ISP moves host "
"pointed by the alias."
msgstr ""
"J’utilise une expression rationnelle dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd."
"client</literal>&nbsp;» pour contourner le problème d’alias. SMTP AUTH "
"fonctionne probablement même dans le cas où le FAI déplace la machine "
"pointée par l’alias."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can manually update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration by the "
"following:"
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez mettre à jour vous-même la configuration d’<literal>exim4</"
"literal> de la façon suivante."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration files in \"<literal>/etc/exim4/"
"</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Mettre à jour les fichiers de configuration d’<literal>exim4</literal> dans "
"« <literal>/etc/exim4/</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"creating \"<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>\" to set "
"MACROs and editing \"<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>\". "
"(non-split configuration)"
msgstr ""
"Créer « <literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal> » pour "
"configurer les macros et éditer « <literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</"
"literal> » (configuration en un seul fichier)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"creating new files or editing existing files in the \"<literal>/etc/exim4/"
"exim4.conf.d</literal>\" subdirectories. (split configuration)"
msgstr ""
"Créer de nouveaux fichiers ou éditer des fichiers existants dans les sous-"
"répertoires de « <literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal> » (configuration "
"séparée en plusieurs fichiers)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run \"<literal>invoke-rc.d exim4 reload</literal>\"."
msgstr "Lancer «&nbsp;<literal>invoke-rc.d exim4 reload</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please read the official guide at: \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/"
"README.Debian.gz</literal>\" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-exim4."
"conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez lire le guide officiel se trouvant à «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-exim4.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Starting <literal>exim4</literal> takes long time if \"No\" (default value) "
"was chosen for the debconf query of \"Keep number of DNS-queries minimal "
"(Dial-on-Demand)?\" and the system is <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</"
"emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting."
msgstr ""
"Le lancement d’<literal>exim4</literal> est long si on a choisi «&nbsp;"
"Non&nbsp;» (valeur par défaut) à la demande «&nbsp;Faut-il optimiser les "
"requêtes DNS (connexion à la demande)&nbsp;?&nbsp;» lors de la configuration "
"debconf et que le système n’est <emphasis role=\"strong\">pas</emphasis> "
"connecté à Internet lors du démarrage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"It is insecure to use plain text password without encryption even if your "
"ISP allows it."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de mot de passe en texte non chiffré n’est pas sécurisée, même "
"si votre FAI le permet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Although use of <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> with <ulink url="
"\"&starttls;\">STARTTLS</ulink> on port 587 is recommended, some ISPs still "
"use deprecated <ulink url=\"&smtps;\">SMTPS</ulink> (SSL on port 465).  "
"Exim4 after 4.77 supports this deprecated SMTPS protocol for both as client "
"and as server."
msgstr ""
"Même si l’utilisation de <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> avec <ulink url="
"\"&starttls;\">STARTTLS</ulink> sur le port 587 est préférable, certains FAI "
"utilisent encore l’obsolète <ulink url=\"&smtps;\">SMTPS</ulink> (SSL sur le "
"port 465). Exim4, depuis la version 4.77, permet d’utiliser ce protocole "
"SMTPS obsolète autant en tant que client que serveur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you are looking for a light weight MTA that respects \"<literal>/etc/"
"aliases</literal>\" for your laptop PC, you should consider to configure "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with \"<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>\", etc. in \"<literal>/etc/"
"default/exim4</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Si vous recherchez un MTA léger qui respecte «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/aliases</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour votre PC de bureau, vous devriez envisager de "
"configurer <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec «&nbsp;<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>&nbsp;», "
"etc. dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The configuration of postfix with SASL"
msgstr "Configuration de postfix avec SASL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the Internet mail via smarthost, you should first read <ulink url="
"\"&postfixdocumentation;\">postfix documentation</ulink> and key manual "
"pages."
msgstr ""
"Pour utiliser le courrier électronique d’Internet par l’intermédiaire d’un "
"smarthost, vous devrez d’abord lire la <ulink url=\"&postfixdocumentation;"
"\">documentation postfix</ulink> et les pages de manuel importantes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of important postfix manual pages"
msgstr "Liste des pages de manuel importantes de postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix control program"
msgstr "Programme de contrôle de postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix configuration utility"
msgstr "Utilitaire de configuration de postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix configuration parameters"
msgstr "Paramètres de configuration de postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix lookup table maintenance"
msgstr "Maintenance des tables de consultation de postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postalias</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postalias</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix alias database maintenance"
msgstr "Maintenance de la base de données des alias de postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You (re)configure <literal>postfix</literal> and <literal>sasl2-bin</"
"literal> packages as follows."
msgstr ""
"Vous (re)configurez les paquets <literal>postfix</literal> et <literal>sasl2-"
"bin</literal> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo /etc/init.d/postfix stop\n"
"$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure postfix"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo /etc/init.d/postfix stop\n"
"$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Chose \"Internet with smarthost\"."
msgstr "Choisir «&nbsp;Internet avec smarthost&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"SMTP relay host (blank for none):\" to \"<literal>[smtp.hostname."
"dom]:587</literal>\" and configure it by the following."
msgstr ""
"Définissez «&nbsp;machine de relais SMTP (blanc pour aucun):&nbsp;» à «&nbsp;"
"<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>&nbsp;» et configurez-le de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sender_dependent_authentication = yes'\n"
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes'\n"
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd'\n"
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_type = cyrus'\n"
"$ sudo vim /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sender_dependent_authentication = yes'\n"
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes'\n"
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd'\n"
"$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_type = cyrus'\n"
"$ sudo vim /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Create password entries for the smarthost."
msgstr "Créez les entrées de mots de passe pour le smarthost"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cat /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd\n"
"[smtp.hostname.dom]:587     username:password\n"
"$ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd"
msgstr ""
"$ cat /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd\n"
"[smtp.hostname.dom]:587     nomutilisateur:motdepasse\n"
"$ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Start the <literal>postfix</literal> by the following."
msgstr "Lancez <literal>postfix</literal> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/postfix start"
msgstr "$ sudo /etc/init.d/postfix start"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here the use of \"<literal>[</literal>\" and \"<literal>]</literal>\" in the "
"<literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dialog and \"<literal>/etc/postfix/"
"sasl_passwd</literal>\" ensures not to check MX record but directly use "
"exact hostname specified.  See \"Enabling SASL authentication in the Postfix "
"SMTP client\" in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ici, l’utilisation de «&nbsp;<literal>[</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>]</literal>&nbsp;» dans le dialogue de <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</"
"literal> et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>&nbsp;» permet "
"de s’assurer de ne pas vérifier l’enregistrement MX mais d’utiliser "
"directement le nom exact de la machine indiquée. Consultez «&nbsp;Enabling "
"SASL authentication in the Postfix SMTP client&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The mail address configuration"
msgstr "Configuration de l’adresse de courriel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are a few <ulink url=\"&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;\">mail "
"address configuration files for mail transport, delivery and user agents</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Il existe plusieurs <ulink url=\"&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;"
"\">fichiers de configuration de l’adresse de courriel pour l’acheminement du "
"courriel, sa diffusion et les agents d’utilisateur</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of mail address related configuration files"
msgstr "Liste des fichiers de configuration liés aux adresses de courriel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "application"
msgstr "application"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "default host name for (outgoing) mail"
msgstr "nom de machine par défaut pour le courrier (sortant)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Debian specific, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailname</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Spécifique à Debian, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailname</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "host name spoofing for outgoing mail"
msgstr "usurpation du nom de machine pour le courriel sortant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> specific, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-config_files</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Spécifique à <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-config_files</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> specific, activated after "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command execution."
msgstr ""
"Spécifique à <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> specific, activé après "
"l’exécution de la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "account name alias for incoming mail"
msgstr "alias du nom de compte pour le courrier entrant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"general, activated after <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newaliases</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command execution."
msgstr ""
"général, activé après l’exécution de la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newaliases</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"mailname</literal>\" file is usually a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) "
"that resolves to one of the host's IP addresses.  For the mobile workstation "
"which does not have a hostname with resolvable IP address, set this "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> to the value of "
"\"<literal>hostname -f</literal>\". (This is safe choice and works for both "
"<literal>exim4-*</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.)"
msgstr ""
"Le <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de courriel</emphasis> (&nbsp;"
"mailname&nbsp;» dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/mailname</"
"literal>&nbsp;» est habituellement un nom de domaine entièrement qualifié "
"(FQDN) qui est résolu vers l’une des adresses IP de la machine. Pour les "
"stations de travail mobiles qui n’ont pas de nom de machine pouvant être "
"résolu par une adresse IP, définissez ce <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</"
"emphasis> à la valeur donnée par «&nbsp;<literal>hostname -f</"
"literal>&nbsp;». (C’est un choix sûr et qui fonctionne à la fois avec "
"<literal>exim4-*</literal> et <literal>postfix</literal>.)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The contents of \"<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>\" is used by many non-MTA "
"programs for their default behavior. For <literal>mutt</literal>, set "
"\"<literal>hostname</literal>\" and \"<literal>from</literal>\" variables in "
"<literal>~/muttrc</literal> file to override the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">mailname</emphasis> value.  For programs in the <literal>devscripts</"
"literal> package, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bts</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, export environment variables \"<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>"
"\" and \"<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>\" to override it."
msgstr ""
"Le contenu de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>&nbsp;» est utilisé par "
"de nombreux programmes autres que les MTA pour définir leur comportement par "
"défaut. Pour <literal>mutt</literal>, définissez les variables «&nbsp;"
"<literal>hostname</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>from</literal>&nbsp;» "
"dans le fichier <literal>~/muttrc</literal> pour passer outre la valeur de "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis>. Pour les programmes du paquet "
"<literal>devscripts</literal>, comme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bts</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, exportez les variables d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$DEBFULLNAME</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>&nbsp;» "
"afin de passer outre cette définition."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>popularity-contest</literal> package normally send mail from "
"root account with FQDN.  You need to set <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in "
"<literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> as described in the "
"<literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal> file.  "
"Otherwise, your mail will be rejected by the smarthost SMTP server. Although "
"this is tedious, this approach is safer than rewriting the source address "
"for all mails from root by MTA and should be used for other daemons and cron "
"scripts."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>popularity-contest</literal> envoie normalement un "
"courriel depuis le compte de l’administrateur avec un nom de domaine "
"pleinement qualifié (FDQN). Vous devez définir <literal>MAILFROM</literal> "
"dans <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> comme c’est décrit dans "
"le fichier <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal>. "
"Sinon, votre courriel sera rejeté par le serveur SMTP sur «&nbsp;"
"smarthost&nbsp;». Bien que ce soit fastidieux, cette approche est plus sûre "
"que la réécriture par le MTA de l’adresse source pour tous les courriels en "
"provenance de l’administrateur («&nbsp;root&nbsp;») et devrait être utilisé "
"pour les autres démons et les scripts des tâches planifiées («&nbsp;"
"cron&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> to "
"\"<literal>hostname -f</literal>\", the spoofing of the source mail address "
"via MTA can be realized by the following."
msgstr ""
"Lors de la définition de <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> avec "
"la valeur donnée par «&nbsp;<literal>hostname -f</literal>&nbsp;», "
"l’usurpation de l’adresse source du courrier par le MTA peut être réalisée "
"par l’intermédiaire&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>\" file for "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> as explained in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-"
"config_files</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> comme expliqué dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-"
"config_files</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>\" file for "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> as explained in the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>generic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> comme expliqué dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>generic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For <literal>postfix</literal>, the following extra steps are needed."
msgstr ""
"Pour <literal>postfix</literal>, les étapes suivantes sont nécessaires&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# postmap hash:/etc/postfix/generic\n"
"# postconf -e 'smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic'\n"
"# postfix reload"
msgstr ""
"# postmap hash:/etc/postfix/generic\n"
"# postconf -e 'smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic'\n"
"# postfix reload"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can test mail address configuration using the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez tester la configuration de l’adresse de courriel de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> options"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avec les options <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> with <literal>-q</literal> option."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec l’option <literal>-q</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Exim comes with several utility programs such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exiqgrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exipick</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  See \"<literal>dpkg -"
"L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>\" for available commands."
msgstr ""
"Il existe, avec Exim, un certain nombre de programmes utilitaires tels "
"qu’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exiqgrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exipick</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Consultez «&nbsp;"
"<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>&nbsp;» pour les commandes "
"disponibles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic MTA operations"
msgstr "Opération de base du MTA"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are several basic MTA operations.  Some may be performed via "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sendmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> compatibility interface."
msgstr ""
"Il y a quelques opérations de base du MTA. Certaines peuvent être effectuées "
"à l’aide de l’interface de compatibilité avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sendmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of basic MTA operation"
msgstr "Liste des opérations de base du MTA"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "exim command"
msgstr "commande exim"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "postfix command"
msgstr "commande postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>sendmail</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>sendmail</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"read mails from standard input and arrange for delivery (<literal>-bm</"
"literal>)"
msgstr ""
"lire les courriels depuis l’entrée standard et les classer pour la diffusion "
"(<literal>-bm</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mailq</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mailq</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list the mail queue with status and queue ID (<literal>-bp</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"afficher la file d’attente des courriels avec leur état et leur identifiant "
"de file d’attente («&nbsp;queue ID&nbsp;») (<literal>-bp</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>newaliases</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>newaliases</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "initialize alias database (<literal>-I</literal>)"
msgstr "initialiser la base de données des alias (<literal>-I</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>exim4 -q</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>exim4 -q</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>postqueue -f</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>postqueue -f</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "flush waiting mails (<literal>-q</literal>)"
msgstr "supprimer les courriels en attente (<literal>-q</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>exim4 -qf</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>exim4 -qf</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>postsuper -r ALL deferred; postqueue -f</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>postsuper -r ALL deferred; postqueue -f</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "flush all mails"
msgstr "supprimer tous les courriels"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>exim4 -qff</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>exim4 -qff</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>postsuper -r ALL; postqueue -f</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>postsuper -r ALL; postqueue -f</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "flush even frozen mails"
msgstr "supprimer tous les courriels gelés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>exim4 -Mg queue_id</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>exim4 -Mg queue_id</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>postsuper -h queue_id</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>postsuper -h queue_id</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "freeze one message by its queue ID"
msgstr "geler un message d’après son identifiant de file d’attente"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>exim4 -Mrm queue_id</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>exim4 -Mrm queue_id</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>postsuper -d queue_id</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>postsuper -d queue_id</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove one message by its queue ID"
msgstr "supprimer un message d’après son identifiant de file d’attente"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>postsuper -d ALL</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>postsuper -d ALL</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove all messages"
msgstr "supprimer tous les messages."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"It may be a good idea to flush all mails by a script in \"<literal>/etc/ppp/"
"ip-up.d/*</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ce peut être une bonne idée de supprimer tous les messages à l’aide d’un "
"script placé dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Mail user agent (MUA)"
msgstr "Agent de courrier électronique de l’utilisateur («&nbsp;MUA&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you subscribe to Debian related mailing list, it may be a good idea to "
"use such MUA as <literal>mutt</literal> and <literal>mew</literal> which are "
"the de facto standard for the participant and known to behave as expected."
msgstr ""
"Si vous vous abonnez à une liste de diffusion relative à Debian, ce peut "
"être une bonne idée d’utiliser un MUA tel que <literal>mutt</literal> ou "
"<literal>mew</literal> qui sont le standard de fait pour le participant et "
"sont connus pour se comporter comme on le souhaite."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of mail user agent (MUA)"
msgstr "Liste d’agents de courrier électronique de l’utilisateur (MUA)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "X GUI program (GNOME3, groupware suite)"
msgstr ""
"programme X avec une interface graphique (GNOME 3, suite «&nbsp;"
"groupware&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"X GUI program (GNOME2, <ulink url=\"&unbranded;\">unbranded</ulink> <ulink "
"url=\"&mozillathunderbird;\">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"programme X avec une interface graphique (GNOME 2, version <ulink url="
"\"&unbranded;\">démarquée</ulink> de <ulink url=\"&mozillathunderbird;"
"\">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "X GUI program (KDE)"
msgstr "programme X avec une interface graphique (KDE)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "character terminal program probably used with <literal>vim</literal>"
msgstr ""
"programme de terminal en mode caractère, probablement utilisé avec "
"<literal>vim</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "character terminal program under <literal>(x)emacs</literal>"
msgstr ""
"programme de terminal en mode caractères sous <literal>(x)emacs</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic MUA — Mutt"
msgstr "Le MUA de base — Mutt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Customize \"<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>\" as the following to use "
"<literal>mutt</literal> as the mail user agent (MUA) in combination with "
"<literal>vim</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Configurez «&nbsp;<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit afin "
"d’utiliser <literal>mutt</literal> comme agent utilisateur de courrier "
"électronique (MUA) en conjonction avec <literal>vim</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#\n"
"# User configuration file to override /etc/Muttrc\n"
"#\n"
"# spoof source mail address\n"
"set use_from\n"
"set hostname=example.dom\n"
"set from=\"Name Surname &lt;username@example.dom&gt;\"\n"
"set signature=\"~/.signature\"\n"
"\n"
"# vim: \"gq\" to reformat quotes\n"
"set editor=\"vim -c 'set tw=72 et ft=mail'\"\n"
"\n"
"# \"mutt\" goes to Inbox, while \"mutt -y\" lists mailboxes\n"
"set mbox_type=Maildir           # use qmail Maildir format for creating mbox\n"
"set mbox=~/Mail                 # keep all mail boxes in $HOME/Mail/\n"
"set spoolfile=+Inbox            # mail delivered to $HOME/Mail/Inbox\n"
"set record=+Outbox              # save fcc mail to $HOME/Mail/Outbox\n"
"set postponed=+Postponed        # keep postponed in $HOME/Mail/postponed\n"
"set move=no                     # do not move Inbox items to mbox\n"
"set quit=ask-yes                # do not quit by \"q\" only\n"
"set delete=yes                  # always delete w/o asking while exiting\n"
"set fcc_clear                   # store fcc as non encrypted\n"
"\n"
"# Mailboxes in Maildir (automatic update)\n"
"mailboxes `cd ~/Mail; /bin/ls -1|sed -e 's/^/+/' | tr \"\\n\" \" \"`\n"
"unmailboxes Maillog *.ev-summary\n"
"\n"
"## Default\n"
"#set index_format=\"%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15L (%4l) %s\"\n"
"## Thread index with senders (collapse)\n"
"set index_format=\"%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15n %?M?(#%03M)&amp;(%4l)? %s\"\n"
"\n"
"## Default\n"
"#set folder_format=\"%2C %t %N %F %2l %-8.8u %-8.8g %8s %d %f\"\n"
"## just folder names\n"
"set folder_format=\"%2C %t %N %f\""
msgstr ""
"#\n"
"# Fichier de configuration de l’utilisateur pour prendre le pas sur /etc/Muttrc\n"
"#\n"
"# modifier l'adresse électronique d'origine\n"
"set use_from\n"
"set hostname=example.dom\n"
"set from=\"Prénom Nom &lt;prenom-nom@example.dom&gt;\"\n"
"set signature=\"~/.signature\"\n"
"\n"
"# vim : « gq » pour reformater les citations\n"
"set editor=\"vim -c 'set tw=72 et ft=mail’\"\n"
"\n"
"# « mutt » utilise Inbox, alors que « mutt -y » donne la liste des boîtes de messagerie\n"
"set mbox_type=Maildir     # utiliser le format Maildir de qmail pour créer les mbox\n"
"set mbox=~/Mail           # conserver toutes les boîtes de messagerie dans $HOME/Mail/\n"
"set spoolfile=+Inbox      # message délivré vers $HOME/Mail/Inbox\n"
"set record=+Outbox        # sauvegarder les messages envoyés vers $HOME/Mail/Outbox\n"
"set postponed=+Postponed  # garder les messages ajournés dans $HOME/Mail/postponed\n"
"set move=no               # ne pas déplacer les messages lus de Inbox vers mbox\n"
"set quit=ask-yes          # ne pas quitter avec seulement « q »\n"
"set delete=yes            # toujours effacer sans confirmation à la fin\n"
"set fcc_clear             # garder les messages envoyés non chiffrés\n"
"\n"
"# boîtes de messagerie dans Maildir (mise à jour automatique)\n"
"mailboxes `cd ~/Mail; /bin/ls -1|sed -e 's/^/+/' | tr \"\\n\" \" \"`\n"
"unmailboxes Maillog *.ev-summary\n"
"\n"
"## par défaut\n"
"#set index_format=\"%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15L (%4l) %s\"\n"
"## index des enfilades avec expéditeurs (quand elles sont cachées)\n"
"set index_format=\"%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15n %?M?(#%03M)&amp;(%4l)? %s\"\n"
"\n"
"## par défaut\n"
"#set folder_format=\"%2C %t %N %F %2l %-8.8u %-8.8g %8s %d %f\"\n"
"## simplement les noms de dossier\n"
"set folder_format=\"%2C %t %N %f\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Add the following to \"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/."
"mailcap</literal>\" to display HTML mail and MS Word attachments inline."
msgstr ""
"Ajoutez ce qui suit dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"«&nbsp;<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>&nbsp;» afin d’afficher le courriel en "
"HTML et les attachements en ligne de documents MS Word."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"text/html; lynx -force_html %s; needsterminal;\n"
"application/msword; /usr/bin/antiword '%s'; copiousoutput; description=\"Microsoft Word Text\"; nametemplate=%s.doc"
msgstr ""
"text/html; lynx -force_html %s; needsterminal;\n"
"application/msword; /usr/bin/antiword '%s'; copiousoutput; description=\"Microsoft Word Text\"; nametemplate=%s.doc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Mutt can be used as the <ulink url=\"&imap;\">IMAP</ulink> client and the "
"mailbox format converter.  You can tag messages with \"<literal>t</literal>"
"\", \"<literal>T</literal>\", etc.  These tagged messages can be copied with "
"\"<literal>;C</literal>\" between different mailboxes and deleted with "
"\"<literal>;d</literal>\" in one action."
msgstr ""
"Mutt peut être utilisé comme client <ulink url=\"&imap;\">IMAP</ulink> et "
"comme convertisseur de format de boîtes à lettres. Vous pouvez marquer les "
"messages avec «&nbsp;<literal>t</literal>\", \"<literal>T</literal>&nbsp;», "
"etc. Ces messages marqués peuvent être copiés avec «&nbsp;<literal>;C</"
"literal>&nbsp;» entre différentes boîtes à lettres et supprimés à l’aide de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>;d</literal>&nbsp;» en une seule action."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The remote mail retrieval and forward utility"
msgstr "Utilitaire de récupération et de rediffusion du courriel distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Instead of running a MUA to access remote mails and to process them "
"manually, you may wish to automate such process to have all the mails "
"delivered to the local host.  The remote mail retrieval and forward utility "
"is the tool for you."
msgstr ""
"Plutôt que d'utiliser un client de messagerie pour accéder à des courriels "
"distants afin de les traiter manuellement, vous pourriez vouloir automatiser "
"ce processus afin d'avoir tous les courriels distribués à la machine hôte. "
"L'utilitaire de récupération et de transfert est l'outil qu’il vous faut."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> has been de facto standard for the remote mail "
"retrieval on GNU/Linux, the author likes "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> now.  If you want to reject mail before "
"downloading to save bandwidth, <literal>mailfilter</literal> or "
"<literal>mpop</literal> may be useful.  Whichever mail retriever utilities "
"are used, it is a good idea to configure system to deliver retrieved mails "
"to MDA, such as <literal>maildrop</literal>, via pipe."
msgstr ""
"Bien que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ait été le standard de fait pour la récupération "
"du courriel sur GNU/Linux, l’auteur préfère maintenant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Si vous désirez rejeter du courriel avant de le "
"télécharger pour économiser de la bande passante, <literal>mailfilter</"
"literal> ou <literal>mpop</literal> peuvent être utiles. Quels que soient "
"les utilitaires de récupération du courrier électronique utilisés, c’est une "
"bonne idée de configurer le système afin de diffuser les courriels récupérés "
"à un MDA, tel que <literal>maildrop</literal>, par l’intermédiaire d’un tube."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of remote mail retrieval and forward utilities"
msgstr "Listes des utilitaires de récupération et de rediffusion du courriel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mail retriever (POP3, APOP, IMAP) (old)"
msgstr "récupération du courriel (POP3, APOP, IMAP) (ancien)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mail retriever (POP3, IMAP4, and SDPS) (simple, secure, and reliable)"
msgstr "récupération du courriel (POP3, IMAP4 et SDPS) (simple, sûr et fiable)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mail retriever (POP3) with with regex filtering capability"
msgstr ""
"récupération du courriel (POP3) avec une possibilité de filtrage par "
"expressions rationnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mail retriever (POP3) and MDA with filtering capability"
msgstr "récupération du courriel (POP3) et MDA avec possibilité de filtrage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "getmail configuration"
msgstr "configuration de getmail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> configuration is described in <ulink url="
"\"&getmaildocumentation;\">getmail documentation</ulink>. Here is my set up "
"to access multiple POP3 accounts as user."
msgstr ""
"La configuration de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est décrite dans la "
"<ulink url=\"&getmaildocumentation;\">documentation de getmail</ulink>. "
"voici ma configuration permettant l’accès à plusieurs comptes POP3 en tant "
"qu’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Create \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>\" as the following."
msgstr ""
"Créez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>&nbsp;» comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#!/bin/sh\n"
"set -e\n"
"if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/running ]; then\n"
"  echo \"getmail is already running ... (if not, remove $HOME/.getmail/running)\" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"  pgrep -l \"getmai[l]\"\n"
"  exit 1\n"
"else\n"
"  echo \"getmail has not been running ... \" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"fi\n"
"if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/stop ]; then\n"
"  echo \"do not run getmail ... (if not, remove $HOME/.getmail/stop)\" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"  exit\n"
"fi\n"
"if [ \"x$1\" = \"x-l\" ]; then\n"
"  exit\n"
"fi\n"
"rcfiles=\"/usr/bin/getmail\"\n"
"for file in $HOME/.getmail/config/* ; do\n"
"  rcfiles=\"$rcfiles --rcfile $file\"\n"
"done\n"
"date -u &gt; $HOME/.getmail/running\n"
"eval \"$rcfiles $@\"\n"
"rm $HOME/.getmail/running"
msgstr ""
"#!/bin/sh\n"
"set -e\n"
"if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/running ]; then\n"
"  echo \"getmail est déjà en fonctionnement... (dans le cas contraire, supprimer $HOME/.getmail/running)\" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"  pgrep -l \"getmai[l]\"\n"
"  exit 1\n"
"else\n"
"  echo \"getmail n'a pas tourné... \" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"fi\n"
"if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/stop ]; then\n"
"  echo \"ne pas lancer getmail ... (dans le cas contraire, supprimer $HOME/.getmail/stop)\" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"  exit\n"
"fi\n"
"if [ \"x$1\" = \"x-l\" ]; then\n"
"  exit\n"
"fi\n"
"rcfiles=\"/usr/bin/getmail\"\n"
"for fichier in $HOME/.getmail/config/* ; do\n"
"  rcfiles=\"$rcfiles --rcfile $fichier\"\n"
"done\n"
"date -u &gt; $HOME/.getmail/running\n"
"eval \"$rcfiles $@\"\n"
"rm $HOME/.getmail/running"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Configure it as the following."
msgstr "Configurez-le comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/getmails\n"
"$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail\n"
"$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail/config\n"
"$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail/log"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/getmails\n"
"$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail\n"
"$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail/config\n"
"$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail/log"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create configuration files \"<literal>$HOME/.getmail/config/pop3_name</"
"literal>\" for each POP3 accounts as the following."
msgstr ""
"Créez les fichiers de configuration «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME/.getmail/config/"
"pop3_name</literal>&nbsp;» pour chacun des comptes POP3 comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"[retriever]\n"
"type = SimplePOP3SSLRetriever\n"
"server = pop.example.com\n"
"username =  pop3_name@example.com\n"
"password = &lt;your-password&gt;\n"
"\n"
"[destination]\n"
"type = MDA_external\n"
"path = /usr/bin/maildrop\n"
"unixfrom = True\n"
"\n"
"[options]\n"
"verbose = 0\n"
"delete = True\n"
"delivered_to = False\n"
"message_log = ~/.getmail/log/pop3_name.log"
msgstr ""
"[retriever]\n"
"type = SimplePOP3SSLRetriever\n"
"server = pop.example.com\n"
"username =  nom_pop3@example.com\n"
"password = &lt;votre_mot-de-passe&gt;\n"
"\n"
"[destination]\n"
"type = MDA_external\n"
"path = /usr/bin/maildrop\n"
"unixfrom = True\n"
"\n"
"[options]\n"
"verbose = 0\n"
"delete = True\n"
"delivered_to = False\n"
"message_log = ~/.getmail/log/nom_pop3.log"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ chmod 0600 $HOME/.getmail/config/*"
msgstr "$ chmod 0600 $HOME/.getmail/config/*"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Schedule \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>\" to run every 15 "
"minutes with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> by executing \"<literal>sudo crontab -e -u &lt;"
"user_name&gt;</literal>\" and adding following to user's cron entry."
msgstr ""
"Programmez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"qu’il soit lancé toutes les 15 minutes avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> en exécutant «&nbsp;<literal>sudo crontab -e -u &lt;"
"nom_utilisateur&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» et en ajoutant l’entrée cron de "
"l’utilisateur suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "5,20,35,50 * * * * /usr/local/bin/getmails --quiet"
msgstr "5,20,35,50 * * * * /usr/local/bin/getmails --quiet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Problems of POP3 access may not come from <literal>getmail</literal>. Some "
"popular free POP3 services may be violating the POP3 protocol and their SPAM "
"filter may not be perfect.  For example, they may delete messages just after "
"receiving RETR command before receiving DELE command and may quarantined "
"messages into Spam mailbox.  You should minimize damages by configuring them "
"to archive accessed messages and not to delete them. See also <ulink url="
"\"&somemailwasnotdownloaded;\">\"Some mail was not downloaded\"</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Les problèmes d’accès POP3 peuvent ne pas venir de <literal>getmail</"
"literal>. Certains services POP3 gratuits courants violent le protocole POP3 "
"et leur filtre de SPAM peut ne pas être parfait. Par exemple, ils peuvent "
"effacer les messages juste après la commande RETR et avant de recevoir la "
"commande DELE et peuvent mettre en quarantaines des messages dans la boîte à "
"lettres des Spam. Vous pourrez minimiser les dommages en les configurant de "
"manière à archiver les messages auxquels ils ont accédé et non les "
"supprimer. Consultez aussi <ulink url=\"&somemailwasnotdownloaded;\">«&nbsp;"
"Certains courriels n’ont pas été téléchargés&nbsp;»</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "fetchmail configuration"
msgstr "configuration de fetchmail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> configuration is set by \"<literal>/etc/default/"
"fetchmail</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>$HOME/.fetchmailrc</literal>\".  See its example in \"<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/fetchmail/examples/fetchmailrc.example</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La configuration de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est effectuée par "
"l’intermédiaire de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/fetchmail</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME/."
"fetchmailrc</literal>&nbsp;». Consultez les exemples dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/fetchmail/examples/fetchmailrc.example</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Mail delivery agent (MDA) with filter"
msgstr "Agent de distribution du courriel (MDA) avec filtre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Most MTA programs, such as <literal>postfix</literal> and <literal>exim4</"
"literal>, function as MDA (mail delivery agent). There are specialized MDA "
"with filtering capabilities."
msgstr ""
"La plupart des programmes de MTA tels que <literal>postfix</literal> et "
"<literal>exim4</literal> fonctionnent comme des MDA (agent de distribution "
"du courriel, «&nbsp;mail delivery agent&nbsp;»). Il existe des MDA "
"spécialisés ayant des possibilités de filtrage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> has been de facto standard for MDA with filter on "
"GNU/Linux, author likes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> now.  Whichever "
"filtering utilities are used, it is a good idea to configure system to "
"deliver filtered mails to a <ulink url=\"&qmailstylemaildir;\">qmail-style "
"Maildir</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Bien que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ait été le standard de fait comme MDA sous GNU/"
"Linux, l’auteur préfère maintenant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Quel que soit "
"l’utilitaire de filtrage utilisé, c’est une bonne idée que de configurer le "
"système pour distribuer le courriel filtré vers une <ulink url="
"\"&qmailstylemaildir;\">Maildir de style qmail</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of MDA with filter"
msgstr "Liste de MDA avec filtrage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MDA with filter (old)"
msgstr "MDA avec filtrage (ancien)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MDA with Perl filter"
msgstr "MDA avec filtre en Perl"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MDA with structured filtering language"
msgstr "MDA avec langage de filtrage structuré"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "maildrop configuration"
msgstr "configuration de maildrop"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> configuration is described in <ulink url="
"\"&maildropfilterdocumentation;\">maildropfilter documentation</ulink>.  "
"Here is a configuration example for \"<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La configuration de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est décrite dans la "
"<ulink url=\"&maildropfilterdocumentation;\">documentation de "
"maildropfilter</ulink>. Voici un exemple de configuration pour «&nbsp;"
"<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Local configuration\n"
"MAILROOT=\"$HOME/Mail\"\n"
"# set this to /etc/mailname contents\n"
"MAILHOST=\"example.dom\"\n"
"logfile $HOME/.maildroplog\n"
"\n"
"# rules are made to override the earlier value by the later one.\n"
"\n"
"# mailing list mails ?\n"
"if (     /^Precedence:.*list/:h || /^Precedence:.*bulk/:h )\n"
"{\n"
"    # rules for mailing list mails\n"
"    # default mailbox for mails from mailing list\n"
"    MAILBOX=\"Inbox-list\"\n"
"    # default mailbox for mails from debian.org\n"
"    if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"service.debian.org\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # default mailbox for mails from bugs.debian.org (BTS)\n"
"    if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-sender): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"bugs.debian.org\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # mailbox for each properly maintained mailing list with \"List-Id: foo\" or \"List-Id: ...&lt;foo.bar&gt;\"\n"
"    if ( /^List-Id: ([^&lt;]*&lt;)?([^&lt;&gt;]*)&gt;?/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"$MATCH2\"\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"else\n"
"{\n"
"    # rules for non-mailing list mails\n"
"    # default incoming box\n"
"    MAILBOX=\"Inbox-unusual\"\n"
"    # local mails\n"
"    if ( /Envelope-to: .*@$MAILHOST/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-local\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # html mails (99% spams)\n"
"    if ( /DOCTYPE html/:b ||\\\n"
"         /^Content-Type: text\\/html/ )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-html\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # blacklist rule for spams\n"
"    if ( /^X-Advertisement/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-trash\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # whitelist rule for normal mails\n"
"    if ( /^From: .*@debian.org/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject: .*(debian|bug|PATCH)/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # whiltelist rule for BTS related mails\n"
"    if ( /^Subject: .*Bug#.*/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^(To|Cc): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"bugs.debian.org\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # whitelist rule for getmails cron mails\n"
"    if ( /^Subject: Cron .*getmails/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-getmails\"\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"# check existance of $MAILBOX\n"
"`test -d $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`\n"
"if ( $RETURNCODE == 1 )\n"
"{\n"
"    # create maildir mailbox for $MAILBOX\n"
"    `maildirmake $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`\n"
"}\n"
"# deliver to maildir $MAILBOX\n"
"to \"$MAILROOT/$MAILBOX/\"\n"
"exit"
msgstr ""
"# Configuration locale\n"
"MAILROOT=\"$HOME/Mail\"\n"
"# configurer conformément au contenu de /etc/mailname\n"
"MAILHOST=\"example.dom\"\n"
"logfile $HOME/.maildroplog\n"
"\n"
"# les règles sont faites pour que la dernière valeur prenne le pas sur la précédente.\n"
"\n"
"# messages de liste de diffusion ?\n"
"if (     /^Precedence:.*list/:h || /^Precedence:.*bulk/:h )\n"
"{\n"
"    # règles pour les messages de liste de diffusion\n"
"    # boîte à lettres par défaut pour les messages de liste de diffusion\n"
"    MAILBOX=\"Inbox-list\"\n"
"    # boîte à lettres par défaut pour les messages de debian.org\n"
"    if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"service.debian.org\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # boîte à lettres par défaut pour les messages de bugs.debian.org (BTS)\n"
"    if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-sender): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"bugs.debian.org\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # boîte à lettres pour chaque liste de diffusion proprement configurée avec « List-Id: truc » ou « List-Id: ...&lt;truc.bidule&gt; »\n"
"    if ( /^List-Id: ([^&lt;]*&lt;)?([^&lt;&gt;]*)&gt;?/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"$MATCH2\"\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"else\n"
"{\n"
"    # règles pour les messages ne provenant pas de liste de diffusion\n"
"    # boîte à lettres de courrier entrant par défaut\n"
"    MAILBOX=\"Inbox-unusual\"\n"
"    # local mails\n"
"    if ( /Envelope-to: .*@$MAILHOST/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-local\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # Messages en HTML (99% d'indésirables)\n"
"    if ( /DOCTYPE html/:b ||\\\n"
"         /^Content-Type: text\\/html/ )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-html\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # règle de liste noire pour les indésirables\n"
"    if ( /^X-Advertisement/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-trash\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # règle de liste blanche pour les messages normaux\n"
"    if ( /^From: .*@debian.org/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^Subject: .*(debian|bug|PATCH)/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # règle de liste blanche pour les messages relatifs au BTS\n"
"    if ( /^Subject: .*Bug#.*/:h ||\\\n"
"         /^(To|Cc): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"bugs.debian.org\"\n"
"    }\n"
"    # règle de liste blanche pour les messages « getmails » de cron\n"
"    if ( /^Subject: Cron .*getmails/:h )\n"
"    {\n"
"        MAILBOX=\"Inbox-getmails\"\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"# vérifier l'existence de $MAILBOX\n"
"`test -d $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`\n"
"if ( $RETURNCODE == 1 )\n"
"{\n"
"    # créer la boîte à lettres au format maildir pour $MAILBOX\n"
"    `maildirmake $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`\n"
"}\n"
"# délivrer vers le répertoire maildir $MAILBOX\n"
"to \"$MAILROOT/$MAILBOX/\"\n"
"exit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Unlike <literal>procmail</literal>, <literal>maildrop</literal> does not "
"create missing maildir directories automatically.  You must create them "
"manually using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildirmake</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in advance as in the "
"example \"<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"À l’inverse de <literal>procmail</literal>, <literal>maildrop</literal> ne "
"crée pas automatiquement les répertoires maildir manquants. Vous devez les "
"créer vous-même à l’avance en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildirmake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> comme cela a été fait pour «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME/."
"mailfilter</literal>&nbsp;» dans l’exemple."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "procmail configuration"
msgstr "configuration de procmail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a similar configuration with \"<literal>$HOME/.procmailrc</literal>"
"\" for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Voici une configuration équivalente avec «&nbsp;<literal>$HOME/.procmailrc</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"MAILDIR=$HOME/Maildir\n"
"DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/Inbox/\n"
"LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/Maillog\n"
"# clearly bad looking mails: drop them into X-trash and exit\n"
":0\n"
"* 1^0 ^X-Advertisement\n"
"* 1^0 ^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL\n"
"* 1^0 ^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE\n"
"* 1^0 ^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE\n"
"X-trash/\n"
"\n"
"# Delivering mailinglist messages\n"
":0\n"
"* 1^0 ^Precedence:.*list\n"
"* 1^0 ^Precedence:.*bulk\n"
"* 1^0 ^List-\n"
"* 1^0 ^X-Distribution:.*bulk\n"
"{\n"
":0\n"
"* 1^0 ^Return-path:.*debian-devel-admin@debian.or.jp\n"
"jp-debian-devel/\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-user-request@lists.debian.org\n"
"debian-user/\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-devel-request@lists.debian.org\n"
"debian-devel/\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-announce-request@lists.debian.org\n"
"debian-announce\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"mailing-list/\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"Inbox/"
msgstr ""
"MAILDIR=$HOME/Maildir\n"
"DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/Inbox/\n"
"LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/Maillog\n"
"# courriels qui apparaissent clairement mauvais : les mettre dans X-trash et quitter\n"
":0\n"
"* 1^0 ^X-Advertisement\n"
"* 1^0 ^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL\n"
"* 1^0 ^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE\n"
"* 1^0 ^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE\n"
"X-trash/\n"
"\n"
"# Diffusion des messages des listes de diffusion\n"
":0\n"
"* 1^0 ^Precedence:.*list\n"
"* 1^0 ^Precedence:.*bulk\n"
"* 1^0 ^List-\n"
"* 1^0 ^X-Distribution:.*bulk\n"
"{\n"
":0\n"
"* 1^0 ^Return-path:.*debian-devel-admin@debian.or.jp\n"
"jp-debian-devel/\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-user-request@lists.debian.org\n"
"debian-user/\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-devel-request@lists.debian.org\n"
"debian-devel/\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-announce-request@lists.debian.org\n"
"debian-announce\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"mailing-list/\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
":0\n"
"Inbox/"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Redeliver mbox contents"
msgstr "Redistribuer le contenu d’une «&nbsp;mbox&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to manually deliver mails to the sorted mailboxes in your home "
"directory from \"<literal>/var/mail/&lt;username&gt;</literal>\" if your "
"home directory became full and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> failed.  After making "
"disk space in the home directory, run the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez distribuer vous-même les courriels se trouvant des les boîtes à "
"lettres de votre répertoire personnel depuis «&nbsp;<literal>/var/mail/&lt;"
"nom_utilisateur&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» si votre répertoire personnel est plein "
"et que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> échoue. Après avoir fait de la place sur le disque "
"dans votre répertoire personnel, lancez ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} stop\n"
"# formail -s procmail &lt;/var/mail/&lt;username&gt;\n"
"# /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} start"
msgstr ""
"# /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} stop\n"
"# formail -s procmail &lt;/var/mail/&lt;nom_utilisateur&gt;\n"
"# /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} start"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "POP3/IMAP4 server"
msgstr "serveur POP3/IMAP4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are to run a private server on LAN, you may consider to run <ulink "
"url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&imape;\">IMAP4</ulink> server "
"for delivering mail to LAN clients."
msgstr ""
"Si vous voulez faire tourner un serveur privé sur votre réseau local, vous "
"pouvez envisager de faire tourner un serveur <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</"
"ulink>  / <ulink url=\"&imape;\">IMAP4</ulink> pour la distribution du "
"courrier électronique aux clients du réseau local."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of POP3/IMAP4 servers"
msgstr "Liste de serveurs POP3/IMAP4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "POP3"
msgstr "POP3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Courier mail server - POP3 server (maildir format only)"
msgstr "serveur de courriel Courier - serveur POP3 (format maildir uniquement)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Cyrus mail system (POP3 support)"
msgstr "système de courrier Cyrus (prise en charge de POP3)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ESMTP/POP3 mail server"
msgstr "serveur de courrier ESMTP/POP3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "IMAP"
msgstr "IMAP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Courier mail server - IMAP server (maildir format only)"
msgstr "serveur de courriel Courier - serveur IMAP (format maildir uniquement)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Cyrus mail system (IMAP support)"
msgstr "système de courrier Cyrus (prise en charge d’IMAP)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The print server and utilities"
msgstr "Le serveur et les utilitaires d’impression"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the old Unix-like system, the BSD <ulink url=\"&lineprinterdaemon;\">Line "
"printer daemon</ulink> was the standard.  Since the standard print out "
"format of the free software is PostScript on the Unix like system, some "
"filter system was used along with <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</"
"ulink> to enable printing to the non-PostScript printer."
msgstr ""
"Sur l’ancien système «&nbsp;UNIX-like&nbsp;» ; le standard était le <ulink "
"url=\"&lineprinterdaemon;\">démon d’impression</ulink> BSD. Comme le format "
"d’impression standard du logiciel libre est PostScript sur les systèmes "
"semblables à UNIX, certains systèmes de filtres ont été utilisés "
"conjointement à <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink> afin de "
"permettre l’impression sur des imprimantes qui ne sont pas PostScript."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Recently, <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common UNIX Printing "
"System</ulink> (CUPS) is the new de facto standard.  The CUPS uses <ulink "
"url=\"&internetprintingprotocol;\">Internet Printing Protocol</ulink> (IPP). "
"The IPP is now supported by other OSs such as Windows XP and Mac OS X and "
"has became new cross-platform de facto standard for remote printing with bi-"
"directional communication capability."
msgstr ""
"Récemment, le <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">système commun "
"d’impression sous UNIX</ulink> («&nbsp;Common UNIX Printing System "
"(CUPS)&nbsp;») est devenu le nouveau standard de fait. CUPS utilise le "
"<ulink url=\"&internetprintingprotocol;\">Protocole d’impression Internet</"
"ulink> («&nbsp;Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)&nbsp;»). IPP est maintenant "
"pris en charge par d’autres systèmes d’exploitation comme Windows XP et Mac "
"OS X, il est devenu le nouveau standard cross-plateforme de fait pour "
"l’impression à distance avec des possibilités de communications bi-"
"directionnelles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The standard printable data format for the application on the Debian system "
"is the <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> which is a page "
"description language.  The data in PS format is fed into the Ghostscript "
"PostScript interpreter to produce the printable data specific to the "
"printer.  See <xref linkend=\"_ghostscript\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Le format de données imprimables standard pour une application sur le "
"système Debian est <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> qui "
"est un langage de description de page. Les données au format PS sont passées "
"à l’interpréteur Ghostscript PostScript afin de produire les données "
"imprimables spécifiques à l’imprimante. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_ghostscript\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Thanks to the file format dependent auto-conversion feature of the CUPS "
"system, simply feeding any data to the <literal>lpr</literal> command should "
"generate the expected print output. (In CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> can be "
"enabled by installing the <literal>cups-bsd</literal> package.)"
msgstr ""
"Grâce à la fonctionnalité d’autoconversion dépendante du format du fichier "
"du système CUPS, passer simplement les données à la commande <literal>lpr</"
"literal> devrait créer la sortie imprimable souhaitée. (Dans CUPS, "
"<literal>lpr</literal> peut être activé en installant la paquet "
"<literal>cups-bsd</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system has some notable packages for the print servers and "
"utilities."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian possède certains paquets notables de serveurs et "
"d’utilitaires d’impression&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of print servers and utilities"
msgstr "Liste des serveurs et utilitaires d’impression."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "printer (515)"
msgstr "imprimante (515)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url=\"&lineprinterdaemon;\">Line printer daemon</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url=\"&lineprinterdaemon;\">démon d’impression</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ", , (Enhanced)"
msgstr ", , (Amélioré)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "IPP (631)"
msgstr "IPP (631)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Internet Printing CUPS server"
msgstr "Serveur Internet d’impression CUPS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&systemvprintercommands;\">System V printer commands</ulink> "
"for CUPS: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpstat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpoptions</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cancel</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpmove</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpinfo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpadmin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&systemvprintercommands;\">commandes d’impression System V</"
"ulink> pour CUPS&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpoptions</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cancel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpmove</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpadmin</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bsdprintercommands;\">BSD printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lprm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bsdprintercommands;\">commandes d’impression BSD</ulink> pour "
"CUPS&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpq</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lprm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Not applicable"
msgstr "Non applicable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "printer drivers for CUPS"
msgstr "pilotes d’impression pour CUPS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can configure CUPS system by pointing your web browser to \"<ulink url="
"\"&httplocalhostgdb;\">http://localhost:631/</ulink>\" ."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez configurer le système CUPS en pointant votre navigateur web sur "
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&httplocalhostgdb;\">http://localhost:631/</"
"ulink>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The remote access server and utilities (SSH)"
msgstr "Le serveur et les utilitaires d’accès à distance (SSH)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&secureshell;\">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) is the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">secure</emphasis> way to connect over the Internet.  A free "
"version of SSH called <ulink url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> is available "
"as <literal>openssh-client</literal> and <literal>openssh-server</literal> "
"packages in Debian."
msgstr ""
"SSH, le «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&secureshell;\">Secure SHell</ulink>&nbsp;», est "
"la manière <emphasis role=\"strong\">sûre</emphasis> de se connecter au "
"travers d’Internet. Une version libre de SSH, appelée <ulink url=\"&openssh;"
"\"> OpenSSH</ulink>, est disponible sous Debian sous forme des paquets "
"<literal>openssh-client</literal> et <literal>openssh-server</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of remote access server and utilities"
msgstr "Liste des serveurs et des utilitaires d’accès à distance "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "tool"
msgstr "outil"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Secure shell client"
msgstr "client de l’interpréteur de commandes sécurisé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Secure shell server"
msgstr "serveur de l’interpréteur de commandes sécurisé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-askpass-fullscreen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-askpass-fullscreen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME2)"
msgstr "demande à l’utilisateur une phrase de passe pour ssh-add (GNOME2)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-askpass</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-askpass</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X)"
msgstr "demande à l’utilisateur une phrase de passe pour ssh-add (X natif)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet\"/> if your "
"SSH is accessible from the Internet."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet\"/> si "
"votre serveur SSH est accessible depuis Internet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Please use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> program to enable "
"remote shell process to survive the interrupted connection (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour qu’un processus "
"de l’interpréteur de commandes distant survive à une interruption de la "
"connexion (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basics of SSH"
msgstr "Bases de SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>\" must not be present if "
"one wishes to run the OpenSSH server."
msgstr ""
"Il ne faut pas que «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</"
"literal>&nbsp;» soit présent si l’on souhaite faire tourner le serveur "
"OpenSSH."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "SSH has two authentication protocols."
msgstr "SSH possède deux protocoles d’identification&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of SSH authentication protocols and methods"
msgstr "Liste des protocoles et méthodes d’authentification SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "SSH protocol"
msgstr "Protocole SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "SSH method"
msgstr "Méthode SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "SSH-1"
msgstr "SSH-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "RSA identity key based user authentication"
msgstr "authentification de l’utilisateur basée sur une clé d’identité RSA"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>RhostsAuthentication</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>RhostsAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>.rhosts</literal>\" based host authentication (insecure, disabled)"
msgstr ""
"authentification de l’hôte basée sur «&nbsp;<literal>.rhosts</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (non sûre, désactivée)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>RhostsRSAAuthentication</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>RhostsRSAAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>.rhosts</literal>\" based host authentication combined with RSA "
"host key (disabled)"
msgstr ""
"authentification de l’hôte basée sur «&nbsp;<literal>.rhosts</"
"literal>&nbsp;» combinée avec clé d’hôte RSA (désactivée)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>ChallengeResponseAuthentication</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>ChallengeResponseAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "RSA challenge-response authentication"
msgstr "authentification par «&nbsp;challenge-response&nbsp;» RSA"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>PasswordAuthentication</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>PasswordAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "password based authentication"
msgstr "authentification basée sur un mot de passe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "SSH-2"
msgstr "SSH-2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "public key based user authentication"
msgstr "authentification de l’utilisateur basée sur une clé publique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>~/.rhosts</literal>\" or \"<literal>/etc/hosts.equiv</literal>\" "
"based host authentication combined with public key client host "
"authentication (disabled)"
msgstr ""
"authentification de la machine basée sur «&nbsp;<literal>~/.rhosts</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/hosts.equiv</literal>&nbsp;» combiné "
"à une authentification par la clé publique de la machine (désactivée)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "challenge-response authentication"
msgstr "authentification par «&nbsp;challenge-response&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Be careful about these differences if you are using a non-Debian system."
msgstr ""
"Faites attention à ces différences si vous utilisez un système autre que "
"Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/ssh/README.Debian.gz</literal>\", "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/ssh/README.Debian.gz</literal>\", "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage "
"d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Following are the key configuration files."
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers suivants sont les fichiers de configuration importants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of SSH configuration files"
msgstr "Liste des fichiers de configuration de SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of configuration file"
msgstr "description du fichier de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"SSH client defaults, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh_config</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"valeurs par défauts des paramètres du client SSH, consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh_config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"SSH server defaults, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd_config</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"valeurs par défauts des paramètres du serveur SSH, consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd_config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this "
"SSH server"
msgstr ""
"clés publiques SSH par défaut utilisées pour se connecter à ce compte sur ce "
"serveur SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/identity</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~/.ssh/identity</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "secret SSH-1 RSA key of the user"
msgstr "clé secrète SSH-1 RSA de l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user"
msgstr "clé secrète SSH-2 RSA de l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/id_dsa</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>~/.ssh/id_dsa</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "secret SSH-2 DSA key of the user"
msgstr "clé secrète SSH-2 DSA de l’utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for how to use public and secret SSH keys."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour la manière "
"d’utiliser les clés publiques et secrètes de SSH."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Make sure to verify settings by testing the connection.  In case of any "
"problem, use \"<literal>ssh -v</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Assurez-vous de la validité de la configuration en testant la connexion. En "
"cas de problème, utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>ssh -v</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can change the pass phrase to encrypt local secret SSH keys later with "
"\"<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez changer la phrase de passe pour chiffrer les clés secrètes SSH "
"plus tard avec «&nbsp;<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can add options to the entries in \"<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</"
"literal>\" to limit hosts and to run specific commands.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for details."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez ajouter des options aux entrées de «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/"
"authorized_keys</literal>&nbsp;» afin de limiter les accès à certaines "
"machines et les commandes autorisées. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour obtenir plus de renseignements."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following starts an <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> connection from a "
"client."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit permettra de démarrer un connexion "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> depuis un client&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of SSH client startup examples"
msgstr "Liste d’exemples de démarrage du client SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ssh username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ssh nomutilisateur@nommachine..domaine.ext</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "connect with default mode"
msgstr "connexion avec le mode par défaut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ssh -v username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ssh -v nomutilisateur@nommachine..domaine.ext</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "connect with default mode with debugging messages"
msgstr "connexion avec le mode par défaut et les messages de débogage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ssh -1 username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ssh -1 nomutilisateur@nommachine..domaine.ext</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "force to connect with SSH version 1"
msgstr "forcer la connexion avec SSH version 1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>ssh -1 -o RSAAuthentication=no -l username hostname.domain.ext</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>ssh -1 -o RSAAuthentication=no -l nomutilisateur@nommachine.."
"domaine.ext</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "force to use password with SSH version 1"
msgstr "forcer l’utilisation d’un mot de passe avec SSH version 1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password -l username hostname."
"domain.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password -l "
"nomutilisateur@nommachine.domaine.ext</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "force to use password with SSH version 2"
msgstr "forcer l’utilisation d’un mot de passe avec SSH version 2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you use the same user name on the local and the remote host, you can "
"eliminate typing \"<literal>username@</literal>\".  Even if you use "
"different user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate it "
"using \"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>\".  For <ulink url="
"\"&debianaliothservice;\">Debian Alioth service</ulink> with account name "
"\"<literal>foo-guest</literal>\", you set \"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>"
"\" to contain the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous utilisez le même nom d’utilisateur sur la machine locale et la "
"machine distante, il n’est pas nécessaire d’entrer «&nbsp;"
"<literal>nomutilisateur@</literal>&nbsp;». Même si vous utilisez un nom "
"d’utilisateur différent sur la machine locale et la machine distante, vous "
"pouvez l’éliminer en utilisant «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/config</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Pour le <ulink url=\"&debianaliothservice;\">service Debian "
"Alioth</ulink> avec le nom de compte «&nbsp;<literal>toto-guest</"
"literal>&nbsp;», vous devrez configurer «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/config</"
"literal>&nbsp;» afin qu’il contienne ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Host alioth.debian.org svn.debian.org git.debian.org\n"
"    User foo-guest"
msgstr ""
"Host alioth.debian.org svn.debian.org git.debian.org\n"
"    User toto-guest"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the user, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> functions as a smarter and more secure "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telnet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>.  Unlike <literal>telnet</literal> command, <literal>ssh</"
"literal> command does not stop on the <literal>telnet</literal> escape "
"character (initial default CTRL-])."
msgstr ""
"Pour l’utilisateur, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> fonctionne comme un "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telnet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> intelligent et plus sûr. Contrairement à la commande "
"<literal>telnet</literal>, la commande <literal>ssh</literal> ne s'arrête "
"pas avec le caractère d’échappement de <literal>telnet</literal> (valeur "
"initiale par défaut Ctrl-])."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling"
msgstr "Redirection de port pour un tunnel SMTP/POP3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"To establish a pipe to connect to port 25 of <literal>remote-server</"
"literal> from port 4025 of <literal>localhost</literal>, and to port 110 of "
"<literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4110 of <literal>localhost</"
"literal> through <literal>ssh</literal>, execute on the local host as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Pour mettre en place un tube pour se connecter au port 25 du "
"<literal>serveur-distant</literal> depuis le port 4025 de "
"<literal>localhost</literal>, et au port 110 du <literal>serveur-distant</"
"literal> depuis le port 4110 de <literal>localhost</literal> au travers de "
"<literal>ssh</literal>, exécutez ce qui suit sur la machine locale&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# ssh -q -L 4025:remote-server:25 4110:remote-server:110 username@remote-server"
msgstr "# ssh -q -L 4025:serveur-distant:25 4110:serveur-distant:110 nomutilisateur@serveur-distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is a secure way to make connections to SMTP/POP3 servers over the "
"Internet.  Set the \"<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>\" entry to "
"\"<literal>yes</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\" of "
"the remote host."
msgstr ""
"C’est une manière sécurisée d’effectuer une connexion à des serveurs SMTP / "
"POP3 par Internet. Définissez l’entrée «&nbsp;<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</"
"literal>&nbsp;» à «&nbsp;<literal>yes</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>&nbsp;» sur la machine distante."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Connecting without remote passwords"
msgstr "Se connecter sans mot de passe distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"One can avoid having to remember passwords for remote systems by using "
"\"<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>\" (SSH-1 protocol) or "
"\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\" (SSH-2 protocol)."
msgstr ""
"On peut éviter de devoir se souvenir des mots de passe des systèmes distants "
"en utilisant «&nbsp;<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;» (protocole "
"SSH-1) ou «&nbsp;<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;» (protocole "
"SSH-2)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"On the remote system, set the respective entries, "
"\"<literal>RSAAuthentication yes</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>\", in \"<literal>/etc/ssh/"
"sshd_config</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Sur le système distant, définissez les entrées respectives suivantes&nbsp;: "
"«&nbsp;<literal>RSAAuthentication yes</literal>&nbsp;» ou«&nbsp;"
"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"ssh/sshd_config</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Generate authentication keys locally and install the public key on the "
"remote system by the following."
msgstr ""
"Générez ensuite localement les clés d’identification et installez la clé "
"publique sur le système distant en faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>\": RSA key for SSH-1 (deprecated "
"because it is superseded.)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: clé RSA pour SSH-1 "
"(obsolète parce qu’il a été remplacé)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ssh-keygen\n"
"$ cat .ssh/identity.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys\""
msgstr ""
"$ ssh-keygen\n"
"$ cat .ssh/identity.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\": RSA key for SSH-2"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: clé RSA pour "
"SSH-2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ssh-keygen -t rsa\n"
"$ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys\""
msgstr ""
"$ ssh-keygen -t rsa\n"
"$ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\": DSA key for SSH-2 (deprecated "
"because it is slow.)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: clé DSA pour "
"SSH-2 (obsolète parce qu’elle est lente)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ssh-keygen -t dsa\n"
"$ cat .ssh/id_dsa.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys\""
msgstr ""
"$ ssh-keygen -t dsa\n"
"$ cat .ssh/id_dsa.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use of DSA key for SSH-2 is deprecated because key is smaller and slow. "
"There are no more reasons to work around RSA patent using DSA since it has "
"been expired.  DSA stands for <ulink url=\"&digitalsignaturealgorithm;"
"\">Digital Signature Algorithm</ulink> and is slow. Also see <ulink url="
"\"&dsabfhbb;\">DSA-1571-1</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de clés DSA pour SSH-2 est obsolète parce que la clé est plus "
"courte et lente. Il n’y a plus de raison de contourner le brevet de RSA en "
"utilisant DSA parce qu’il est arrivé en fin de validité. DSA signifie <ulink "
"url=\"&digitalsignaturealgorithm;\">Digital Signature Algorithm</ulink> "
"(Algorithme de signature numérique) et il est lent. Consultez aussi <ulink "
"url=\"&dsabfhbb;\">DSA-1571-1</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For \"<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>\" to work in SSH-2, you "
"must adjust the settings of \"<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>\" "
"to \"<literal>yes</literal>\" in both \"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</"
"literal>\" on the server host and \"<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>\" on the client host."
msgstr ""
"Pour que «&nbsp;<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;» fonctionne "
"avec SSH-2, vous devez définir les paramètres de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>&nbsp;» à «&nbsp;<literal>yes</"
"literal>&nbsp;» à la fois dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/ssh/"
"sshd_config</literal>&nbsp;» sur la machine serveur et dans le fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>~/."
"ssh/config</literal>&nbsp;» sur la machine client."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Dealing with alien SSH clients"
msgstr "Clients SSH exotiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are some free <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink> clients available for "
"other platforms."
msgstr ""
"Il existe quelques clients <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink> libres "
"disponibles pour d’autres plateformes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of free SSH clients for other platforms"
msgstr "Liste des clients SSH libres pour d’autres plateformes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "environment"
msgstr "environnement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "free SSH program"
msgstr "programme SSH libre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Windows"
msgstr "Windows"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"puTTY (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwchiarkgreguksgtathamputty;\">http://www.chiark."
"greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/</ulink>) (GPL)"
msgstr ""
"puTTY (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwchiarkgreguksgtathamputty;\">http://www.chiark."
"greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/</ulink>) (GPL)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Windows (cygwin)"
msgstr "Windows (cygwin)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"SSH in cygwin (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwcygwincom;\">http://www.cygwin.com/</"
"ulink>) (GPL)"
msgstr ""
"SSH sous cygwin (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwcygwincom;\">http://www.cygwin.com/</"
"ulink>) (GPL)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Macintosh Classic"
msgstr "Macintosh Classic"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"macSSH (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwmacsshcom;\">http://www.macssh.com/</ulink>) "
"(GPL)"
msgstr ""
"macSSH (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwmacsshcom;\">http://www.macssh.com/</ulink>) "
"(GPL)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Mac OS X"
msgstr "Mac OS X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> in the Terminal application (GPL)"
msgstr ""
"OpenSSH&nbsp;; utilise <literal>ssh</literal> dans l’application Terminal "
"(GPL)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Setting up ssh-agent"
msgstr "Configurer ssh-agent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"It is safer to protect your SSH authentication secret keys with a pass "
"phrase.  If a pass phrase was not set, use \"<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>"
"\" to set it."
msgstr ""
"Il est plus sûr de protéger les clés secrètes de votre authentification SSH "
"avec une phrase de passe. Si la phrase de passe n’a pas été définie, "
"utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>&nbsp;» pour le faire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Place your public SSH key (e.g.  \"<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>\") "
"into \"<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>\" on a remote host using a "
"password-based connection to the remote host as described above."
msgstr ""
"Placez votre clé publique SSH (par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa."
"pub</literal>&nbsp;»)  dans «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sur la machine distante en utilisant une connexion basée sur "
"un mot de passe comme décrit ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ssh-agent bash\n"
"$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa\n"
"Enter passphrase for /home/&lt;username&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa:\n"
"Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa (/home/&lt;username&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa)"
msgstr ""
"$ ssh-agent bash\n"
"$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa\n"
"Enter passphrase for /home/&lt;nom_utilisateur&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa:\n"
"Identity added: /home/&lt;nom_utilisateur&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa (/home/&lt;nom_utilisateur&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "No remote password needed from here on for the next command."
msgstr ""
"Il n’y a plus besoin de mot de passe distant, à partir de maintenant, pour "
"la commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ scp foo &lt;username&gt;@remote.host:foo"
msgstr "$ scp toto &lt;utilisateur&gt;@remote.host:toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Press ^D to terminating ssh-agent session."
msgstr "Pressez ^D pour quitter la session de l’agent ssh."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the X server, the normal Debian startup script executes <literal>ssh-"
"agent</literal> as the parent process.  So you only need to execute "
"<literal>ssh-add</literal> once. For more, read "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Pour le serveur X, le script de démarrage normal de Debian exécute "
"<literal>ssh-agent</literal> comme processus-père. Vous n’aurez donc à "
"exécuter <literal>ssh-add</literal> qu’une seule fois. Pour davantage "
"d’informations, veuillez lire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "How to shutdown the remote system on SSH"
msgstr "Comment arrêter le système distant par SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to protect the process doing \"<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>"
"\" (see <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_system\"/>) from the "
"termination of SSH using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_once\"/>) by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez protéger le processus qui effectue «&nbsp;<literal>shutdown -h "
"now</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_system"
"\"/>) de l’arrêt de SSH en utilisant la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_once\"/>) comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# echo \"shutdown -h now\" | at now"
msgstr "# echo \"shutdown -h now\" | at now"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Running \"<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>\" in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (see <xref linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>) session is "
"another way to do the same."
msgstr ""
"Lancer «&nbsp;<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>&nbsp;» dans une "
"session<citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/"
">) est une autre manière d’effectuer la même chose."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Troubleshooting SSH"
msgstr "Résoudre les problèmes avec SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have problems, check the permissions of configuration files and run "
"<literal>ssh</literal> with the \"<literal>-v</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""
"Si vous rencontrez des problèmes, vérifiez les permissions des fichiers de "
"configuration et lancez <literal>ssh</literal> avec l’option «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-v</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use the \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option if you are root and have trouble "
"with a firewall; this avoids the use of server ports 1 — 1023."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-P</literal>&nbsp;» si vous êtes "
"administrateur et que vous rencontrez des problèmes avec un pare-feu. Cela "
"évite l’utilisation des ports 1 — 1023 du serveur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If <literal>ssh</literal> connections to a remote site suddenly stop "
"working, it may be the result of tinkering by the sysadmin, most likely a "
"change in \"<literal>host_key</literal>\" during system maintenance.  After "
"making sure this is the case and nobody is trying to fake the remote host by "
"some clever hack, one can regain a connection by removing the "
"\"<literal>host_key</literal>\" entry from \"<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</"
"literal>\" on the local host."
msgstr ""
"Si les connexions <literal>ssh</literal> vers un site distant s’arrêtent "
"subitement de fonctionner, cela peut être suite à des bidouilles de "
"l’administrateur, le plus probablement un changement de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>host_key</literal>&nbsp;» pendant une maintenance du système. Après "
"s’être assuré que c’est bien le cas et que personne n’essaie de se faire "
"passer pour la machine distante par une habile bidouille, on peut se "
"reconnecter en supprimant sur la machine locale l’entrée «&nbsp;"
"<literal>host_key</literal>&nbsp;» de «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Other network application servers"
msgstr "Autres serveurs d’applications réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Here are other network application servers."
msgstr "Voici d’autres serveurs d’applications réseau&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of other network application servers"
msgstr "Liste d’autres serveurs d’applications réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "protocol"
msgstr "protocole"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&telnet;\">TELNET</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&telnet;\">TELNET</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "TELNET server"
msgstr "Serveur TELNET"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ", , (SSL support)"
msgstr ", , (prise en charge de SSL)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Unix file sharing"
msgstr "Partage de fichiers UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&smb;\">SMB</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&smb;\">SMB</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Windows file and printer sharing"
msgstr "Partage de fichiers et d’imprimantes Windows"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&atp;\">ATP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&atp;\">ATP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk)"
msgstr "Partage de fichiers et d’imprimantes Apple/Mac (AppleTalk)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "General file download"
msgstr "Téléchargement généraliste de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "General web server"
msgstr "Serveur Web généraliste"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "General web <ulink url=\"&proxyserver;\">proxy server</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&proxyserver;\">Serveur mandataire (proxy)</ulink> web "
"généraliste "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&slp;\">SLP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&slp;\">SLP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&openslp;\">OpenSLP</ulink> Server as <ulink url=\"&ldap;"
"\">LDAP</ulink> server"
msgstr ""
"Serveur <ulink url=\"&openslp;\">OpenSLP</ulink> en tant que serveur <ulink "
"url=\"&ldap;\">LDAP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "IP address for other hosts"
msgstr "adresses IP des autres machines"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "IP address of client itself"
msgstr "adresse IP du client lui-même"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) is the same protocol as <ulink "
"url=\"&servermessageblocksmb;\">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> and is "
"used widely by Microsoft Windows."
msgstr ""
"Le protocole «&nbsp;Common Internet File System Protocol&nbsp;» (CIFS) est "
"le même protocole que <ulink url=\"&servermessageblocksmb;\">Server Message "
"Block (SMB)</ulink>, il est largement utilisé par Microsoft Windows."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_the_modern_centralized_system_management\"/> for "
"integration of server systems."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_modern_centralized_system_management\"/> pour "
"l’intégration de systèmes de type serveur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The hostname resolution is usually provided by the <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</"
"ulink> server.  For the host IP address dynamically assigned by <ulink url="
"\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&dynamicdns;\">Dynamic DNS</ulink> can "
"be set up for the hostname resolution using <literal>bind9</literal> and "
"<literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> as described in the <ulink url="
"\"&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;\">DDNS page on the Debian wiki</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"La résolution de nom d’hôte est normalement fournie par le serveur <ulink "
"url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink>. Pour l’affectation dynamique d’adresse IP hôte "
"par <ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink>, le <ulink url=\"&dynamicdns;\">DNS "
"dynamique</ulink> peut être configuré pour la résolution de nom d’hôte en "
"utilisant <literal>bind9</literal> et <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> "
"comme décrit sur la <ulink url=\"&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;\">page DDNS du "
"wiki Debian</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use of proxy server such as <literal>squid</literal> is much more efficient "
"for saving bandwidth than use of local mirror server with the full Debian "
"archive contents."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation d’un serveur mandataire tel que <literal>squid</literal> est "
"bien plus efficace pour économiser de la bande passante que l’utilisation "
"d’un serveur miroir local comportant tout le contenu de l’archive Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Other network application clients"
msgstr "Autres clients d’applications réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Here are other network application clients."
msgstr "Voici d’autres clients d’applications réseau&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of network application clients"
msgstr "Liste de clients d’applications réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&tcpip;\">TCP/IP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&tcpip;\">TCP/IP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "TCP/IP swiss army knife"
msgstr "couteau de l’armée Suisse pour TCP/IP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ssl;\">SSL</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&ssl;\">SSL</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools"
msgstr "binaire Secure Socket Layer (SSL) et outils de chiffrement associés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "universal SSL Wrapper"
msgstr "enrobeur SSL universel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "TELNET client"
msgstr "Client TELNET"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MS Windows file and printer sharing client"
msgstr "Client de partage de fichiers et imprimantes MS Windows"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mount and umount commands for remote MS Windows file"
msgstr "commande de montage et de démontage de fichiers MS Windows distants "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "FTP client"
msgstr "Client FTP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full screen FTP client"
msgstr "client FTP plein écran"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "web downloader"
msgstr "téléchargement web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "accelerated downloader"
msgstr "accélérateur de téléchargement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"accelerated downloader with <ulink url=\"&bittorrent;\">BitTorrent</ulink> "
"and <ulink url=\"&metalink;\">Metalink</ulink> supports"
msgstr ""
"accélérateur de téléchargement avec prise en charge de <ulink url="
"\"&bittorrent;\">BitTorrent</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&metalink;\">Metalink</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>host</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> from bind9, \"<literal>Priority: standard</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>host</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> de bind9, «&nbsp;<literal>Priority: standard</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> from bind, \"<literal>Priority: standard</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> de bind, «&nbsp;<literal>Priority: standard</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "obtain IP address"
msgstr "obtenir une adresse IP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ldap;\">LDAP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&ldap;\">LDAP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "obtain data from LDAP server"
msgstr "obtenir des données d’un serveur LDAP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The diagnosis of the system daemons"
msgstr "Le diagnostic des démons du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the "
"system daemons and its diagnosis."
msgstr ""
"Le programme <literal>telnet</literal> permet la connexion manuelle aux "
"démons du système et leur diagnostic."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For testing plain <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service, try the "
"following"
msgstr ""
"Pour tester le service <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> brut, essayez ce "
"qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ telnet mail.ispname.net pop3"
msgstr "$ telnet mail.nom_isp.net pop3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For testing the <ulink url=\"&tls;\">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink url="
"\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled "
"<literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or "
"<literal>openssl</literal> packages."
msgstr ""
"Pour tester le service <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> ayant <ulink url="
"\"&tls;\">TLS</ulink>/SSL activé de certains fournisseurs d’accès Internet, "
"vous devrez avoir un client <literal>telnet</literal>  ayant TLS/SSL activé "
"en utilisant l’un des paquets <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> ou "
"<literal>openssl</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ telnet -z ssl pop.gmail.com 995"
msgstr "$ telnet -z ssl pop.gmail.com 995"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ openssl s_client -connect pop.gmail.com:995"
msgstr "$ openssl s_client -connect pop.gmail.com:995"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following <ulink url=\"&rfcs;\">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge "
"to each system daemon."
msgstr ""
"Les <ulink url=\"&rfcs;\">RFC</ulink> suivantes proposent les connaissances "
"nécessaires pour chaque démon&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of popular RFCs"
msgstr "Liste des RFC courantes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "RFC"
msgstr "RFC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfcbjdj;\">rfc1939</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&rfcceej;"
"\">rfc2449</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfcbjdj;\">rfc1939</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&rfcceej;"
"\">rfc2449</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service"
msgstr "service <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfcdfab;\">rfc3501</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&rfcdfab;\">rfc3501</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&imape;\">IMAP4</ulink> service"
msgstr "service <ulink url=\"&imape;\">IMAP4</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfccicb;\">rfc2821</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcicb;\">rfc821</"
"ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfccicb;\">rfc2821</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcicb;\">rfc821</"
"ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> service"
msgstr "service <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">rfc2822</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcicc;\">rfc822</"
"ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">rfc2822</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcicc;\">rfc822</"
"ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Mail file format"
msgstr "Format de fichier de courrier électronique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccaef;\">rfc2045</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&rfccaef;\">rfc2045</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail "
"Extensions (MIME)</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Extensions multifonctions "
"du courrier Internet</ulink> «&nbsp;Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions "
"(MIME)&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfcibj;\">rfc819</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&rfcibj;\">rfc819</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> service"
msgstr "service <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccgbg;\">rfc2616</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&rfccgbg;\">rfc2616</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink> service"
msgstr "service <ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccdjg;\">rfc2396</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&rfccdjg;\">rfc2396</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&uri;\">URI</ulink> definition"
msgstr "définition d’une <ulink url=\"&uri;\">URI</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "The port usage is described in \"<literal>/etc/services</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation des ports est décrite dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/services</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "The X Window System"
msgstr "Le système X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window System</ulink> on the Debian "
"system is based on the source from <ulink url=\"&xorg;\">X.Org</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">système X Window</ulink> d’un système "
"Debian est basé sur les sources de <ulink url=\"&xorg;\">X.Org</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Key packages"
msgstr "Paquets clés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "There are a few (meta)packages provided to ease installation."
msgstr ""
"Il existe certains paquets (ou métapaquets) prévus pour faciliter "
"l’installation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of key (meta)packages for X Window"
msgstr "Liste des (méta)paquets clés pour X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "(meta)package"
msgstr "(méta)paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"X libraries, an X server, a set of fonts, and a group of basic X clients and "
"utilities (metapackage)"
msgstr ""
"bibliothèques X, un serveur X, un jeu de polices et un groupe de clients et "
"d’utilitaires X de base (métapaquet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full suite of the X server and its configuration"
msgstr "suite complète de serveurs X avec leur configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "miscellaneous assortment of X clients (metapackage)"
msgstr "assortiment de clients X divers (méta-paquet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "filesystem infrastructure for the X Window System"
msgstr "infrastructure de système de fichiers pour le système X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "miscellaneous documentation for the X.Org software suite"
msgstr "diverses documentations pour la suite logicielle X.Org"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "generate the Debian menu for all menu-aware applications"
msgstr ""
"créer le menu Debian avec toutes les applications prenant en charge un menu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Gtk+ frontend to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"frontal Gtk+ à <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"convert the Debian menu structure to the <ulink url=\"&freedesktoporg;"
"\">freedesktop.org</ulink> xdg menu structure"
msgstr ""
"convertir la structure de menus de Debian vers la structure de menus xdg de "
"<ulink url=\"&freedesktoporg;\">freedesktop.org</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities to integrate desktop environment provided by the <ulink url="
"\"&freedesktoporg;\">freedesktop.org</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour intégrer l’environnement de bureau fourni par <ulink url="
"\"&freedesktoporg;\">freedesktop.org</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"standard <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment "
"(metapackage)"
msgstr ""
"environnement de bureau standard <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> "
"(métapaquet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "core <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink> desktop environment (metapackage)"
msgstr ""
"cœur de l’environnement de bureau <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink> "
"(métapaquet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xfce;\">Xfce</ulink> lightweight desktop environment "
"(metapackage)"
msgstr ""
"environnement de bureau léger <ulink url=\"&xfce;\">Xfce</ulink> (métapaquet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lxde;\">LXDE</ulink> lightweight desktop environment "
"(metapackage)"
msgstr ""
"environnement de bureau léger <ulink url=\"&lxde;\">LXDE</ulink> (métapaquet)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&fluxbox;\">Fluxbox</ulink>: package for highly configurable "
"and low resource <ulink url=\"&xwindowmanager;\">X window manager</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&fluxbox;\">Fluxbox</ulink>&nbsp;: paquet pour un <ulink url="
"\"&xwindowmanager;\">gestionnaire X window</ulink> hautement configurable et "
"faible consommateur de ressources"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the basics of X, refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>X</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url="
"\"&theldpxwindowuserhowto;\">the LDP XWindow-User-HOWTO</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Pour les bases de  X, veuillez vous référer à "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>X</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>et <ulink url=\"&theldpxwindowuserhowto;\">le LDP XWindow-User-"
"HOWTO</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Setting up desktop environment"
msgstr "Configurer l’environnement de bureau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"A <ulink url=\"&desktopenvironment;\">desktop environment</ulink> is usually "
"a combination of a <ulink url=\"&xwindowmanager;\">X window manager</ulink>, "
"a file manager, and a suite of compatible utility programs."
msgstr ""
"Un <ulink url=\"&desktopenvironment;\">environnement de bureau</ulink> est "
"habituellement constitué de la combinaison d’un <ulink url=\"&xwindowmanager;"
"\">gestionnaire X Window</ulink>, d’un gestionnaire de fichiers et d’une "
"suite compatible de programmes utilitaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can setup a full <ulink url=\"&desktopenvironment;\">desktop "
"environment</ulink> such as <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&xfce;\">Xfce</ulink>, or <ulink url="
"\"&lxde;\">LXDE</ulink>, from the <literal>aptitude</literal> under the task "
"menu."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez configurer un <ulink url=\"&desktopenvironment;\">environnement "
"de bureau</ulink> complet tel que <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&xfce;\">Xfce</ulink> ou "
"<ulink url=\"&lxde;\">LXDE</ulink> depuis le menu des tâches "
"d’<literal>aptitude</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Task menu may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under "
"Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> environment. "
"In such situation, you need to deselect some (meta)packages listed under "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> task menu to avoid package conflicts.  When "
"deselecting (meta)packages, you must select certain packages providing their "
"dependencies manually to avoid them deleted automatically."
msgstr ""
"Sous les environnements Debian <literal>unstable</literal> et "
"<literal>testing</literal>, le menu Tâches peut être désynchronisé de l’état "
"des dernières transitions des paquets. Dans une telle situation, vous "
"devrez, afin d’éviter des conflits de paquets, désélectionner certains "
"paquets ou métapaquets du menu des tâches d’<literal>aptitude</literal>. "
"Lors de la désélection de paquets ou de métapaquets, vous devrez "
"sélectionner vous-même certains paquets qui fournissent leurs dépendances "
"afin d’éviter qu’ils ne soient automatiquement supprimés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may alternatively setup a simple environment manually just with a <ulink "
"url=\"&xwindowmanager;\">X window manager</ulink> such as <ulink url="
"\"&fluxbox;\">Fluxbox</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi mettre en place manuellement un environnement simple "
"n’ayant qu’un <ulink url=\"&xwindowmanager;\">gestionnaire X Window</ulink> "
"comme <ulink url=\"&fluxbox;\">Fluxbox</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&windowmanagersforx;\">Window Managers for X</ulink> for "
"the guide to the X window manager and the desktop environment."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <ulink url=\"&windowmanagersforx;\">gestionnaires de fenêtres pour "
"X</ulink> pour un guide du gestionnaire de fenêtres X et de l’environnement "
"de bureau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Debian menu"
msgstr "Menu Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianmenusystem;\">Debian menu system</ulink> provides a "
"general interface for both text- and X-oriented programs with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-menus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>menu</literal> package.  Each "
"package installs its menu data in the \"<literal>/usr/share/menu/</literal>"
"\" directory. See \"<literal>/usr/share/menu/README</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&debianmenusystem;\">système de menus Debian</ulink> fournit "
"une interface aux programmes qu’ils soient en mode texte ou orientés X avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-menus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet <literal>menu</literal>. Chaque paquet "
"installe ses données de menu dans le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/"
"menu/</literal>&nbsp;». Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/menu/README</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Freedesktop.org menu"
msgstr "Menu de Freedesktop.org"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each package which is compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system "
"installs its menu data provided by \"<literal>*.desktop</literal>\" under "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal>\". Modern desktop environments "
"which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data to generate "
"their menu using the <literal>xdg-utils</literal> package.  See \"<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Chaque paquet conforme au système de menu xdg du système Freedesktop.org "
"installe ses données de menu fournies par «&nbsp;<literal>*.desktop</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/applications/</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Les environnements de bureau modernes conformes au standard "
"Freedesktop.org utilisent ces données afin de créer leur menu à l’aide du "
"paquet <literal>xdg-utils</literal>. Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/"
"doc/xdg-utils/README</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Debian menu from Freedesktop.org menu"
msgstr "Menu Debian sous «&nbsp;Freedesktop.org menu&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to access the traditional Debian menu from the <ulink url="
"\"&freedesktoporgmenu;\">Freedesktop.org menu</ulink> compliant window "
"manager environment such as GNOME and KDE, you must install the "
"<literal>menu-xdg</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Pour pouvoir accéder au menu traditionnel de Debian depuis un gestionnaire "
"d’environnement de bureau se conformant au <ulink url=\"&freedesktoporgmenu;"
"\">Freedesktop.org menu</ulink>, tel que GNOME ou KDE, il faut installer le "
"paquet <literal>menu-xdg</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The server/client relationship"
msgstr "La relation client - serveur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The X Window System is activated as a combination of the server and client "
"programs. The meaning for the words <emphasis role=\"strong\">server</"
"emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">client</emphasis> with respect to "
"the words <emphasis role=\"strong\">local</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">remote</emphasis> requires attention here."
msgstr ""
"Le système X Window est activé sous la forme de la combinaison d’un "
"programme serveur et d’un programme client. La signification des mots "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">server</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">client</emphasis> comparés aux mots <emphasis role=\"strong\">local</"
"emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"strong\">distant</emphasis> demande ici une "
"attention particulière."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of server/client terminology"
msgstr "Liste de terminologie client/serveur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">X server</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">serveur X</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"a program run on a <emphasis role=\"strong\">local host</emphasis> connected "
"to the user's display and input devices."
msgstr ""
"programme tournant sur une <emphasis role=\"strong\">machine locale</"
"emphasis> connectée aux périphériques d’affichage et de saisie de "
"l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">X client</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">client X</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"a program run on a <emphasis role=\"strong\">remote host</emphasis> that "
"processes data and talks to the X server."
msgstr ""
"programme tournant sur une <emphasis role=\"strong\">machine distante</"
"emphasis> qui traite des données et dialogue avec le serveur X."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">application server</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">serveur d’applications</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"a program run on a <emphasis role=\"strong\">remote host</emphasis> that "
"processes data and talks to the application clients."
msgstr ""
"programme tournant sur une <emphasis role=\"strong\">machine distante</"
"emphasis> qui traite des données et dialogue avec les clients de "
"l'application."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">application client</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">client d’applications</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Modern X servers have <ulink url=\"&themitsharedmemoryextension;\">the MIT "
"Shared Memory Extension</ulink> and communicate with their local X clients "
"using the local shared memory.  This bypasses the network transparent Xlib "
"interprocess communication channel and gains performance for large images."
msgstr ""
"Les serveurs X modernes ont l’extension de mémoire partagée du MIT (<ulink "
"url=\"&themitsharedmemoryextension;\">the MIT Shared Memory Extension</"
"ulink>) et communiquent avec leurs clients locaux en utilisant la mémoire "
"partagée locale. De cette manière le canal de communication inter-processus "
"de réseau transparent de la Xlib est contourné, ce qui permet de gagner en "
"performance avec des images de grande taille."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The X server"
msgstr "Le serveur X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xorg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for X server information."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xorg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour des informations concernant le serveur X."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The (re)configuration of the X server"
msgstr "La (re-)configuration du serveur X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The following (re)configures an X server."
msgstr "La (re-)configuration du serveur X s'effectue de la façon suivante."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low x11-common"
msgstr "# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low x11-common"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Recent Linux kernels have good graphics and input device supports with "
"<ulink url=\"&drm;\">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kms;\">KMS</ulink>, and "
"<ulink url=\"&udev;\">udev</ulink>.  X server is rewritten to use them.  So "
"\"<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>\" is usually not present on your "
"system.  These parameters are configured by the kernel.  See \"<literal>fb/"
"modedb.txt</literal>\" in the Linux kernel documentation."
msgstr ""
"Les noyaux Linux récents ont une bonne prise en charge des composants "
"graphiques et des périphériques d'entrées avec <ulink url=\"&drm;\">DRM</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kms;\">KMS</ulink>, et \"<ulink url=\"&udev;\">udev</"
"ulink>. Le serveur X a été réécrit pour les utiliser. Ainsi \"<literal>/etc/"
"X11/xorg.conf</literal>\" n'est habituellement pas présent sur votre "
"système. Ces paramètres sont configurés par le noyau. Voir \"<literal>fb/"
"modedb.txt</literal>\" dans la documentation du noyau Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the large high resolution CRT monitor, it is a good idea to set the "
"refresh rate as high as your monitor can handle (85 Hz is great, 75 Hz is "
"OK) to reduce flicker.  For the LCD monitor, slower standard refresh rate "
"(60Hz) is usually fine due to its slow response."
msgstr ""
"Pour les moniteurs à tube de grande taille, c’est une bonne idée de définir "
"un taux de rafraîchissement aussi élevé que votre moniteur peut le supporter "
"(85 Hz est excellent, 75 Hz est bon) afin de réduire le scintillement. Pour "
"les moniteurs à cristaux liquides, le taux de rafraîchissement plus faible "
"(60 Hz) convient habituellement bien en raison de leur temps de réponse qui "
"est plus lent."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Be careful not to use too high refresh rate which may cause fatal hardware "
"failure of your monitor system."
msgstr ""
"Attention à ne pas utiliser un taux de rafraîchissement trop élevé qui peut "
"entraîner une défaillance matérielle fatale à votre moniteur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The connection methods to the X server"
msgstr "Les méthodes de connexion au serveur X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are several ways of getting the \"X server\" (<emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">display</emphasis> side) to accept connections from an \"X client"
"\" (<emphasis role=\"strong\">application</emphasis> side)."
msgstr ""
"Il y a plusieurs manières de faire accepter au «&nbsp;serveur X&nbsp;» (côté "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">affichage</emphasis>) les connexions en provenance "
"d’un «&nbsp;client X&nbsp;» (côté <emphasis role=\"strong\">application</"
"emphasis>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of connection methods to the X server"
msgstr "Liste des méthodes de connexion au serveur X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "encryption"
msgstr "chiffrement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "method"
msgstr "méthode"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "pertinent use"
msgstr "pertinence de l’utilisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "unchecked"
msgstr "non vérifié"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "no"
msgstr "non"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>xhost</literal> command"
msgstr "Commande <literal>xhost</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "deprecated"
msgstr "obsolète"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "checked"
msgstr "vérifié"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>xauth</literal> command"
msgstr "Commande <literal>xauth</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "local connection via pipe"
msgstr "Connexion locale par un tube"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "yes"
msgstr "oui"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ssh -X</literal> command"
msgstr "Commande <literal>ssh -X</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remote network connection"
msgstr "Connexion à distante par le réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "no (XDMCP)"
msgstr "non (XDMCP)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNOME display manager"
msgstr "Gestionnaire d’affichage de GNOME"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KDE display manager"
msgstr "Gestionnaire d’affichage de KDE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "X display manager"
msgstr "Gestionnaire d’affichage de X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "WindowMaker display manager"
msgstr "Gestionnaire d’affichage WindowMaker"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "LTSP display manager"
msgstr "Gestionnaire d’affichage LTSP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remote SSH network connection (thin client)"
msgstr "connexion réseau distante par SSH (client léger)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not use remote <ulink url=\"&tcp;\">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&ip;\">IP</"
"ulink> connection over <emphasis role=\"strong\">unsecured</emphasis> "
"network for X connection unless you have very good reason such as use of "
"encryption.  A remote TCP/IP socket connection without encryption is prone "
"to the <emphasis role=\"strong\">eavesdropping attack</emphasis> and is "
"disabled by default on the Debian system.  Use \"<literal>ssh -X</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas utiliser, pour la connexion X, de connexion <ulink url=\"&tcp;\">TCP</"
"ulink>/<ulink url=\"&ip;\">IP</ulink> distante sur un réseau <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">non sécurisé</emphasis> à moins que vous n’ayez une très bonne "
"raison de le faire telle que l’utilisation du chiffrement. Une socket de "
"connexion TCP/IP sans chiffrement est susceptible d’une <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">attaque d’espionnage</emphasis>, elle est désactivée par défaut "
"sur le système Debian. Utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>ssh -X</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not use <ulink url=\"&xdmcpconnection;\">XDMCP connection</ulink> over "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">unsecured</emphasis> network either.  It sends "
"data via <ulink url=\"&udp;\">UDP</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&ip;\">IP</ulink> "
"without encryption and is prone to the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">eavesdropping attack</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas utiliser non plus de <ulink url=\"&xdmcpconnection;\">connexion "
"XDMCP</ulink> sur un réseau <emphasis role=\"strong\">non sécurisé</"
"emphasis>. Il envoie des données <ulink url=\"&udp;\">UDP</ulink>/<ulink url="
"\"&ip;\">IP</ulink> sans chiffrement et susceptible d’une <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">attaque d’espionnage</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"LTSP stands for <ulink url=\"&linuxterminalserverproject;\">Linux Terminal "
"Server Project</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"LTSP signifie <ulink url=\"&linuxterminalserverproject;\">Projet de serveur "
"de terminal Linux</ulink> («&nbsp;Linux Terminal Server Project&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Starting the X Window System"
msgstr "Démarrer le système X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The X Window System is usually started as an <ulink url=\"&xsession;\">X "
"session</ulink> which is the combination of an X server and connecting X "
"clients.  For the normal desktop system, both of them are executed on a "
"workstation."
msgstr ""
"Le système X Window est habituellement démarré en tant que <ulink url="
"\"&xsession;\">session X</ulink> qui est la combinaison d’un serveur X et de "
"la connexion de clients X. Pour le système de bureau normal, les deux "
"tournent sur la station de travail."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&xsession;\">X session</ulink> is started by one of the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"La <ulink url=\"&xsession;\">session X</ulink> peut être démarrée de l'une "
"des façons suivantes :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>startx</literal> command started from the command line"
msgstr ""
"la commande <literal>startx</literal> lancée depuis la ligne de "
"commande&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"One of the <ulink url=\"&xdisplaymanager;\">X display manager</ulink> daemon "
"programs <literal>*dm</literal> started from the end of the start up script "
"in \"<literal>/etc/rc?.d/</literal>\" (\"<literal>?</literal>\" "
"corresponding to the runlevel) directory"
msgstr ""
"un des programmes démons <ulink url=\"&xdisplaymanager;\">gestionnaire de "
"l’affichage X</ulink> <literal>*dm</literal> démarré à la fin du script de "
"démarrage du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rc?.d/</literal>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;"
"<literal>?</literal>&nbsp;» correspond au niveau de fonctionnement)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The start up script for the display manager daemons checks the content of "
"the \"<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>\" file before "
"actually executing themselves.  This ensures to have only one <ulink url="
"\"&xdisplaymanager;\">X display manager</ulink> daemon program activated."
msgstr ""
"Le script de démarrage des démons de gestion d’affichage examine d’abord le "
"contenu du fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</"
"literal>&nbsp;» avant leur exécution proprement dite. Cela permet de "
"s’assurer qu’un seul programme démon <ulink url=\"&xdisplaymanager;\">X "
"display manager</ulink> est activé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_specific_locale_only_under_x_window\"/> for initial "
"environment variables of the X display manager."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_specific_locale_only_under_x_window\"/> pour les "
"variables d’environnement initiales du gestionnaire d’affichage X."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Essentially, all these programs execute the \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</"
"literal>\" script.  Then the \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\" script "
"performs <citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-parts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> like action to execute scripts in the \"<literal>/"
"etc/X11/Xsession.d/</literal>\" directory. This is essentially an execution "
"of the first program which is found in the following order by the "
"<literal>exec</literal> builtin command."
msgstr ""
"Essentiellement, tous ces programmes exécutent le script «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/X11/Xsession</literal>&nbsp;\". Ensuite, le script «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"X11/Xsession</literal>&nbsp;» effectue une action de type "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-parts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour exécuter les scripts se trouvant dans le "
"répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.d/</literal>&nbsp;». Le premier "
"programme trouvé, dans l’ordre suivant, est exécuté par la commande «&nbsp;"
"<literal>exec</literal>&nbsp;» intégrée&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The script specified as the argument of \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</"
"literal>\" by the X display manager, if it is defined."
msgstr ""
"le script indiqué comme paramètre de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</"
"literal>&nbsp;» par le gestionnaire d’affichage X, s’il est défini&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>~/.xsession</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>\" "
"script, if it is defined."
msgstr ""
"le script «&nbsp;<literal>~/.xsession</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>~/."
"Xsession</literal>&nbsp;», s’il est défini&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/usr/bin/x-session-manager</literal>\" command, if it is "
"defined."
msgstr ""
"la commande «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/x-session-manager</literal>&nbsp;», si "
"elle est définie&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/usr/bin/x-window-manager</literal>\" command, if it is "
"defined."
msgstr ""
"la commande «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/x-window-manager</literal>&nbsp;», si "
"elle est définie&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator</literal>\" command, if it is "
"defined."
msgstr ""
"la commande «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator</literal>&nbsp;», "
"si elle est définie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"This process is affected by the content of \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession."
"options</literal>\".  The exact programs to which these \"<literal>/usr/bin/"
"x-*</literal>\" commands point, are determined by the Debian alternatives "
"system and changed by \"<literal>update-alternatives --config x-session-"
"manager</literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""
"Ce processus est affecté par le contenu de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession."
"options</literal>&nbsp;». Les programmes exacts vers lesquels pointent les "
"commandes «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/x-*</literal>&nbsp;» sont déterminés par "
"le système d’alternatives de Debian et sont modifiés par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>update-alternatives --config x-session-manager</literal>&nbsp;», "
"etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Starting X session with gdm3"
msgstr "Démarrer une session X avec gdm3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> lets you select the session type (or desktop environment: "
"<xref linkend=\"_setting_up_desktop_environment\"/>), and language (or "
"locale: <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>) of the X session from its menu.  It "
"keeps the selected default value in \"<literal>~/.dmrc</literal>\" as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> vous permet de sélectionner le type de session (ou "
"d’environnement de bureau&nbsp;: <xref linkend="
"\"_setting_up_desktop_environment\"/>), la langue (ou «&nbsp;"
"locale&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>) de la session X depuis "
"son menu. Il conserve les valeurs par défaut dans «&nbsp;<literal>~/.dmrc</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sous la forme suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"[Desktop]\n"
"Session=default\n"
"Language=ja_JP.UTF-8"
msgstr ""
"[Desktop]\n"
"Session=default\n"
"Language=fr_FR.UTF-8"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customizing the X session (classic method)"
msgstr "Personnaliser la session X (méthode classique)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"On a system where \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>\" contains "
"a line \"<literal>allow-user-xsession</literal>\" without preceding "
"\"<literal>#</literal>\" characters, any user who defines \"<literal>~/."
"xsession</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>\" is able to "
"customize the action of \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\" by "
"completely overriding the system code. The last command in the \"<literal>~/."
"xsession</literal>\" file should use form of \"<literal>exec some-window/"
"session-manager</literal>\" to start your favorite X window/session managers."
msgstr ""
"Sur un système où «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>&nbsp;» "
"contient une ligne «&nbsp;<literal>allow-user-xsession</literal> sans "
"caractère «&nbsp;<literal>#</literal>&nbsp;» la précédant, tout utilisateur "
"qui définit «&nbsp;<literal>~/.xsession</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>&nbsp;» peut personnaliser l’action de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>&nbsp;» en passant outre le code du "
"système. La dernière commande dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/.xsession</"
"literal>&nbsp;» devrait toujours être de la forme «&nbsp;<literal>exec "
"un_gestionnaire_de_fenêtre_ou_de_session</literal>&nbsp;» afin de démarrer "
"vos gestionnaires favoris de fenêtres et de session X."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customizing the X session (new method)"
msgstr "Personnaliser la session X (nouvelle méthode)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are new methods to customize the X session without completely "
"overriding the system code as above."
msgstr ""
"Voici de nouvelles méthodes de configuration de la session X sans "
"complètement outrepasser le code système comme ci-dessus&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The display manager <literal>gdm3</literal> can select a specific session "
"and set it as the argument of \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"le gestionnaire d’affichage <literal>gdm3</literal> peut sélectionner une "
"session particulière et la définir comme paramètre de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"X11/Xsession</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>\" file is executed as a part of start "
"up process. (desktop independent)"
msgstr ""
"le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>&nbsp;» est exécuté dans "
"le cadre du processus de démarrage (indépendant du bureau)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>~/.gnomerc</literal>\" file is executed as a part of start up "
"process. (GNOME desktop only)"
msgstr ""
"le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/.gnomerc</literal>&nbsp;» est exécuté dans le "
"cadre du processus de démarrage (bureau GNOME uniquement)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The GUI program based session management software may use the \"<literal>~/."
"gnome2/session</literal>\" file etc."
msgstr ""
"le logiciel de gestion de session basé sur une interface graphique peut "
"utiliser le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/.gnome2/session</literal>&nbsp;», etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Connecting a remote X client via SSH"
msgstr "Connecter un client X distant par SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The use of \"<literal>ssh -X</literal>\" enables a secure connection from a "
"local X server to a remote application server."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de «&nbsp;<literal>ssh -X</literal>&nbsp;» active une "
"connexion sécurisée entre le serveur X local et une application sur un "
"serveur distant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"<literal>X11Forwarding</literal>\" entries to \"<literal>yes</literal>"
"\" in \"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\" of the remote host, if you "
"want to avoid \"<literal>-X</literal>\" command-line option."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez éviter l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-X</literal>&nbsp;» de la "
"ligne de commandes, définissez à «&nbsp;<literal>yes</literal>&nbsp;» les "
"entrées «&nbsp;<literal>X11Forwarding</literal>&nbsp;» de «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>&nbsp;» sur la machine distante, "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Start the X server on the local host."
msgstr "Démarrez le serveur X sur la station locale."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Open an <literal>xterm</literal> in the local host."
msgstr "Ouvrez un <literal>xterm</literal> sur la machine locale."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to establish a connection with the remote site as "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Lancez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour établir une connexion avec un site distant "
"comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"localname @ localhost $ ssh -q -X loginname@remotehost.domain\n"
"Password:"
msgstr ""
"utilisateur_local @ localhost $ ssh -q -X -l nom_utilisateur@machine_distante.domaine\n"
"Password:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Run an X application command, e.g. \"<literal>gimp</literal>\", on the "
"remote site as the following."
msgstr ""
"Lancez comme suit une application X, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>gimp</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sur le site distant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "loginname @ remotehost $ gimp &amp;"
msgstr "nom_utilisateur @ machine_distante $ gimp &amp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were "
"locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket."
msgstr ""
"Cette méthode permet l’affichage du client X distant comme s’il était "
"connecté par une socket UNIX locale."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Secure X terminal via the Internet"
msgstr "Sécuriser le terminal X au travers d’Internet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Secure X terminal via the Internet, which displays remotely run entire X "
"desktop environment, can easily achieved by using specialized package such "
"as <literal>ldm</literal>. Your local machine becomes a secure thin client "
"to the remote application server connected via SSH."
msgstr ""
"La sécurisation du terminal X par Internet, qui affiche localement un "
"environnement de bureau qui tourne entièrement de manière distante, peut "
"être facilement réalisée en utilisant des paquets spécialisés tels que "
"<literal>ldm</literal>. Votre machine locale devient un client léger "
"sécurisé du serveur d’applications connecté par SSH."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Fonts in the X Window"
msgstr "Polices dans X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfigca;\">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> was created to provide "
"a distribution independent library for configuring and customizing font "
"access in 2002.  Debian after <literal>squeeze</literal> uses <ulink url="
"\"&fontconfigca;\">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> for its font configuration."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfigca;\">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> a été créé en 2002 pour "
"fournir une bibliothèque indépendante de la distribution destinée à "
"configurer et personnaliser l’accès aux polices. Debian, pour les versions "
"ultérieures à <literal>squeeze</literal>, utilise <ulink url=\"&fontconfigca;"
"\">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> pour la configuration de ses polices."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Font supports on X Window System can be summarized as follows."
msgstr ""
"La prise en compte des polices dans le système X Window peut être résumée "
"comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Legacy X server side font support system"
msgstr "Ancien système de gestion des polices côté serveur X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The original core X11 font system provides backward compatibility for older "
"version of X client applications."
msgstr ""
"Le système de polices de base d’origine de X11 fournit une "
"rétrocompatibilité avec les anciennes versions des applications X clientes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The original core X11 fonts are installed on the X server."
msgstr "Les polices de base d’origine de X11 sont installées sur le serveur X."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Modern X client side font support system"
msgstr "Système de prise en charge moderne des polices côté client X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The modern X system supports all fonts listed below (<xref linkend="
"\"_basic_fonts\"/>, <xref linkend=\"_additional_fonts\"/>, and <xref linkend="
"\"_cjk_fonts\"/>) with advanced features such as anti-aliasing."
msgstr ""
"Le système X moderne prend en charge toutes les polices dont la liste figure "
"ci-dessous (<xref linkend=\"_basic_fonts\"/>, <xref linkend="
"\"_additional_fonts\"/> et <xref linkend=\"_cjk_fonts\"/>) avec des "
"fonctionnalités avancées telles que l’anti-crénelage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0 connects modern X applications such as "
"ones from <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</"
"ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice</ulink> with <ulink url="
"\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0 connecte les applications X modernes "
"telles que celles de <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kde;"
"\">KDE</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice</ulink> avec la "
"bibliothèque <ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 provides font rasterization "
"library."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 fournit une bibliothèque de "
"tramage des polices."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink> provides resolution of the "
"font specification for <ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fonts.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for its configuration."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink> fournit une résolution de la "
"spécification des polices pour <ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0. "
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fonts.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour sa configuration."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"All modern X applications using <ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0 can "
"talk to modern X server using the <ulink url=\"&xrenderingextension;\">X "
"Rendering Extension</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Toutes les applications X modernes qui utilisent <ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</"
"ulink> 2.0 peuvent dialoguer avec un serveur X moderne en utilisant l’<ulink "
"url=\"&xrenderingextension;\">extension de rendu X</ulink> («&nbsp;X "
"Rendering Extension&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&xrenderingextension;\">X Rendering Extension</ulink> moves "
"font access and glyph image generation from the X server to the X client."
msgstr ""
"L’<ulink url=\"&xrenderingextension;\">extension de rendu X</ulink> déplace "
"l’accès aux polices et la génération des images de glyphes du serveur vers "
"le client X."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "Table of packages to support X Window font systems"
msgstr "Table de paquets prenant en charge les systèmes de polices de X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "X Window System font utility programs"
msgstr "Programmes utilitaires des polices du système X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Xft, a library that connects X applications with the FreeType font "
"rasterization library"
msgstr ""
"Xft, bibliothèque permettant de connecter des applications X avec la "
"bibliothèque de tramage des polices FreeType"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 font rasterization library"
msgstr ""
"Bibliothèque de tramage des polices <ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</"
"ulink> 2.0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration "
"library — support binaries"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>, bibliothèque générique de "
"configuration des polices  — binaires de gestion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration "
"library — configuration data"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>, bibliothèque générique de "
"configuration des polices — données de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "You can check font configuration information by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez vérifier les informations de configuration des polices comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>xset q</literal>\" for core X11 font path"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>xset q</literal>&nbsp;» pour le chemin des police X11 de base"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>fc-match</literal>\" for fontconfig font default"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>fc-match</literal>&nbsp;» pour la police par défaut de "
"fontconfig"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>fc-list</literal>\" for available fontconfig fonts"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>fc-list</literal>&nbsp;» pour les polices disponibles de "
"fontconfig"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&thepenguinandunicode;\">The Penguin and Unicode</ulink>\" is "
"a good overview of modern X Window System. Other documentations at <ulink "
"url=\"&httpunifontorg;\">http://unifont.org/</ulink> should provide good "
"information on Unicode fonts, Unicode-enabled software, "
"internationalization, and Unicode usability issues on <ulink url="
"\"&freelibreopensourcefloss;\">free/libre/open source (FLOSS)</ulink> "
"operating systems."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&thepenguinandunicode;\">Unicode et le Pingouin</"
"ulink>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;The Penguin and Unicode&nbsp;») est un bon aperçu du "
"système X Window moderne. D’autres documentations se trouvant à <ulink url="
"\"&httpunifontorg;\">http://unifont.org/</ulink> devraient fournir de bonnes "
"informations sur les polices Unicode, les logiciels fonctionnant avec "
"Unicode, l’internationalisation et les problèmes d’utilisation d’Unicode sur "
"les systèmes d’exploitation<ulink url=\"&freelibreopensourcefloss;\">free/"
"libre/open source (FLOSS)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic fonts"
msgstr "Polices de base"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are 2 major types of <ulink url=\"&computerfonts;\">computer fonts</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Il y a deux types principaux de <ulink url=\"&computerfonts;\">polices de "
"caractères pour ordinateurs</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Bitmap fonts (good for low resolution rasterization)"
msgstr ""
"Polices par champs de bits («&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;») (bonnes pour le tramage en "
"faible résolution)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Outline/stroke fonts (good for high resolution rasterization)"
msgstr ""
"Polices par traits/contours (bonnes pour le tramage en haute résolution)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"While scaling of bitmap fonts causes jugged image, scaling of outline/stroke "
"fonts produces smooth image."
msgstr ""
"Alors que le redimensionnement des polices bitmap donne des images hachées, "
"le redimensionnement des polices par traits et contours donne des images "
"lisses."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Bitmap fonts on the Debian system are usually provided by compressed <ulink "
"url=\"&xbbpcfbitmapfontfiles;\">X11 pcf bitmap font files</ulink> having "
"their file extension \"<literal>.pcf.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les polices bitmap sur le système Debian sont habituellement fournie sous "
"forme de <ulink url=\"&xbbpcfbitmapfontfiles;\">fichiers de police X11 pcf "
"bitmap</ulink> compressés ayant l’extension de nom de fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>.pcf.gz</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Outline fonts on the Debian system are provided by the following."
msgstr ""
"Les polices de type contour sur les système Debian sont fournies de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 font files having "
"their file extension \"<literal>.pfb</literal>\" (binary font file) and "
"\"<literal>.afm</literal>\" (font metrics file)."
msgstr ""
"Fichiers de polices <ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 "
"avec une extension de nom de fichier «&nbsp;<literal>.pfb</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (fichier binaire de police) et «&nbsp;<literal>.afm</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (fichier de métrique de la police)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> (or <ulink url=\"&opentype;"
"\">OpenType</ulink>) font files usually having their file extension "
"\"<literal>.ttf</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Fichiers de polices <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> (ou <ulink "
"url=\"&opentype;\">OpenType</ulink>) ayant habituellement l’extension «&nbsp;"
"<literal>.ttf</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&opentype;\">OpenType</ulink> is intended to supersede both "
"<ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&postscript;"
"\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&opentype;\">OpenType</ulink> est prévu pour se substituer à la "
"fois à <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> et <ulink url="
"\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"Table of corresponding <ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 "
"fonts"
msgstr ""
"Table de correspondance des polices <ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</"
"ulink> Type 1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "font package"
msgstr "paquet de police"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "sans-serif font"
msgstr "police sans-sérif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "serif font"
msgstr "police sérif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "monospace font"
msgstr "police monospace"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "source of font"
msgstr "source de la police"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PostScript"
msgstr "PostScript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&helvetica;\">Helvetica</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&helvetica;\">Helvetica</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&times;\">Times</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&times;\">Times</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&courier;\">Courier</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&courier;\">Courier</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Adobe"
msgstr "Adobe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Nimbus Sans L"
msgstr "Nimbus Sans L"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Nimbus Roman No9 L"
msgstr "Nimbus Roman No9 L"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Nimbus Mono L"
msgstr "Nimbus Mono L"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&urw;\">URW</ulink> (Adobe compatible size)"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&urw;\">URW</ulink> (taille compatible avec Adobe)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "X font support with PostScript Type 1 fonts."
msgstr "gestion des polices X avec polices PostScript Type 1."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Free Helvetian"
msgstr "Helvetian libre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Free Times"
msgstr "Times libre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Free Courier"
msgstr "Courier libre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "URW extended (Adobe compatible size)"
msgstr "URW étendu (taille compatible avec Adobe)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "LMSans*"
msgstr "LMSans*"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "LMRoman*"
msgstr "LMRoman*"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "LMTypewriter*"
msgstr "LMTypewriter*"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"scalable PostScript and OpenType fonts based on Computer Modern (from TeX)"
msgstr ""
"PostScript redimensionnable et polices OpenType basées sur «&nbsp;Computer "
"Modern&nbsp;» (venant de TeX)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Table of corresponding <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> fonts"
msgstr ""
"Table de correspondance des polices <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</"
"ulink> "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&arial;\">Arial</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&arial;\">Arial</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&timesnewroman;\">Times New Roman</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&timesnewroman;\">Times New Roman</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&couriernew;\">Courier New</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&couriernew;\">Courier New</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Microsoft (Adobe compatible size) (This installs non-free data)"
msgstr ""
"Microsoft (taille compatible avec Adobe) (cela installe des données non "
"libres)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Liberation Sans"
msgstr "Liberation Sans"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Liberation Serif"
msgstr "Liberation Serif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Liberation Mono"
msgstr "Liberation Mono"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&liberationfontsproject;\">Liberation Fonts project</ulink> "
"(Microsoft compatible size)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&liberationfontsproject;\">Projet de polices Liberation</ulink> "
"(taille compatible avec Microsoft)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "FreeSans"
msgstr "FreeSans"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "FreeSerif"
msgstr "FreeSerif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "FreeMono"
msgstr "FreeMono"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnufreefont;\">GNU freefont</ulink> (Microsoft compatible size)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnufreefont;\">GNU freefont</ulink> (taille compatible avec "
"Microsoft)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DejaVu Sans"
msgstr "DejaVu Sans"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DejaVu Serif"
msgstr "DejaVu Serif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DejaVu Sans Mono"
msgstr "DejaVu Sans Mono"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;"
"\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;"
"\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> avec couverture Unicode"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;"
"\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage (sans, sans-bold, serif, "
"serif-bold, mono, mono-bold)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;"
"\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> avec couverture Unicode (sans, sans-bold, serif, "
"serif-bold, mono, mono-bold)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;"
"\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage (oblique, italic, bold-"
"oblique, bold-italic, condensed)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;"
"\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> avec couverture Unicode (oblique, italic, bold-"
"oblique, bold-italic, condensed)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "unifont"
msgstr "unifont"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnuunifont;\">GNU Unifont</ulink>, with all printable "
"character code in Unicode 5.1 Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnuunifont;\">GNU Unifont</ulink>, avec tous les codes de "
"caractères imprimables d’«&nbsp;Unicode 5.1 Basic Multilingual Plane "
"(BMP)&nbsp;» (Plan de base multilingue Unicode 5.1)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink> fonts are based on and superset of "
"<ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> fonts."
msgstr ""
"Les polices <ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink> sont basées sur un sur-"
"ensemble des polices <ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Additional fonts"
msgstr "Polices supplémentaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> helps you find additional fonts easily."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut vous aider à trouver facilement de nouvelles "
"polices de caractères."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The short package list under \"Tasks\" → \"Localization\""
msgstr ""
"La courte liste de paquets sous «&nbsp;Tâches&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;"
"Localisation&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The filtered flat package list of font data with regex on debtag: "
"\"<literal>~Gmade-of::data:font</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"La liste des paquets de données de polices filtrée par l’expression "
"rationnelle sur debtag&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>~Gmade-of::data:font</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The filtered flat package list of the BDF (bitmap) font packages with regex "
"on package name: \"<literal>~nxfonts-</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"La liste des paquets de polices BDF (bitmap) filtrée par l’expression "
"rationnelle sur le nom de paquet&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>~nxfonts-</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The filtered flat package list of the TrueType (outline) font packages with "
"regex on package name: \"<literal>~nttf-|~nfonts-</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"La liste des paquets de polices TrueType (outline) filtrée par l’expression "
"rationnelle sur le nom de paquet&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>~nttf-|~nfonts-</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since <emphasis role=\"strong\">Free</emphasis> fonts are sometimes limited, "
"installing or sharing some commercial TrueType fonts is an option for a "
"Debian users.  In order to make this process easy for the user, some "
"convenience packages have been created."
msgstr ""
"Comme les polices <emphasis role=\"strong\">libres</emphasis> sont quelque "
"peu limitées, l’installation ou le partage de certaines polices TrueType "
"commerciales est possible pour les utilisateur de Debian. De manière à "
"faciliter ce processus pour l’utilisateur, certains paquets pratiques ont "
"été créés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>mathematica-fonts</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mathematica-fonts</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>fonts-mscorefonts-installer</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>fonts-mscorefonts-installer</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You'll have a really good selection of TrueType fonts at the expense of "
"contaminating your <emphasis role=\"strong\">Free</emphasis> system with non-"
"Free fonts."
msgstr ""
"Vous obtiendrez une vraiment bonne sélection de polices TrueType en "
"acceptant de contaminer votre système <emphasis role=\"strong\">Libre</"
"emphasis> avec des polices non libres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "CJK fonts"
msgstr "Polices CJK"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are some key points focused on fonts of <ulink url=\"&cjkcharacters;"
"\">CJK characters</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques points ciblés sur les polices de <ulink url=\"&cjkcharacters;"
"\">caractères CJK</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Table of key words used in CJK font names to indicate font types"
msgstr ""
"Table de mots-clés utilisés dans les noms de polices CJK afin d’indiquer les "
"types de polices"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "font type"
msgstr "type de police"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Japanese font name"
msgstr "nom de police Japonaise"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Chinese font name"
msgstr "nom de police chinoise"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Korean font name"
msgstr "nom de police coréenne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sans-serif"
msgstr "sans-sérif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "gothic, ゴチック"
msgstr "gothic, ゴチック"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "hei, gothic"
msgstr "hei, gothic"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "dodum, gulim, gothic"
msgstr "dodum, gulim, gothic"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "serif"
msgstr "serif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mincho, 明朝"
msgstr "mincho, 明朝"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "song, ming"
msgstr "song, ming"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "batang"
msgstr "batang"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Font name such as \"VL PGothic\" with \"P\" is a proportional font which "
"corresponds to the fixed width \"VL Gothic\" font."
msgstr ""
"Un nom de police tel que «&nbsp;VL PGothic&nbsp;» avec «&nbsp;P&nbsp;» est "
"une police proportionnelle correspondant à la police de largeur fixe «&nbsp;"
"VL Gothic&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For example, <ulink url=\"&shift_jis;\">Shift_JIS</ulink> code table "
"comprises 7070 characters.  They can be grouped as the following."
msgstr ""
"Par exemple, la table de code <ulink url=\"&shift_jis;\">Shift_JIS</ulink> "
"comporte 7070 caractères. Ils peuvent être regroupés de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"JIS X 0201 single-byte characters (191 characters, a.k.a. half-width "
"characters)"
msgstr ""
"caractères sur un seul octet JIS X 0201 (191 caractères encore appelés "
"caractères de demi-largeur)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 characters, a.k.a. full-width "
"characters)"
msgstr ""
"caractères sur deux octets JIS X 0208 (6879 caractères encore appelés "
"caractères de pleine-largeur)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Double-byte characters occupy double width on console terminals which uses "
"CJK fixed width fonts.  In order to cope with such situation, <ulink url="
"\"&hanzibitmapfonthbffile;\">Hanzi Bitmap Font (HBF) File</ulink> with file "
"extension \"<literal>.hbf</literal>\" may be deployed for fonts containing "
"single-byte and double-byte characters."
msgstr ""
"Les caractères sur deux octets occupent une largeur double sur les consoles "
"qui utilisent des polices CJK de largeur fixe. Afin de s’accommoder d’une  "
"telle situation, le <ulink url=\"&hanzibitmapfonthbffile;\">fichier Hanzi "
"Bitmap Font (HBF) File</ulink> ayant l’extension de nom de fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>.hbf</literal>&nbsp;» peut être mis en œuvre pour les polices "
"comportant des caractères sur un ou sur deux octets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to save space for <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> font "
"files, <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> font collection file with "
"file extension \"<literal>.ttc</literal>\" may be used."
msgstr ""
"Afin d’économiser la place prise par les fichiers de polices <ulink url="
"\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink>, on peut utiliser un fichier de collection "
"de polices <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> ayant l’extension du "
"nom de fichier «&nbsp;<literal>.ttc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to cover complicated code space of characters, CID keyed <ulink url="
"\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 font is used with CMap files "
"starting themselves with \"<literal>%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap</literal>"
"\".  This is rarely used for normal X display but used for PDF rendering "
"etc. (see <xref linkend=\"_x_utility_applications\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Afin de couvrir un espace de code de caractères compliqué, la police CID à "
"clé <ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 est utilisée avec "
"des fichiers CMap qui commencent par «&nbsp;<literal>%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-"
"CMap</literal>&nbsp;». C’est rarement utilisé pour l’affichage X normal mais "
"est utilisé pour le rendu PDF, etc. (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_x_utility_applications\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The multiple <ulink url=\"&glyphs;\">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some "
"<ulink url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink url="
"\"&hanunification;\">Han unification</ulink>.  One of the most annoying ones "
"are \"U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA\" and \"U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP\" whose "
"character positions differ among CJK countries.  Configuring priority of "
"Japanese centric fonts over Chinese ones using \"<literal>~/.fonts.conf</"
"literal>\" should give peace of minds to Japanese."
msgstr ""
"Des <ulink url=\"&glyphs;\">glyphes</ulink> multiples sont attendus de "
"certains points du code <ulink url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> en raison "
"de l’<ulink url=\"&hanunification;\">unification Han</ulink>. Parmi les plus "
"ennuyeux se trouvent «&nbsp;U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;U+3002 "
"IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP&nbsp;» dont la position des caractères diffère selon "
"les pays CJK. La priorité de configuration des polices japono-centrées sur "
"les chinoises en utilisant «&nbsp;<literal>~/.fonts.conf</literal>&nbsp;» "
"devrait apaiser l’esprit des Japonais."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "X applications"
msgstr "Applications X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "X office applications"
msgstr "Applications X de bureautique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here is a list of basic office applications (LO is LibreOffice)."
msgstr ""
"Voici une liste des application de bureautique de base (LO signifie "
"LibreOffice)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of basic X office applications"
msgstr "Liste d’applications de bureautique de base pour X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "package size"
msgstr "taille du paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "LO"
msgstr "LO"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "word processor"
msgstr "traitement de texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "spreadsheet"
msgstr "feuille de calcul"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "presentation"
msgstr "présentation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "database management"
msgstr "gestion de base de données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "vector graphics editor (draw)"
msgstr "éditeur de graphiques vectoriels (draw)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mathematical equation/formula editor"
msgstr "éditeur d’équations et de formules mathématiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNOME"
msgstr "GNOME"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GTK"
msgstr "GTK"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "bitmap graphics editor (paint)"
msgstr "éditeur de graphiques en champs de bits («&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;») (paint)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "flowchart and diagram editor"
msgstr "éditeur d’organigrammes et de diagrammes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "project management"
msgstr "gestion de projets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KDE"
msgstr "KDE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "X utility applications"
msgstr "Applications utilitaires pour X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here is a list of basic utility applications which caught my eyes."
msgstr ""
"Voici une liste d’applications de base qui ont attiré mon attention&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of basic X utility applications"
msgstr "Liste d’applications utilitaires de base pour X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "document(pdf) viewer"
msgstr "afficheur de documents (pdf)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "e-book converter and library management"
msgstr "Convertisseur de livre numérique et gestion de bibliothèque."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "e-book reader"
msgstr "lectrice de e-book"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Personal information Management (groupware and email)"
msgstr ""
"Gestion d’informations personnelles (logiciel de travail collaboratif et "
"courriel)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "desktop page layout editor"
msgstr "éditeur de mise en page de bureau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "label editor"
msgstr "éditeur d’étiquettes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "personal accounting"
msgstr "gestion financière personnelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "digital photo organizer"
msgstr "gestionnaire de photos numériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "scanner frontend"
msgstr "interface pour dispositifs de numérisation (scanner)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>poppler-data</literal> package (previously non-free, see <xref "
"linkend=\"_ghostscript\"/>) needs to be installed for <literal>evince</"
"literal> and <literal>okular</literal> to display CJK PDF documents using "
"Cmap data (<xref linkend=\"_cjk_fonts\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>poppler-data</literal> (précédemment non libre, consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_ghostscript\"/>) doit être installé pour "
"qu’<literal>evince</literal> et <literal>okular</literal> puissent afficher "
"des documents CJK PDF qui utilisent des données Cmap (<xref linkend="
"\"_cjk_fonts\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Installing softwares such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME "
"desktop environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality "
"is not available under GNOME desktop environment.  But installing too many "
"packages with duplicated functionalities clutter your menu."
msgstr ""
"L’installation de logiciels tels que <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) sous "
"l’environnement de bureau GNOME est acceptable puisqu’il n’existe pas de "
"fonctionnalité équivalente sous l’environnement de bureau de GNOME. "
"Cependant, l’installation de nombreux paquets ayant les mêmes "
"fonctionnalités pollue votre menu."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The X trivia"
msgstr "Les infos de X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Keymaps and pointer button mappings in X"
msgstr "Cartographie des claviers et affectation des boutons de souris sous X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> is a utility for modifying keymaps and pointer "
"button mappings in the X Window System.  To get the <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">keycode</emphasis>, run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xev</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the X and press "
"keys.  To get the meaning of <emphasis role=\"strong\">keysym</emphasis>, "
"look into the MACRO definition in \"<literal>/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h</"
"literal>\" file (<literal>x11proto-core-dev</literal> package).  All "
"\"<literal>#define</literal>\" statements in this file are named as "
"\"<literal>XK_</literal>\" prepended to <emphasis role=\"strong\">keysym</"
"emphasis> names."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> est un utilitaire permettant de modifier les "
"cartographies de clavier et l’affectation des boutons de la souris sous le "
"système X Window. Afin d’obtenir le <emphasis role=\"strong\">code de "
"touche</emphasis> («&nbsp;keycode&nbsp;»), lancez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sous X et pressez les touches. Afin d’obtenir la signification "
"de <emphasis role=\"strong\">symbole de touche </emphasis> («&nbsp;"
"keysym&nbsp;»), regardez la définition de la MACRO dans le fichier «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h</literal>&nbsp;» (paquet "
"<literal>x11proto-core-dev</literal>). Toutes les instructions«&nbsp;"
"<literal>#define</literal>&nbsp;» de ce fichier ont des noms préfixés par "
"«&nbsp;<literal>XK_</literal>&nbsp;» suivi des noms de <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">symbole de touche</emphasis> («&nbsp;keysym&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Classic X clients"
msgstr "Clients X classiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Most traditional X client programs, such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, can be started with a set of standard command line options to "
"specify geometry, font, and display."
msgstr ""
"La plupart des programmes clients X traditionnels, tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, peuvent être démarrés avec un ensemble d’options en ligne de "
"commande afin de préciser leur géométrie, les polices et l’affichage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"They also use the X resource database to configure their appearance.  The "
"system-wide defaults of X resources are stored in \"<literal>/etc/X11/"
"Xresources/*</literal>\" and application defaults of them are stored in "
"\"<literal>/etc/X11/app-defaults/*</literal>\".  Use these settings as the "
"starting points."
msgstr ""
"Ils utilisent aussi la base de données de ressources X afin de configurer "
"leur aspect. Les valeurs par défaut des ressources X pour l’ensemble du "
"système se trouvent dans  «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/X11/Xresources/*</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et les valeurs par défaut de leurs applications dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/X11/app-defaults/*</literal>&nbsp;». Utilisez ces paramètres "
"comme point de départ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>~/.Xresources</literal>\" file is used to store user resource "
"specifications.  This file is automatically merged into the default X "
"resources upon login.  To make changes to these settings and make them "
"effective immediately, merge them into the database using the following "
"command."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/.Xresources</literal>&nbsp;» est utilisé pour "
"enregistrer les spécifications de ressources de l’utilisateur. Ce fichier "
"est automatiquement fusionné avec les ressources X par défaut lors de la "
"connexion. Pour effectuer des modifications à ces définitions et les rendre "
"immédiatement effectives, fusionnez-les dans la base de données à l’aide de "
"la commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources"
msgstr "$ xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>x</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xrdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>x</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xrdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The X terminal emulator — xterm"
msgstr "Émulateur de terminal X — xterm"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Learn everything about <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> at <ulink url="
"\"&httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml;\">http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq."
"html</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pourrez tout apprendre ce qui concerne "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sur <ulink url=\"&httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml;\">http://"
"dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Running X clients as root"
msgstr "Faire tourner X avec le compte de l’administrateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing "
"in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as "
"<literal>gdm3</literal> because it is considered unsafe (insecure), even "
"when you plan to perform administrative activities.  The entire X "
"architecture is considered insecure if run as root.  You must always use the "
"lowest privilege level possible, like a regular user account."
msgstr ""
"Ne lancez jamais le gestionnaire de session ou d’affichage X avec le compte "
"de l’administrateur en entrant <literal>root</literal> à l’invite d’un "
"gestionnaire d’affichage comme <literal>gdm3</literal>, même si vous "
"prévoyez d’effectuer des tâches administratives car c’est considéré comme "
"non sûr. L’ensemble de l’architecture de X est considérée comme non sûre si "
"elle tourne avec le compte de l’administrateur. Vous devez toujours avoir le "
"niveau de privilège le plus bas possible, comme avec un compte normal."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Easy ways to run a particular X client, e.g. \"<literal>foo</literal>\" as "
"root is to use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> etc. as the following."
msgstr ""
"Une manière simple de faire tourner un client X particulier, par exemple "
"«&nbsp;<literal>toto</literal>&nbsp;» en tant que superutilisateur est "
"d’utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> etc. de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo foo &amp;"
msgstr "$ sudo toto &amp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo -s\n"
"# foo &amp;"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo -s\n"
"# toto &amp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ gksu foo &amp;"
msgstr "$ gksu toto &amp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ssh -X root@localhost\n"
"# foo &amp;"
msgstr ""
"$ ssh -X root@localhost\n"
"# toto &amp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Use of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> just for this purpose as above is waste of "
"resource."
msgstr ""
"N’utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> que dans ce but est un gaspillage de ressources."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order for the X client to connect to the X server, please note the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"De manière à ce que le client X puisse se connecter au serveur X, veuillez "
"noter ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Values of the old user's \"<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>\" and \"<literal>"
"$DISPLAY</literal>\" environment variables must be copied to the new user's "
"ones."
msgstr ""
"Les valeurs des variables d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$XAUTHORITY</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>&nbsp;» de l’ancien "
"utilisateur doivent être copiées dans celles du nouvel utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The file pointed by value of the \"<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>\" "
"environment variable must be readable by the new user."
msgstr ""
"Le nouvel utilisateur doit avoir la permission de lecture du fichier vers "
"lequel pointe la valeur de la variable d’environnement «&nbsp;:<literal>"
"$XAUTHORITY</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>gksu</literal> package (popcon: &pop-gksu;) is a specialized GTK"
"+ GUI package for gaining the root privileges.  It can be configured to use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend "
"depending on the \"<literal>/apps/gksu/sudo-mode</literal>\" gconf key.  You "
"can edit gconf key using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gconf-editor</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (menu: \"Applications"
"\" → \"System Tools\" → \"Configuration Editor\")."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>gksu</literal> (popcon&nbsp;: &pop-gksu;) est un paquet "
"spécialisé de l’interface graphique GTK+ permettant d’obtenir les privilèges "
"de l’administrateur. Il peut être configuré pour utiliser "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> en tant que programme "
"de support selon la valeur de la clé «&nbsp;<literal>/apps/gksu/sudo-mode</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de gconf. Vous pouvez éditer la clé de gconf en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gconf-editor</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (menu&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;"
"Outils système&nbsp;»  → «&nbsp;Éditeur de configuration&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "I18N and L10N"
msgstr "I18N et L10N"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;\">Multilingualization (M17N) "
"or Native Language Support</ulink> for an application software is done in 2 "
"steps."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;\">multilinguisme (M17N) "
"ou la gestion de la langue natale («&nbsp;Native Language Support&nbsp;»)</"
"ulink> d’un logiciel applicatif est réalisé en deux étapes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple "
"locales."
msgstr ""
"L’internationalisation (I18N)&nbsp;: donne la possibilité à un logiciel de "
"gérer plusieurs paramètres linguistiques&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale."
msgstr ""
"La localisation (L10N)&nbsp;: permet au logiciel de prendre en charge des "
"paramètres linguistiques particuliers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
msgid ""
"There are 17, 18, or 10 letters between \"m\" and \"n\", \"i\" and \"n\", or "
"\"l\" and \"n\" in multilingualization, internationalization, and "
"localization which correspond to M17N, I18N, and L10N."
msgstr ""
"Il y a 17, 18, ou 10 lettres entre «&nbsp;m&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;n&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;i&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;n&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;l&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;n&nbsp;» "
"dans «&nbsp;multilingualization&nbsp;», «&nbsp;internationalization&nbsp;» "
"et «&nbsp;localization&nbsp;» ce qui correspond à M17N, I18N, et L10N."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The modern software such as GNOME and KDE are multilingualized.  They are "
"internationalized by making them handle <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> "
"data and localized by providing their translated messages through the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gettext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> infrastructure.  Translated messages may be "
"provided as separate localization packages.  They can be selected simply by "
"setting pertinent environment variables to the appropriate locale."
msgstr ""
"Des logiciels modernes, tels que GNOME et KDE, gèrent le multilinguisme. Ils "
"sont internationalisés en les faisant gérer les données <ulink url=\"&utfi;"
"\">UTF-8</ulink> et localisés en leur donnant les messages traduits par "
"l’intermédiaire de l’infrastructure <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gettext</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Les messages traduits "
"peuvent être offerts sous forme de paquets de localisation séparés. Ils sont "
"simplement sélectionnés en donnant la valeur du paramètres linguistique "
"approprié à des variables d’environnement pertinentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The simplest representation of the text data is <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">ASCII</emphasis> which is sufficient for English and uses less than 127 "
"characters (representable with 7 bits).  In order to support much more "
"characters for the international support, many character encoding systems "
"have been invented.  The modern and sensible encoding system is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> which can handle practically all the "
"characters known to the human (see <xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"La représentation la plus simple d’un texte de données est l’<emphasis role="
"\"strong\">ASCII</emphasis> qui suffit à l’anglais et utilise moins de 127 "
"caractères (qui peuvent être représentés avec 7 bits). De manière à pouvoir "
"prendre en compte bien plus de caractères pour l’internationalisation, de "
"nombreux systèmes de codage des caractères ont été inventés. Le système "
"moderne et préféré est <emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> qui peut "
"prendre en charge tous les caractères connus des êtres humains (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&introductiontoibin;\">Introduction to i18n</ulink> for "
"details."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <ulink url=\"&introductiontoibin;\">Introduction à i18n</ulink> "
"pour davantage d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The international hardware support is enabled with localized hardware "
"configuration data."
msgstr ""
"La prise en charge du matériel international est activée par des données de "
"configuration du matériel localisées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The keyboard input"
msgstr "L’entrée clavier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian system can be configured to work with many international keyboard "
"arrangements using the <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> and "
"<literal>console-setup</literal> packages."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian peut être configuré pour travailler avec de nombreuses "
"configurations de clavier internationales en utilisant les paquets "
"<literal>keybord-configuration</literal> et <literal>console-setup</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration\n"
"# dpkg-reconfigure console-setup"
msgstr ""
"# dpkg-reconfigure keybord-configuration\n"
"# dpkg-reconfigure console-setup"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"This configures the keyboard for the Linux console and the X Window updates "
"configuration parameters in \"<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>\". This also configures the "
"Linux console font."
msgstr ""
"Cela configure le clavier pour la console Linux et X Window met à jour les "
"paramètres de configuration dans \"<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>"
"\" et \"<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>\". Cela configure "
"également la police de caractères de la console Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many non-ASCII characters including accented characters used by many "
"European languages can be made available with <ulink url=\"&deadkey;\">dead "
"key</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&altgrkey;\">AltGr key</ulink>, and <ulink url="
"\"&composekey;\">compose key</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux caractères non-ASCII, y compris les caractères accentués "
"utilisés par de nombreuses langues européennes, peuvent être disponibles "
"avec la <ulink url=\"&deadkey;\">touche morte</ulink>, la <ulink url="
"\"&altgrkey;\">touche AltGr</ulink>, et la <ulink url=\"&composekey;"
"\">touche compose</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For Asian languages, you need more complicated <ulink url=\"&inputmethod;"
"\">input method</ulink> support such as <ulink url=\"&ibus;\">IBus</ulink> "
"discussed next."
msgstr ""
"Pour les langues asiatiques, il faut une gestion plus compliquée de la "
"<ulink url=\"&inputmethod;\">méthode d’entrée</ulink> telle que <ulink url="
"\"&ibus;\">IBus</ulink> qui sera discutée ci-après."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The input method support with IBus"
msgstr "Prise en charge de la méthode d’entrée avec iBus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Multilingual input to the application is processed as:"
msgstr ""
"Les entrées multilingues dans une application sont traitées comme suit :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Keyboard                               Application\n"
"   |                                        ^\n"
"   |                                        |\n"
"   +-&gt; Linux kernel -&gt; Input method -&gt; Gtk, Qt, or X"
msgstr ""
"Clavier                                   Application\n"
"   |                                           ^\n"
"   |                                           |\n"
"   +-&gt; noyau Linux -&gt; Méthode d'entrée -&gt; Gtk, Qt, ou X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Setup of multilingual input for the Debian system is simplified by using the "
"<ulink url=\"&ibus;\">IBus</ulink> family of packages with the <literal>im-"
"config</literal> package. The list of IBus packages are the following."
msgstr ""
"La configuration de l’entrée multilingue du système Debian est simplifiée "
"par l’utilisation de la famille de paquets <ulink url=\"&ibus;\">IBus</"
"ulink> avec le paquet <literal>im-config</literal>. La liste des paquets "
"IBus est la suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of input method supports with IBus"
msgstr "Liste des méthodes d’entrées prises en charge par iBus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "supported locale"
msgstr "paramètres linguistiques pris en charge"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "input method framework using dbus"
msgstr "infrastructure de méthode d’entrée utilisant dbus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Japanese"
msgstr "Japonais"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Chinese (for zh_CN)"
msgstr "Chinois (pour zh_CN)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ", , (for zh_TW)"
msgstr ", , (pour zh_TW)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Korean"
msgstr "Coréen"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "table engine for IBus"
msgstr "moteur de tables pour iBus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Thai"
msgstr "Thaï"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Vietnamese"
msgstr "Vietnamien"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others"
msgstr "Multilingue&nbsp;: Indien, Arabe et autres"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The kinput2 method and other locale dependent Asian classic <ulink url="
"\"&inputmethods;\">input methods</ulink> still exist but are not recommended "
"for the modern UTF-8 X environment.  The <ulink url=\"&scim;\">SCIM</ulink> "
"and <ulink url=\"&uim;\">uim</ulink> tool chains are an slightly older "
"approach for the international input method for the modern UTF-8 X "
"environment."
msgstr ""
"La méthode kinput2 et d’autres <ulink url=\"&inputmethods;\">méthodes "
"d’entrée</ulink> dépendant des paramètres linguistiques asiatiques "
"classiques existent encore mais ne sont pas recommandées avec "
"l’environnement X UTF-8 moderne. Les chaînes d’outils <ulink url=\"&scim;"
"\">SCIM</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&uim;\">uim</ulink> sont une approche "
"légèrement plus ancienne de méthode d’entrée internationale de "
"l’environnement X UTF-8 moderne."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "An example for Japanese"
msgstr "Un exemple pour le japonais"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I find the Japanese input method started under English environment "
"(\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\") very useful.  Here is how I did this "
"with IBus for GNOME3:"
msgstr ""
"J’ai trouvé très utile la méthode d’entrée du japonais lancée depuis un "
"environnement anglais («&nbsp;<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;»). Voici "
"comment j’ai procédé avec iBus pour GNOME3&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-anthy</literal> with "
"its recommended packages such as <literal>im-config</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Installez le paquet d’outil d’entrée du japonais <literal>ibus-anthy</"
"literal> avec ses paquets recommandés comme <literal>im-config</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>im-config</literal>\" from user's shell and select "
"\"<literal>ibus</literal>\" as the input method."
msgstr ""
"Exécutez «&nbsp;<literal>im-config</literal>&nbsp;» depuis l’interpréteur de "
"commandes de l’utilisateur et sélectionnez «&nbsp;<literal>ibus</"
"literal>&nbsp;» comme méthode de saisie."

# Ici je laisse les descriptions de sélections en anglais, puisque, sauf erreur
# de ma part, il n’y a pas de traduction en français de im-config.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Select \"Settings\" → \"Keyboard\" → \"Input Sources\" → click \"<literal>+</"
"literal>\" in \"Input Sources\" → \"Japanese\" → \"Japanese (anthy)\" and "
"click \"Add\"."
msgstr ""
"Sélectionnez \"Settings\" → \"Keyboard\" → \"Input Sources\" → click "
"\"<literal>+</literal>\" dans \"Input Sources\" → \"Japanese\" → \"Japanese "
"(anthy)\" et cliquez \"Add\"."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Select \"Japanese\" and click \"Add\" to support the Japanese layout "
"keyboard without character conversion. (You may chose as many input sources.)"
msgstr ""
"Sélectionnez «&nbsp;Japonais&nbsp;» et cliquez sur «&nbsp;Ajouter&nbsp;» "
"pour activer le support de la disposition de clavier japonnais sans "
"conversion de caractère. (Vous pouvez choisir autant de sources d’entrée que "
"souhaité.)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Relogin to user's account."
msgstr "Reconnectez-vous au compte utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Verify setting by \"<literal>im-config</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vérifiez le paramétrage par «&nbsp;<literal>im-config</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Setup input source by right clicking the GUI toolbar icon."
msgstr ""
"Spécifiez la source d’entrée par un clic-droit sur l’icône de barre d’outils "
"de l’interface graphique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Switch among installed input sources by SUPER-SPACE. (SUPER is normally the "
"Windows key.)"
msgstr ""
"Choisissez parmi les sources d’entrée installées avec SUPER+ESPACE. (en "
"général, SUPER désigne la touche Windows)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> behaves differently if command is executed from "
"root or not."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> se comporte différemment selon que la commande est "
"exécutée depuis le compte de l’administrateur ou non."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> enables the best input method on the system as "
"default without any user actions."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> active la meilleure méthode de saisie sur le "
"système par défaut sans intervention de l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The GUI menu entry for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is disabled as default "
"to prevent cluttering."
msgstr ""
"L’entrée du menu de l’interface graphique pour "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> est désactivée par défaut pour éviter de "
"l’encombrer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Disabling the input method"
msgstr "Désactiver la méthode d’entrée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you wish to input without going through XIM (mechanism used by the X), "
"set \"<literal>$XMODIFIERS</literal>\" value to \"none\" while starting a "
"program. This may be the case if you use Japanese input infrastructure "
"<literal>egg</literal> on <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> while disabling "
"<literal>ibus</literal>. From shell, execute as the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez effectuer une entrée sans passer par XIM (le mécanisme "
"utilisé par X), définissez la valeur de «&nbsp;<literal>$XMODIFIERS</"
"literal>&nbsp;» à «&nbsp;none&nbsp;» lors du lancement d’un programme. Ce "
"peut être le cas si vous utilisez l’infrastructure d’entrée japonaise "
"<literal>egg</literal> sous <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> alors "
"qu'<literal>ibus</literal> est désactivé. Depuis l’interpréteur de "
"commandes, lancez ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ XMODIFIERS=none emacs"
msgstr "$ XMODIFIERS=none emacs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to adjust the command executed by the Debian menu, place customized "
"configuration in \"<literal>/etc/menu/</literal>\" following method "
"described in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/menu/html</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Pour ajuster la commande exécutée par le menu Debian, placez la "
"configuration personnalisée dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/menu/</literal>&nbsp;» "
"en suivant la méthode décrite dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/menu/html</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The display output"
msgstr "L’affichage de sortie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Linux console can only display limited characters.  (You need to use special "
"terminal program such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>jfbterm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to display non-"
"European languages on the non-X console.)"
msgstr ""
"La console Linux ne peut afficher qu’un nombre restreint de caractères. "
"(Vous devrez avoir un programme de terminal particulier tel que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>jfbterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour afficher les langues non européennes sur des "
"consoles autres que la console X)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"X Window can display any characters in the UTF-8 as long as required font "
"data exists. (The encoding of the original font data is taken care by the X "
"Window System and transparent to the user.)"
msgstr ""
"Le système X Window peut afficher tous les caractères UTF-8 dès que les "
"données de polices de caractères existent. (Le codage des données de police "
"d’origine est pris en charge par le système X Window de manière transparente "
"pour l’utilisateur)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The locale"
msgstr "Les paramètres linguistiques («&nbsp;locale&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following focuses on the locale for applications run under X Window "
"environment started from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit met l’accent sur les paramètres linguistiques pour les "
"applications tournant sous l’environnement X Window lancé par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basics of encoding"
msgstr "Bases du codage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The environment variable \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>\" sets the "
"locale to language code \"<literal>xx</literal>\", country code "
"\"<literal>yy</literal>\", and encoding \"<literal>ZZZZ</literal>\" (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"La variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>&nbsp;» "
"définit les paramètres linguistiques avec le code de langue «&nbsp;"
"<literal>xx</literal>&nbsp;», le code de pays «&nbsp;<literal>yy</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et le codage «&nbsp;<literal>ZZZZ</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_literal_lang_literal_variable"
"\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The current Debian system normally sets the locale as \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY."
"UTF-8</literal>\".  This uses the <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> "
"encoding with the <ulink url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> character set. "
"This <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> encoding system is a multibyte code "
"system and uses code points smartly. The <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</"
"ulink> data, which consist only with 7-bit range codes, are always valid "
"UTF-8 data consisting only with 1 byte per character."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian actuel définit normalement les paramètres linguistiques "
"avec «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;». Cela utilise le "
"codage <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> avec le jeu de caractères<ulink "
"url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink>. Ce système de codage <ulink url=\"&utfi;"
"\">UTF-8</ulink> est un système de code multi-octets qui utilise "
"intelligemment les éléments du code. Les données <ulink url=\"&ascii;"
"\">ASCII</ulink>, qui sont uniquement constituées de code sur 7 bits, sont "
"toujours des données UTF-8 valables qui ne comportent qu’un octet par "
"caractère."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The previous Debian system used to set the locale as \"<literal>LANG=C</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>\" (without \"<literal>.UTF-8</"
"literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian précédent définissait habituellement les paramètres "
"linguistiques avec «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=C</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>&nbsp;» (sans «&nbsp;<literal>.UTF-8</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> character set is used for "
"\"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" or \"<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le jeu de caractères <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> est utilisé avec "
"«&nbsp;<literal>LANG=C</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=POSIX</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The traditional encoding system in Unix is used for \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le système de codage traditionnel sous UNIX est utilisé avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Actual traditional encoding system used for \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>"
"\" can be identified by checking \"<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</"
"literal>\".  For example, \"<literal>en_US</literal>\" uses "
"\"<literal>ISO-8859-1</literal>\" encoding and \"<literal>fr_FR@euro</"
"literal>\" uses \"<literal>ISO-8859-15</literal>\" encoding."
msgstr ""
"Le système de codage traditionnel actuel utilisé pour «&nbsp;"
"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>&nbsp;» peut être identifié en vérifiant «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>&nbsp;». Par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>en_US</literal>&nbsp;» utilise le codage «&nbsp;"
"<literal>ISO-8859-1</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>fr_FR@euro</"
"literal>&nbsp;» utilise le codage «&nbsp;<literal>ISO-8859-15</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For meaning of encoding values, see <xref linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values"
"\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour la signification des valeurs de codage, consultez <xref linkend=\"list-"
"of-encoding-values\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Rationale for UTF-8 locale"
msgstr ""
"Justification de l’utilisation d’UTF-8 dans les paramètres linguistiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> character set can represent "
"practically all characters known to human with code point range from 0 to "
"10FFFF in hexadecimal notation.  Its storage requires at least 21 bits."
msgstr ""
"L'ensemble de caractères <ulink url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> peut "
"représenter pratiquement tous les caractères humainement connus avec une "
"notation codée s'entendant de 0 à 10FFFF en notation hexadécimale. Son "
"stockage requiert au moins 21 bits."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Text encoding system <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> fits Unicode code "
"points into a sensible 8 bit data stream compatible with the ASCII data "
"processing system.  <emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF</emphasis> stands for "
"Unicode Transformation Format."
msgstr ""
"Le système d'encodage de texte <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> adapte le "
"code des charactères Unicode dans un flux de données 8 bits adapté et "
"compatible avec le système de traitement des données ASCII. <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">UTF</emphasis> signifie Format de Transformation Unicode («&nbsp;"
"Unicode Transformation Format&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I recommend to use <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> locale for your "
"desktop, e.g., \"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\".  The first part of "
"the locale determines messages presented by applications.  For example, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (text editor for the GNOME Desktop) under "
"\"<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\" locale can display and edit Chinese "
"character text data while presenting menus in French, as long as required "
"fonts and input methods are installed."
msgstr ""
"Je recommande l’utilisation de paramètres linguistiques <ulink url=\"&utfi;"
"\">UTF-8</ulink> pour votre bureau, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=fr_FR."
"UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;». La première partie du paramètre linguistique («&nbsp;"
"locale&nbsp;») détermine comment les messages seront présentés par les "
"applications. Par exemple, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gedit</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (éditeur de texte pour "
"le Bureau GNOME ) avec le paramètre de langue «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=fr_FR."
"UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;» peut afficher et éditer des données textuelles avec "
"des caractères chinois tout en présentant les menus en français, dans la "
"mesure où les polices et les méthodes d’entrée sont installées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I also recommend to set the locale only using the \"<literal>$LANG</literal>"
"\" environment variable. I do not see much benefit of setting a complicated "
"combination of \"<literal>LC_*</literal>\" variables (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>) under UTF-8 locale."
msgstr ""
"Je recommande aussi de ne définir que la variable d’environnement «&nbsp;"
"<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;», je ne vois pas beaucoup d’avantages à "
"définir une combinaison compliquée de variables «&nbsp;<literal>LC_*</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) avec les paramètres "
"linguistiques UTF-8."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Even plain English text may contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. slightly "
"curly left and right quotation marks are not available in ASCII."
msgstr ""
"Même le texte anglais en texte brut peut contenir des caractères non-ASCII, "
"par exemple les guillemets apostrophes culbutés gauches et droits ne sont "
"pas disponibles en ASCII."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"“double quoted text” is not \"double quoted ASCII\"\n"
"‘single quoted text’ is not 'single quoted ASCII'"
msgstr ""
"“texte entre doubles marques de citation” n'est pas \"doubles marques de citation ASCII\"\n"
"‘texte entre simples marques de citation’ n'est pas 'simples marques de citation ASCII'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> plain text data is converted to "
"<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> one, it has exactly the same content and "
"size as the original ASCII one.  So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 "
"locale."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque le texte brut <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> est converti en "
"<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>, il a exactement le même contenu et la "
"même taille que le texte original en ASCII. Il n’y a donc rien à perdre en "
"mettant en œuvre des paramètres régionaux UTF-8."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Some programs consume more memory after supporting I18N.  This is because "
"they are coded to use <ulink url=\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> "
"internally to support Unicode for speed optimization and consume 4 bytes per "
"each ASCII character data independent of locale selected.  Again, you loose "
"nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale."
msgstr ""
"Certains programmes utilisent davantage de mémoire lors de l’utilisation de "
"I18N. Cela parce qu’ils sont codés avec l’utilisation interne d’<ulink url="
"\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> pour la prise en compte d’Unicode afin "
"d’optimiser la vitesse, ils utilisent 4 octets pour chaque caractère ASCII "
"indépendamment de la «&nbsp;locale&nbsp;» sélectionnée. De nouveau, il n’y a "
"rien à perdre en mettant en œuvre des paramètres linguistiques UTF-8."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The vendor specific old non-UTF-8 encoding systems tend to have minor but "
"annoying differences on some characters such as graphic ones for many "
"countries.  The deployment of the UTF-8 system by the modern OSs practically "
"solved these conflicting encoding issues."
msgstr ""
"Les anciens systèmes de codage propriétaires non UTF-8 tendent à avoir une "
"différence mineure mais ennuyeuse pour certains caractères tels que les "
"caractères graphiques pour de nombreux pays. La mise en œuvre du système "
"UTF-8 sur les systèmes d’exploitation modernes a pratiquement résolu ces "
"problèmes de codage conflictuels."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The reconfiguration of the locale"
msgstr "Reconfiguration des paramètres linguistiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order for the system to access a particular locale, the locale data must "
"be compiled from the locale database. (The Debian system does <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">not</emphasis> come with all available locales pre-compiled "
"unless you installed the <literal>locales-all</literal> package.) The full "
"list of supported locales available for compiling is available in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>\". This lists all the proper "
"locale names.  The following lists all the available UTF-8 locales already "
"compiled to the binary form."
msgstr ""
"Pour accéder à un paramètre linguistique particulier, les données du "
"paramètre linguistique doivent être compilées à partir de la base de données "
"des paramètres linguistiques. (Le système Debian n’est <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">pas</emphasis> installé avec tous les paramètres linguistiques "
"précompilés à moins que vous n’ayez installé le paquet <literal>locales-all</"
"literal>). La liste complète des paramètres linguistiques pris en charge "
"pour être compilés se trouve dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</"
"literal>&nbsp;». On y trouve la liste de tous les noms des «&nbsp;"
"locale&nbsp;». La commande ci-après affiche la liste de tous les paramètres "
"linguistiques UTF-8 déjà compilés sous forme binaire&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ locale -a | grep utf8"
msgstr "$ locale -a | grep utf8"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following command execution reconfigures the <literal>locales</literal> "
"package."
msgstr ""
"L’exécution de la commande suivante va reconfigurer le paquet "
"<literal>locales</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dpkg-reconfigure locales"
msgstr "# dpkg-reconfigure locales"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This process involves 3 steps."
msgstr "Ce processus se déroule en trois étapes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Update the list of available locales"
msgstr "mettre à jour la liste des paramètres linguistiques disponibles&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Compile them into the binary form"
msgstr "les compiler sous forme binaire&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set the system wide default locale value in \"<literal>/etc/default/locale</"
"literal>\" for use by PAM (see <xref linkend=\"_pam_and_nss\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"définir la valeur des paramètres linguistiques par défaut pour l’ensemble du "
"système dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>&nbsp;» pour une "
"utilisation par PAM (consultez <xref linkend=\"_pam_and_nss\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The list of available locale should include \"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"
"\" and all the interesting languages with \"<literal>UTF-8</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La liste des paramètres linguistiques disponibles devra comporter «&nbsp;"
"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;» et toutes les langues intéressantes "
"avec «&nbsp;<literal>UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The recommended default locale is \"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" for US "
"English.  For other languages, please make sure to chose locale with "
"\"<literal>UTF-8</literal>\".  Any one of these settings can handle any "
"international characters."
msgstr ""
"Pour l’anglais des USA, le paramètre linguistique recommandé est «&nbsp;"
"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;». Pour les autres langues, assurez-vous "
"de bien choisir une valeur avec «&nbsp;<literal>UTF-8</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (NdT&nbsp;: prendre «&nbsp;<literal>de_FR.UTF-8</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour la langue française en France) . Les caractères "
"internationaux sont tous pris en charge par l’un quelconque de ces "
"paramétrages."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Although setting locale to \"<literal>C</literal>\" uses US English message, "
"it handles only ASCII characters."
msgstr ""
"Bien que le paramètre linguistique «&nbsp;<literal>C</literal>&nbsp;» "
"utilise des messages en anglais, il ne prend en compte que les caractères "
"ASCII."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The value of the \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" environment variable"
msgstr ""
"Valeur de la variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The value of the \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" environment variable is set "
"and changed by many applications."
msgstr ""
"La valeur de la variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</"
"literal>&nbsp;» est définie et modifiée par de nombreuses applications."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set initially by the PAM mechanism of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for the local Linux "
"console programs"
msgstr ""
"Elle est définie au départ par le mécanisme PAM de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour les programmes de console locale de Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set initially by the PAM mechanism of the display manager for all X programs"
msgstr ""
"Elle est définie au départ par le mécanisme PAM du gestionnaire d’affichage "
"pour tous les programmes X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set initially by the PAM mechanism of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for the remote console "
"programs"
msgstr ""
"Elle est définie au départ par le mécanisme PAM "
"de<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour les programmes de la console distante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Changed by some display manager such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for all X programs"
msgstr ""
"Modifiée par certains gestionnaires d’affichage tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour tous les programmes X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Changed by the X session startup code via \"<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>"
"\" for all X programs"
msgstr ""
"Modifiée par le code de démarrage de la session X par l’intermédiaire de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>&nbsp;» pour tous les programmes X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Changed by the shell startup code, e.g. \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\", "
"for all console programs"
msgstr ""
"Modifiée par le code de démarrage de l’interpréteur de commandes, par "
"exemple «&nbsp;<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>&nbsp;», pour tous les programmes "
"de console"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"It is a good idea to install system wide default locale as \"<literal>en_US."
"UTF-8</literal>\" for maximum compatibility."
msgstr ""
"C’est une bonne idée de définir les paramètres linguistiques par défaut pour "
"l’ensemble du système à «&nbsp;<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;» pour un "
"maximum de compatibilité."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Specific locale only under X Window"
msgstr "Paramètre linguistique spécifique sous X Window"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can chose specific locale only under X Window irrespective of your "
"system wide default locale using PAM customization (see <xref linkend="
"\"_pam_and_nss\"/>) as follows."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez choisir vos paramètres linguistiques spécifiques sous X Window "
"indépendamment de leur valeur par défaut valable pour l’ensemble du système "
"en utilisant une personnalisation de PAM (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_pam_and_nss\"/>) comme suit&nbsp;:."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This environment should provide you with your best desktop experience with "
"stability.  You have access to the functioning character terminal with "
"readable messages even when the X Window System is not working.  This "
"becomes essential for languages which use non-roman characters such as "
"Chinese, Japanese, and Korean."
msgstr ""
"Cet environnement devrait vous apporter la meilleure expérience "
"d’environnement de bureau stable. Vous avez accès à un terminal en mode "
"caractères fonctionnel avec des messages lisibles même lorsque le système X "
"Window ne fonctionne pas. Cela devient essentiel pour des langues qui "
"utilisent des caractères non romains tels que le chinois, le japonais et le "
"coréen."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"There may be another way available as the improvement of X session manager "
"package but please read following as the generic and basic method of setting "
"the locale.  For <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, I know you can select "
"the locale of X session via its memu."
msgstr ""
"Il peut exister une autre manière comme l’amélioration du paquet de gestion "
"de session de X mais veuillez lire ce qui suit qui est la méthode générique "
"et basique pour définir les paramètres linguistiques. Pour "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, je sais que l’on peut sélectionner la «&nbsp;locale&nbsp;» de "
"la session X par l’intermédiaire de son memu."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following line defines file location of the language environment in the "
"PAM configuration file, such as \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/gdm3</literal>."
msgstr ""
"La ligne suivante définit l’emplacement du fichier de l’environnement de "
"langue dans le fichier de configuration de PAM, tels que «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/pam.d/gdm3</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "auth    required        pam_env.so read_env=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale"
msgstr "auth    required        pam_env.so read_env=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Change this to the following."
msgstr "Modifiez-la avec ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "auth    required        pam_env.so read_env=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale-x"
msgstr "auth    required        pam_env.so read_env=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale-x"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For Japanese, create a \"<literal>/etc/default/locale-x</literal>\" file "
"with \"<literal>-rw-r--r-- 1 root root</literal>\" permission containing the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Pour le japonais, créez un fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/locale-x</"
"literal>&nbsp;» avec les permissions «&nbsp;<literal>-rw-r--r-- 1 root root</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et contenant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "LANG=\"ja_JP.UTF-8\""
msgstr "LANG=\"ja_JP.UTF-8\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Keep the default \"<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>\" file for other "
"programs as the the following."
msgstr ""
"Conservez le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>&nbsp;» "
"suivant par défaut pour les autres programmes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "LANG=\"en_US.UTF-8\""
msgstr "LANG=\"en_US.UTF-8\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is the most generic technique to customize locale and makes the menu "
"selection dialog of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> itself to be localized."
msgstr ""
"C’est la technique la plus générique pour personnaliser les paramètres "
"linguistiques et faire que la fenêtre du menu de sélection de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> lui-même soit affichée dans la bonne langue."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively for this case, you may simply change locale using the "
"\"<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""
"Pour ce cas, vous pouvez aussi simplement modifier les paramètres "
"linguistiques en utilisant le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/.xsessionrc</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Filename encoding"
msgstr "Coder les noms de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For cross platform data exchanges (see <xref linkend="
"\"_removable_storage_device\"/>), you may need to mount some filesystem with "
"particular encodings.  For example, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for <ulink url="
"\"&vfatfilesystem;\">vfat filesystem</ulink> assumes <ulink url=\"&cpedh;"
"\">CP437</ulink> if used without option.  You need to provide explicit mount "
"option to use <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&cpjdc;"
"\">CP932</ulink> for filenames."
msgstr ""
"Pour les échanges de données entre plateformes (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_removable_storage_device\"/>), il vous faudra peut-être monter certains "
"systèmes de fichiers ayant un codage particulier. Par exemple, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>, la commande mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour un <ulink url="
"\"&vfatfilesystem;\">système de fichiers vfat</ulink> suppose que l’on "
"utilise <ulink url=\"&cpedh;\">CP437</ulink> si on l’utilise sans option. "
"Vous devrez fournir les options explicites à mount pour utiliser des noms de "
"fichiers codés en <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> ou en <ulink url="
"\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"When auto-mounting a hot-pluggable USB memory stick under modern desktop "
"environment such as GNOME, you may provide such mount option by right "
"clicking the icon on the desktop, click \"Drive\" tab, click to expand "
"\"Setting\", and entering \"utf8\" to \"Mount options:\".  The next time "
"this memory stick is mounted, mount with UTF-8 is enabled."
msgstr ""
"Lors du montage automatique d’un clé USB pouvant être branchée à chaud sur "
"un environnement de bureau moderne comme GNOME, vous pouvez indiquer ces "
"options de montage avec un clic-droit sur l’icône du bureau. Cliquez "
"l’onglet «&nbsp;Drive&nbsp;», cliquez «&nbsp;Paramètres&nbsp;» pour "
"l’étendre et entrez «&nbsp;utf8&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;Options de "
"montage&nbsp;». La prochaine fois que vous monterez cette clé mémoire, le "
"montage avec UTF-8 sera activé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If you are upgrading system or moving disk drives from older non-UTF-8 "
"system, file names with non-ASCII characters may be encoded in the historic "
"and deprecated encodings such as <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</"
"ulink> or <ulink url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>.  Please seek help of text "
"conversion tools to convert them to <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>. See "
"<xref linkend=\"_text_data_conversion_tools\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous êtes en train de mettre à jour le système ou de déplacer des disques "
"depuis un ancien système qui n’était pas UTF-8, les noms de fichiers avec "
"des caractères non ASCII peuvent être codés avec des codages historiques et "
"obsolètes tels que <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> ou <ulink "
"url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>. Veuillez consulter l’aide des outils de "
"conversion de texte pour les convertir en <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</"
"ulink>. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_text_data_conversion_tools\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink> uses Unicode for newer clients (Windows "
"NT, 200x, XP) but uses <ulink url=\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink> for older "
"clients (DOS and Windows 9x/Me) as default.  This default for older clients "
"can be changed using \"<literal>dos charset</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/"
"etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>\" file, e.g., to <ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</"
"ulink> for Japanese."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink> utilise Unicode pour les clients les "
"plus récents (Windows NT, 200x, XP) mais utilise  par défaut <ulink url="
"\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink> pour des clients plus anciens (DOS et Windows 9x/"
"Me). Cette valeur par défaut pour les anciens clients peut être modifiée en "
"utilisant «&nbsp;<literal>dos charset</literal>&nbsp;» dans le fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>&nbsp;», par exemple, "
"avec<ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink> pour le japonais."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Localized messages and translated documentation"
msgstr "Messages et documentation traduits"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Translations exist for many of the text messages and documents that are "
"displayed in the Debian system, such as error messages, standard program "
"output, menus, and manual pages.  <ulink url=\"&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;"
"\">GNU gettext(1) command tool chain</ulink> is used as the backend tool for "
"most translation activities."
msgstr ""
"Il existe des traductions de nombreux messages et documents affichés par le "
"système Debian, comme les messages d’erreur, la sortie standard des "
"programmes,les menus et les pages de manuel. La <ulink url="
"\"&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;\"> GNU gettext(1) command tool chain</ulink> "
"est utilisé comme outil de base pour la plupart des activités de traduction."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Under \"Tasks\" → \"Localization\" <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> provides an extensive "
"list of useful binary packages which add localized messages to applications "
"and provide translated documentation."
msgstr ""
"Dans «&nbsp;Tâches&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Localisation&nbsp;» "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> fournit une liste exhaustive de paquets binaires "
"utiles qui ajoutent les traductions de messages aux applications et "
"fournissent de la documentation traduite."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For example, you can obtain the localized message for manpage by installing "
"the <literal>manpages-&lt;LANG&gt;</literal> package. To read the Italian-"
"language manpage for &lt;programname&gt; from \"<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</"
"literal>\", execute as the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez, par exemple, obtenir les messages traduits pour une page de "
"manuel en installant le paquet <literal>manpages-&lt;LANG&gt;</literal>. "
"Pour lire la page de manuel de &lt;nom_programme&gt; en italien depuis "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>&nbsp;», lancez le programme de "
"la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 man &lt;programname&gt;"
msgstr "LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 man &lt;nom_programme&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Effects of the locale"
msgstr "Effet des paramètres linguistiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The sort order of characters with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is affected by the "
"language choice of the locale. Spanish and English locale sort differently."
msgstr ""
"L’ordre de tri des caractères avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est affecté par le "
"choix de la langue des paramètres linguistiques. Les paramètres "
"linguistiques espagnol et anglais effectuent le tri de manière différente."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The date format of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is affected by the "
"locale.  The date format of \"<literal>LANG=C ls -l</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" are different (see <xref linkend="
"\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Le format de date de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est affecté par les "
"paramètres linguistiques. Les formats de date de «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=C ls -"
"l</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>&nbsp;» sont "
"différents (consultez <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/"
">)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Number punctuation are different for locales.  For example, in English "
"locale, one thousand one point one is displayed as \"<literal>1,000.1</"
"literal>\" while in German locale, it is displayed as \"<literal>1.000,1</"
"literal>\".  You may see this difference in spreadsheet program."
msgstr ""
"La ponctuation des nombres est différente selon les paramètres linguistiques."
"Par exemple, avec les paramètres linguistiques anglais, Mille un est affiché "
"sous la forme «&nbsp;<literal>1,000.1</literal>&nbsp;» alors qu’avec les "
"paramètres linguistiques allemands ce sera «&nbsp;<literal>1.000,1</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Vous pouvez voir cette différence dans un programme de "
"feuille de calculs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "System tips"
msgstr "Astuces du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Here, I describe basic tips to configure and manage systems, mostly from the "
"console."
msgstr ""
"Je décris ici les astuces de base pour configurer et gérer les systèmes, la "
"plupart depuis la console."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The screen program"
msgstr "Le programme screen"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is a very useful tool for people to access remote sites via "
"unreliable or intermittent connections since it supports interrupted network "
"connections."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est un outil très utile pour ceux qui accèdent à un site "
"distant par l’intermédiaire d’une connexion non fiable ou intermittente car "
"il gère les interruptions de connexion au réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of programs to support interrupted network connections"
msgstr "Liste de programmes gérant les interruptions de connexion au réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation"
msgstr "multiplexeur de terminal avec une émulation de terminal VT100/ANSI"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The use scenario for screen(1)"
msgstr "Scénario d’utilisation de screen(1)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> not only allows one terminal window to work with multiple "
"processes, but also allows <emphasis role=\"strong\">remote shell process to "
"survive interrupted connections</emphasis>.  Here is a typical use scenario "
"of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ne permet pas uniquement de faire tourner plusieurs processus "
"dans une fenêtre de terminal, mais aussi à un <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">processus de l’interpréteur de commandes distant de survivre à "
"d’éventuelles interruptions de la connexion</emphasis>. Voici un scénario "
"typique de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "You login to a remote machine."
msgstr "vous-vous connectez à une machine distante&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "You start <literal>screen</literal> on a single console."
msgstr "vous démarrez <literal>screen</literal> sur une seule console&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You execute multiple programs in <literal>screen</literal> windows created "
"with <literal>^A c</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"c\")."
msgstr ""
"vous exécutez plusieurs programmes dans les fenêtres <literal>screen</"
"literal> créées avec <literal>^A c</literal> («&nbsp;Ctrl-A&nbsp;» suivi de "
"«&nbsp;c&nbsp;»)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You switch among the multiple <literal>screen</literal> windows by "
"<literal>^A n</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"n\")."
msgstr ""
"vous passez d’une des fenêtres multiples de <literal>screen</literal> à "
"l’autre avec <literal>^A n</literal> («&nbsp;Ctrl-A&nbsp;» suivi de «&nbsp;"
"n&nbsp;»)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Suddenly you need to leave your terminal, but you don't want to lose your "
"active work by keeping the connection."
msgstr ""
"vous avez alors besoin de quitter votre terminal, mais vous ne voulez pas "
"perdre votre travail en cours perdant la connexion."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You may <emphasis role=\"strong\">detach</emphasis> the <literal>screen</"
"literal> session by any methods."
msgstr ""
"vous pouvez <emphasis role=\"strong\">détacher</emphasis> la session "
"<literal>screen</literal> par différentes méthodes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Brutally unplug your network connection"
msgstr "débrancher brutalement votre connexion réseau&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Type <literal>^A d</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"d\") and manually "
"logging out from the remote connection"
msgstr ""
"entrer <literal>^A d</literal> («&nbsp;Ctrl-A&nbsp;» suivi de «&nbsp;"
"d&nbsp;») et en quittant manuellement la connexion distante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Type <literal>^A DD</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"DD\") to have "
"<literal>screen</literal> detach and log you out"
msgstr ""
"entrer <literal>^A DD</literal> («&nbsp;Ctrl-A&nbsp;» suivi de «&nbsp;"
"DD&nbsp;») pour détacher <literal>screen</literal> et vous déconnecter."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You log in again to the same remote machine (even from a different terminal)."
msgstr ""
"Vous vous reconnectez à la même machine distante (même depuis un autre "
"terminal)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"You start <literal>screen</literal> as \"<literal>screen -r</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous lancez <literal>screen</literal> avec «&nbsp;<literal>screen -r</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>screen</literal> magically <emphasis role=\"strong\">reattaches</"
"emphasis> all previous <literal>screen</literal> windows with all actively "
"running programs."
msgstr ""
"<literal>screen</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">réattache</emphasis> "
"magiquement toutes les fenêtres <literal>screen</literal> précédentes avec "
"tous les programmes qui y tournent."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can save connection fees with <literal>screen</literal> for metered "
"network connections such as dial-up and packet ones, because you can leave a "
"process active while disconnected, and then re-attach it later when you "
"connect again."
msgstr ""
"Avec <literal>screen</literal>, vous pouvez économiser des frais de "
"connexion pour les connexions limitées, telles que les connexion commutées "
"ou par paquets, parce que vous laissez un processus actif alors que vous "
"êtes déconnecté. Vous pouvez le ré-attacher plus tard, lorsque vous vous "
"reconnectez."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Key bindings for the screen command"
msgstr "Raccourcis clavier de la commande screen"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In a <literal>screen</literal> session, all keyboard inputs are sent to your "
"current window except for the command keystroke.  All <literal>screen</"
"literal> command keystrokes are entered by typing <literal>^A</literal> "
"(\"Control-A\") plus a single key [plus any parameters].  Here are important "
"ones to remember."
msgstr ""
"Dans une session <literal>screen</literal>, toutes les entrées clavier sont "
"envoyées vers votre fenêtre actuelle sauf les séquences de touche de "
"commande. Toutes les séquences de touche de commande <literal>screen</"
"literal> sont entrées par <literal>^A</literal> («&nbsp;Ctrl-A&nbsp;») suivi "
"d’un seule touche [plus les paramètres]. Voici celles dont il est important "
"de se souvenir."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of key bindings for screen"
msgstr "Liste des raccourcis clavier de screen"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A ?</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A ?</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show a help screen (display key bindings)"
msgstr "afficher l’aide de screen (afficher les raccourcis clavier)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A c</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A c</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "create a new window and switch to it"
msgstr "créer une nouvelle fenêtre et basculer vers celle-ci"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A n</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A n</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "go to next window"
msgstr "aller à la fenêtre suivante"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A p</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A p</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "go to previous window"
msgstr "aller à la fenêtre précédente"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A 0</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A 0</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "go to window number 0"
msgstr "aller à la fenêtre 0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A 1</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A 1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "go to window number 1"
msgstr "aller à la fenêtre 1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A w</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A w</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show a list of windows"
msgstr "afficher la liste des fenêtres"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A a</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A a</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input"
msgstr "envoyer un Ctrl-A à la fenêtre actuelle en tant qu’entrée clavier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A h</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A h</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "write a hardcopy of current window to file"
msgstr "écrire dans un fichier une copie de la fenêtre actuelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A H</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A H</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "begin/end logging current window to file"
msgstr ""
"commencer et finir l’enregistrement de la fenêtre en cours vers un fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A ^X</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A ^X</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "lock the terminal (password protected)"
msgstr "verrouiller le terminal (protégé par un mot de passe)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A d</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A d</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "detach screen session from the terminal"
msgstr "détacher la session screen du terminal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^A DD</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^A DD</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "detach screen session and log out"
msgstr "détacher la session screen et se déconnecter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Data recording and presentation"
msgstr "Enregistrer et présenter des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The log daemon"
msgstr "Le démon de journal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many programs record their activities under the \"<literal>/var/log/</"
"literal>\" directory."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux programmes enregistrent leur activité dans le répertoire «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/var/log/</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The kernel log daemon: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Démon de journal du noyau&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The system log daemon: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Démon de journal du système&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_the_system_message\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_the_kernel_message\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_system_message\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_the_kernel_message\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Log analyzer"
msgstr "Analyseur de journaux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are notable log analyzers (\"<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>"
"\" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
msgstr ""
"Voici les principaux analyseurs de journaux («&nbsp;<literal>~Gsecurity::log-"
"analyzer</literal>&nbsp;» dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of system log analyzers"
msgstr "Liste des analyseurs de journaux système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "log analyzer with nice output written in Perl"
msgstr "analyseur de journal avec une sortie sympathique en Perl"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "web server log analyzer"
msgstr "analyseur des journaux du serveur web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "powerful and featureful web server log analyzer"
msgstr ""
"analyseur des journaux du serveur web puissant ayant de nombreuses "
"fonctionnalités"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "squid analysis report generator"
msgstr "générateur de rapport d’analyse de squid"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Postfix log entry summarizer"
msgstr "résumer les entrées de journal de postfix"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "summarize the contents of a syslog log file"
msgstr "résumer le contenu du fichier journal syslog"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full-featured log analyzer and report generator"
msgstr ""
"analyseur de journaux et générateur de rapports ayant de nombreuses "
"fonctionnalités"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "firewall log analyzer"
msgstr "analyseur des journaux du pare-feu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "monitor and analyze squid access.log files"
msgstr "surveiller et analyser les fichiers access.log de squid"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "fast web server log analyzer"
msgstr "analyseur de journaux rapide pour le serveur web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "log file viewer with regexp matching, highlighting, and hooks"
msgstr ""
"visualisateur de fichier journal avec correspondance d’expressions "
"rationnelles, mise en évidence et «&nbsp;hooks&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Controllable Regex Mutilator and Spam Filter (CRM114)"
msgstr "analyseur et filtre de données diverses, dont les pourriels (CRM114)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "interpret ICMP messages"
msgstr "interpréter les messages ICMP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&crmbbe;\">CRM114</ulink> provides language infrastructure to "
"write <emphasis role=\"strong\">fuzzy</emphasis> filters with the <ulink url="
"\"&treregexlibrary;\">TRE regex library</ulink>.  Its popular use is spam "
"mail filter but it can be used as log analyzer."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&crmbbe;\">CRM114</ulink> fournit une architecture de "
"vocabulaire pour écrire des filtres <emphasis role=\"strong\">fuzzy</"
"emphasis> avec la <ulink url=\"&treregexlibrary;\">bibliothèque "
"d’expressions rationnelles TRE</ulink>. Une de ses utilisations courantes "
"est le filtrage des pourriels mais il peut aussi être utilisé pour l’analyse "
"de journaux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recording the shell activities cleanly"
msgstr "Enregistrer proprement l’activité de la console"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The simple use of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_recording_the_shell_activities\"/>) to record shell activity produces a "
"file with control characters.  This can be avoided by using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>col</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> as the following."
msgstr ""
"La simple utilisation de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities\"/>) pour enregistrer l’activité "
"de l’interpréteur de commandes produit un fichier avec des caractères de "
"contrôle. Cela peut être évité en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>col</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Do whatever … and press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""
"faites quelque chose… et pressez <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> pour quitter "
"<literal>script</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ col -bx &lt;typescript &gt;cleanedfile\n"
"$ vim cleanedfile"
msgstr ""
"$ col -bx &lt;typescript &gt;fichier_propre\n"
"$ vim fichier_propre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you don't have <literal>script</literal> (for example, during the boot "
"process in the initramfs), you can use the following instead."
msgstr ""
"si vous n’avez pas <literal>script</literal> (par exemple pendant le "
"processus d’amorçage dans l’initramfs), vous pouvez alors utiliser ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sh -i 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee typescript"
msgstr "$ sh -i 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee typescript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Some <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> such as <literal>gnome-terminal</"
"literal> can record.  You may wish to extend line buffer for scrollback."
msgstr ""
"Certains <literal>émulateurs de terminaux X</literal> tels que "
"<literal>gnome-terminal</literal> peuvent faire de l’enregistrement. Il "
"faudra peut-être augmenter la taille du tampon de lignes pour le défilement "
"vers l’arrière."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You may use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> with \"<literal>^A H</literal>\" (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_key_bindings_for_the_screen_command\"/>) to perform recording of "
"console."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>^A H</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_key_bindings_for_the_screen_command\"/>) pour effectuer des "
"enregistrement de la console."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You may use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> with \"<literal>M-x shell</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>M-x eshell</literal>\", or \"<literal>M-x term</literal>\" to "
"perform recording of console.  You may later use \"<literal>C-x C-w</literal>"
"\" to write the buffer to a file."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec «&nbsp;<literal>M-"
"x shell</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>M-x eshell</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"«&nbsp;<literal>M-x term</literal>&nbsp;» pour effectuer l’enregistrement de "
"la console. Vous pourrez ensuite utiliser «&nbsp;<literal>C-x C-w</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour enregistrer le tampon dans un fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customized display of text data"
msgstr "Affichage personnalisé des données de texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although pager tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (see <xref linkend=\"_the_pager\"/>) and custom tools for "
"highlighting and formatting (see <xref linkend="
"\"_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data\"/>) can display text data "
"nicely, general purpose editors (see <xref linkend=\"_the_text_editor\"/>) "
"are most versatile and customizable."
msgstr ""
"Bien que des outils de visualisation de texte («&nbsp;pager&nbsp;» tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez  <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_pager\"/>) et des outils personnalisés de mise en évidence et "
"de formatage (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data\"/>) peuvent afficher des "
"données textuelles de manière agréable, les éditeurs généralistes (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_text_editor\"/>) sont plus souples et paramétrables."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and its pager mode alias "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>view</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, \"<literal>:set hls</literal>\" enables highlighted search."
msgstr ""
"Pour <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et ses alias de visualisation de texte "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>view</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, «&nbsp;<literal>:set hls</literal>&nbsp;» active la recherche "
"avec mise en évidence."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customized display of time and date"
msgstr "Affichage personnalisé de la date et de l’heure"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The default display format of time and date by the \"<literal>ls -l</literal>"
"\" command depends on the <emphasis role=\"strong\">locale</emphasis> (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_timestamps\"/> for value).  The \"<literal>$LANG</literal>"
"\" variable is referred first and it can be overridden by the \"<literal>"
"$LC_TIME</literal>\" variable."
msgstr ""
"Le format par défaut de la date et de l’heure de la commande «&nbsp;"
"\"<literal>ls -l</literal>&nbsp;» dépend des <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">paramètres régionaux</emphasis> (consultez la valeur en <xref linkend="
"\"_timestamps\"/>). La variable «&nbsp;<literal>$LANG</literal>&nbsp;» est "
"d’abord visée, elle peut être surchargée par la variable «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$LC_TIME</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The actual default display format for each locale depends on the version of "
"the standard C library (the <literal>libc6</literal> package) used.  I.e., "
"different releases of Debian had different defaults."
msgstr ""
"Le format réel de l’affichage pour chaque paramètre linguistique dépend de "
"la version de la bibliothèque C standard (paquet <literal>libc6</literal>) "
"utilisée. Par exemple, les différentes versions de Debian ont des valeurs "
"par défaut différentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you really wish to customize this display format of time and date beyond "
"the <emphasis role=\"strong\">locale</emphasis>, you should set the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">time style value</emphasis> by the \"<literal>--"
"time-style</literal>\" argument or by the \"<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>\" "
"value (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, \"<literal>info "
"coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez vraiment personnaliser ce format d’affichage de la date et "
"de l’heure plus loin que ne le fait <emphasis role=\"strong\">locale</"
"emphasis>, vous pouvez définir la <emphasis role=\"strong\">valeur de style "
"d’heure</emphasis> avec le paramètre «&nbsp;<literal>--time-style</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ou par la valeur de «&nbsp;<literal>$TIME_STYLE</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, «&nbsp;<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"Display examples of time and date for the \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" "
"command for <literal>wheezy</literal>"
msgstr ""
"Exemples d’affichage de la date et de l’heure pour la commande «&nbsp;"
"<literal>ls -l</literal>&nbsp;» avec <literal>wheezy</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "time style value"
msgstr "valeur de style pour l’heure"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "locale"
msgstr "locale"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "display of time and date"
msgstr "affichage de la date et l’heure"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>iso</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>iso</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "any"
msgstr "n’importe laquelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>01-19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>01-19 00:15</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>long-iso</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>long-iso</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>full-iso</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>full-iso</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15:16.000000000 +0900</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15:16.000000000 +0900</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>locale</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>locale</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>Jan 19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>Jan 19 00:15</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ene 19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ene 19 00:15</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>+%d.%m.%y %H:%M</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>+%d.%m.%y %H:%M</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>19.01.09 00:15</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>19.01.09 00:15</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>+%d.%b.%y %H:%M</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>+%d.%b.%y %H:%M</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>C</literal> or <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>C</literal> ou <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>19.Jan.09 00:15</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>19.Jan.09 00:15</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>19.ene.09 00:15</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>19.ene.09 00:15</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can eliminate typing long option on commandline using command alias, e."
"g. \"<literal>alias ls='ls --time-style=+%d.%m.%y\\ %H:%M'</literal>\" (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_command_alias\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez éviter d’entrer des options longues sur la ligne de commande en "
"utilisant les alias de commande, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>alias ls='ls --"
"time-style=+%d.%m.%y\\ %H:%M'</literal>&nbsp;»  (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_command_alias\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</ulink> is followed for these iso-formats."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</ulink> est suivie pour ces formats iso."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Colorized shell echo"
msgstr "Écho colorisé de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Shell echo to most modern terminals can be colorized using <ulink url="
"\"&ansiescapecode;\">ANSI escape code</ulink> (see \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"L’écho de l’interpréteur de commandes sur la plupart des terminaux peut être "
"colorisé en utilisant le <ulink url=\"&ansiescapecode;\">code ANSI "
"d’échappement</ulink> (consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/"
"ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ RED=$(printf \"\\x1b[31m\")\n"
"$ NORMAL=$(printf \"\\x1b[0m\")\n"
"$ REVERSE=$(printf \"\\x1b[7m\")\n"
"$ echo \"${RED}RED-TEXT${NORMAL} ${REVERSE}REVERSE-TEXT${NORMAL}\""
msgstr ""
"$ ROUGE=$(printf \"\\x1b[31m\")\n"
"$ NORMAL=$(printf \"\\x1b[0m\")\n"
"$ INVERSE=$(printf \"\\x1b[7m\")\n"
"$ echo \"${ROUGE}TEXTE-ROUGE${NORMAL} ${INVERSE}TEXTE-INVERSE${NORMAL}\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Colorized commands"
msgstr "Commandes colorisées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Colorized commands are handy for inspecting their output in the interactive "
"environment.  I include the following in my \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes colorisées sont pratiques pour examiner la sortie d’une "
"commande dans l’environnement interactif. J’inclus ce qui suit dans mon "
"fichier «&nbsp;<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"if [ \"$TERM\" != \"dumb\" ]; then\n"
"    eval \"`dircolors -b`\"\n"
"    alias ls='ls --color=always'\n"
"    alias ll='ls --color=always -l'\n"
"    alias la='ls --color=always -A'\n"
"    alias less='less -R'\n"
"    alias ls='ls --color=always'\n"
"    alias grep='grep --color=always'\n"
"    alias egrep='egrep --color=always'\n"
"    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=always'\n"
"    alias zgrep='zgrep --color=always'\n"
"else\n"
"    alias ll='ls -l'\n"
"    alias la='ls -A'\n"
"fi"
msgstr ""
"if [ \"$TERM\" != \"dumb\" ]; then\n"
"    eval \"`dircolors -b`\"\n"
"    alias ls='ls --color=always'\n"
"    alias ll='ls --color=always -l’\n"
"    alias la='ls --color=always -A'\n"
"    alias less='less -R'\n"
"    alias ls='ls --color=always'\n"
"    alias grep='grep --color=always'\n"
"    alias egrep='egrep --color=always'\n"
"    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=always'\n"
"    alias zgrep='zgrep --color=always'\n"
"else\n"
"    alias ll='ls -l’\n"
"    alias la='ls -A'\n"
"fi"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The use of alias limits color effects to the interactive command usage.  It "
"has advantage over exporting environment variable \"<literal>export "
"GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>\" since color can be seen under pager "
"programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  If you wish to "
"suppress color when piping to other programs, use \"<literal>--color=auto</"
"literal>\" instead in the above example for \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation d’alias réserve les effets de couleurs à l’utilisation "
"interactives des commandes. Il a l’avantage sur l’exportation de la variable "
"d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</"
"literal>&nbsp;» car la couleur peut être affichée avec des programmes de "
"visualisation («&nbsp;pager&nbsp;» tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Si vous souhaitez supprimer la couleur lors du tubage («&nbsp;"
"piping&nbsp;» à destination d’autres programmes, utilisez plutôt «&nbsp;"
"<literal>--color=auto</literal>&nbsp;» dans l’exemple ci-dessus pour «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can turn off these colorizing aliases in the interactive environment by "
"invoking shell with \"<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez désactiver ces alias dans l’environnement interactif en appelant "
"l’interpréteur de commandes par «&nbsp;<literal>TERM=dumb bash</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recording the editor activities for complex repeats"
msgstr "Enregistrer l’activité de l’éditeur pour des répétitions complexes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can record the editor activities for complex repeats."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez enregistrer l’activité de l’éditeur pour des répétitions "
"complexes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, as follows."
msgstr "Pour <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>qa</literal>\": start recording typed characters into named "
"register \"<literal>a</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>qa</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: démarre l’enregistrement des "
"caractères entrés dans le registre appelé «&nbsp;<literal>a</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "… editor activities"
msgstr "… activité de l’éditeur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>q</literal>\": end recording typed characters."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>q</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: termine l’enregistrement des "
"caractères entrés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>@a</literal>\": execute the contents of register \"<literal>a</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>@a</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: exécute le contenu du registre "
"«&nbsp;<literal>a</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink>, as follows."
msgstr ""
"Pour <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink>, de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>C-x (</literal>\": start defining a keyboard macro."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;:<literal>C-x (</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: commencer la définition d’une "
"macro clavier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>C-x )</literal>\": end defining a keyboard macro."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>C-x )</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: terminer la définition d’une "
"macro clavier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>C-x e</literal>\": execute a keyboard macro."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>C-x e</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: exécuter une macro clavier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recording the graphic image of an X application"
msgstr "Enregistrer l’image graphique d’une application X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are few ways to record the graphic image of an X application, "
"including an <literal>xterm</literal> display."
msgstr ""
"Il existe plusieurs manières d’enregistrer l’image graphique d’une "
"application X, y compris un affichage <literal>xterm</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of graphic image manipulation tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de manipulation d’images"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GUI menu"
msgstr "Interface graphique du menu"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>import</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>import</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>scrot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>scrot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Recording changes in configuration files"
msgstr "Enregistrer les modifications dans des fichiers de configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are specialized tools to record changes in configuration files with "
"help of DVCS system."
msgstr ""
"Il existe des outils spécialisés pour enregistrer les modifications de la "
"configuration avec l’aide du système DVCS."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of packages to record configuration history in VCS"
msgstr ""
"Liste de paquets pour enregistrer un historique de configuration dans VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"store configuration files and their metadata with <ulink url=\"&git;\">Git</"
"ulink> (default), <ulink url=\"&mercurial;\">Mercurial</ulink>, or <ulink "
"url=\"&bazaar;\">Bazaar</ulink> (new)"
msgstr ""
"enregistrer les fichiers de configuration et leurs métadonnées avec <ulink "
"url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink> (par défaut), <ulink url=\"&mercurial;"
"\">Mercurial</ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&bazaar;\">Bazaar</ulink> (nouveau)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "store configuration files with <ulink url=\"&rcs;\">RCS</ulink> (old)"
msgstr ""
"enregistrer les fichiers de configuration avec <ulink url=\"&rcs;\">RCS</"
"ulink> (ancien)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I recommend to use the <literal>etckeeper</literal> package with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> which put entire \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" under VCS "
"control.  Its installation guide and tutorial are found in \"<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/etckeeper/README.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Je recommande l’utilisation avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet "
"<literal>etckeeper</literal>, il met l’ensemble de «&nbsp;<literal>/etc</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sous le contrôle de VCS. Son guide d’installation et un "
"tutoriel se trouvent dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/etckeeper/README."
"gz</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Essentially, running \"<literal>sudo etckeeper init</literal>\" initializes "
"the git repository for \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" just like the process "
"explained in <xref linkend=\"_git_for_recording_configuration_history\"/> "
"but with special hook scripts for more thorough setups."
msgstr ""
"Essentiellement, l’exécution de «&nbsp;<literal>sudo etckeeper init</"
"literal>&nbsp;» initialise le dépôt git pour «&nbsp;<literal>/etc</"
"literal>&nbsp;» exactement comme le processus décrit dans <xref linkend="
"\"_git_for_recording_configuration_history\"/> mais avec quelques scripts "
"automatiques («&nbsp;hook&nbsp;») permettant une configuration plus "
"approfondie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"As you change your configuration, you can use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> normally to record them.  It automatically records changes "
"nicely every time you run package management commands, too."
msgstr ""
"Alors que vous effectuez des modifications de votre configuration, vous "
"pouvez aussi utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> normalement pour "
"l’enregistrer. Il enregistre parfaitement les modifications chaque fois que "
"vous lancez des commandes de gestion de paquet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can browse the change history of \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" by "
"executing \"<literal>sudo GIT_DIR=/etc/.git gitk</literal>\" with clear view "
"for new installed packages, removed packages, and version changes of "
"packages."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez parcourir l’historique des modifications de «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc</literal>&nbsp;» en exécutant «&nbsp;<literal>sudo GIT_DIR=/etc/.git "
"gitk</literal>&nbsp;» avec une vue claire des nouveaux paquets installés et "
"les changements de version des paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities"
msgstr "Surveiller, contrôler et démarrer l’activité des programmes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Program activities can be monitored and controlled using specialized tools."
msgstr ""
"L’activité des programmes peut être surveillée et contrôlée à l’aide "
"d’outils spécialisés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities"
msgstr ""
"Liste des outils de surveillance et de contrôle de l’activité des programmes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: run a program with modified scheduling priority"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: lancer un programme avec une priorité d’ordonnancement "
"modifiée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>renice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: modify the scheduling priority of a running process"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>renice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: modifier la priorité d’ordonnancement d’un programme en "
"cours d’exécution"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem utilities: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, …"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires du système de fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>/proc</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem utilities: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>peekfd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires du système de fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>/proc</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>peekfd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: run a program to report system resource usages with respect "
"to time"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: lancer un programme qui indique l’utilisation des "
"ressources du système en fonction du temps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iostat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, …: system performance tools for Linux"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iostat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, …&nbsp;: outils de mesure des performances du système pour "
"Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat"
msgstr "Générateur interactif de graphes de l’activité système pour sysstat"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsof</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: list files opened by a running process using \"<literal>-p</"
"literal>\" option"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsof</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: afficher la liste des fichiers ouverts par un processus "
"en cours d’utilisation en utilisant l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-p</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: trace system calls and signals"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: tracer les appels système et les signaux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: trace library calls"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: tracer les appels de bibliothèque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: trace communication between X11 client and server"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: tracer la communication entre un client X11 et le "
"serveur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>powertop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>: information about system power use"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>powertop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;: information concernant la puissance "
"électrique utilisée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"run processes according to a schedule in background from "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> daemon"
msgstr ""
"faire tourner des processus en arrière plan selon un calendrier depuis le "
"démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day"
msgstr ""
"ordonnanceur de type cron pour les systèmes qui ne tournent pas 24 heures "
"sur 24 "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>batch</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: run a job at a "
"specified time or below certain load level"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>batch</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;: lancer un "
"travail à une heure déterminée ou en dessous d’un niveau de charge donné"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>procps</literal> packages provide very basics of monitoring, "
"controlling, and starting program activities.  You should learn all of them."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>procps</literal> fournit des fonctions très basiques de "
"surveillance, de contrôle et de lancement des activités du programme. Vous "
"devriez toutes les apprendre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Timing a process"
msgstr "Temps d’un processus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Display time used by the process invoked by the command."
msgstr "Afficher la durée du processus indiqué dans la commande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# time some_command &gt;/dev/null\n"
"real    0m0.035s       # time on wall clock (elapsed real time)\n"
"user    0m0.000s       # time in user mode\n"
"sys     0m0.020s       # time in kernel mode"
msgstr ""
"# time une_commande &gt;/dev/null\n"
"real    0m0.035s       # temps horloge (temps réel écoulé)\n"
"user    0m0.000s       # temps en mode utilisateur\n"
"sys     0m0.020s       # temps en mode noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The scheduling priority"
msgstr "La priorité d’ordonnancement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A nice value is used to control the scheduling priority for the process."
msgstr ""
"Une valeur de politesse («&nbsp;nice&nbsp;» est utilisée pour contrôler la "
"priorité d’ordonnancement du processus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of nice values for the scheduling priority"
msgstr "Liste des valeurs de politesse pour la priorité d’ordonnancement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "nice value"
msgstr "valeur de politesse"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "scheduling priority"
msgstr "priorité d’ordonnancement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "19"
msgstr "19"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "lowest priority process (nice)"
msgstr "la plus basse priorité d’un processus (poli)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "very high priority process for user"
msgstr "très haute priorité de processus pour un utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "-20"
msgstr "-20"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "very high priority process for root (not-nice)"
msgstr "très haute priorité d’un processus pour root (non poli)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# nice  -19 top                                      # very nice\n"
"# nice --20 wodim -v -eject speed=2 dev=0,0 disk.img # very fast"
msgstr ""
"# nice  -19 top                                      # très poli\n"
"# nice --20 wodim -v -eject speed=2 dev=0,0 disk.img # très rapide"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system.  Use "
"this command carefully."
msgstr ""
"Parfois, une valeur extrême de politesse («&nbsp;nice&nbsp;») fait plus de "
"mal que de bien au système. Utilisez cette commande avec précaution."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The ps command"
msgstr "La commande ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command on a Debian system support both BSD and SystemV "
"features and helps to identify the process activity statically."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> sous Debian comporte à la fois les fonctionnalités "
"de BSD et de SystemV, elle aide à identifier l’activité des processus de "
"manière statique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of ps command styles"
msgstr "Liste des styles de la commande ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "style"
msgstr "style"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "typical command"
msgstr "commande typique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "feature"
msgstr "fonction"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "BSD"
msgstr "BSD"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ps aux</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ps aux</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display %CPU %MEM"
msgstr "afficher %CPU %MEM"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "System V"
msgstr "System V"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>ps -efH</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>ps -efH</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display PPID"
msgstr "afficher le PPID"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the zombie (defunct) children process, you can kill them by the parent "
"process ID identified in the \"<literal>PPID</literal>\" field."
msgstr ""
"Les processus fils zombies («&nbsp;defunct&nbsp;») peuvent être tués par "
"l’identifiant du processus parent identifié dans le champ «&nbsp;"
"<literal>PPID</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command display a tree of processes."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> affiche une arborescence des processus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The top command"
msgstr "La commande top"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> on the Debian system has rich features and helps to identify "
"what process is acting funny dynamically."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sous Debian a de riches fonctionnalités et aide à identifier "
"de manière dynamique quels sont les processus qui ont une activité curieuse."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Its is an interactive full screen program.  You can get its usage help press "
"by pressing the \"h\"-key and terminate it by pressing the \"q\"-key."
msgstr ""
"C'est un programme interactif en mode plein écran. Vous pouvez afficher "
"l'aide sur son utilisation en tapant la touche « h » et la quitter en tapant "
"la touche « q »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Listing files opened by a process"
msgstr "Afficher les fichier ouverts par un processus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can list all files opened by a process with a process ID (PID), e.g. 1, "
"by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez afficher la liste des fichiers ouverts par un processus avec un "
"identifiant de processus (PID), par exemple de 1 en faisant ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo lsof -p 1"
msgstr "$ sudo lsof -p 1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "PID=1 is usually the <literal>init</literal> program."
msgstr "PID=1 est habituellement le programme <literal>init</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Tracing program activities"
msgstr "Tracer l’activité d’un programme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can trace program activity with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for system calls and "
"signals, library calls, or communication between X11 client and server."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez tracer l’activité d’un programme avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour les appels système, les appels bibliothèque ou la "
"communication entre le serveur et le client X11."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can trace system calls of the <literal>ls</literal> command as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez tracer les appels système  de la commande <literal>ls</literal> "
"de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo strace ls"
msgstr "$ sudo strace ls"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Identification of processes using files or sockets"
msgstr "Identification des processus qui utilisent des fichiers ou des sockets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can also identify processes using files by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, e.g. for \"<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>\" by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi identifier les processus qui utilisent des fichiers par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, par exemple pour «&nbsp;<literal>/var/log/mail.log</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo fuser -v /var/log/mail.log\n"
"                     USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND\n"
"/var/log/mail.log:   root       2946 F.... rsyslogd"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo fuser -v /var/log/mail.log\n"
"                     UTIL.       PID ACCÈS  COMMANDE\n"
"/var/log/mail.log:   root       2946 F.... rsyslogd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You see that file \"<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>\" is open for "
"writing by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command."
msgstr ""
"Vous voyez que le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>&nbsp;» "
"est ouvert en écriture par la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can also identify processes using sockets by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, e.g. for \"<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi identifier les processus qui utilisent des sockets par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, par exemple, pour «&nbsp;<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>&nbsp;» "
"par ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo fuser -v smtp/tcp\n"
"                     USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND\n"
"smtp/tcp:            Debian-exim   3379 F.... exim4"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo fuser -v smtp/tcp\n"
"                     USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND\n"
"smtp/tcp:            Debian-exim   3379 F.... exim4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Now you know your system runs <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to handle <ulink url="
"\"&tcp;\">TCP</ulink> connections to <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> port "
"(25)."
msgstr ""
"Vous savez maintenant que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> tourne sur votre "
"système pour gérer les connexions <ulink url=\"&tcp;\">TCP</ulink> du port "
"<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> (25)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Repeating a command with a constant interval"
msgstr "Répéter une commande avec un intervalle constant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> executes a program repeatedly with a constant interval while "
"showing its output in fullscreen."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> execute un programme de manière répétitive avec un intervalle "
"constant tout en affichant sa sortie en plein écran."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ watch w"
msgstr "$ watch w"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds."
msgstr ""
"Cela permet l’affichage, mis à jour toutes les deux secondes, de qui est "
"connecté au système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Repeating a command looping over files"
msgstr "Répéter une commande en bouclant entre des fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are several ways to repeat a command looping over files matching some "
"condition, e.g. matching glob pattern \"<literal>*.ext</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Il existe plusieurs manières de répéter une boucle de commande entre des "
"fichiers correspondant à une condition, par exemple, correspondant au motif "
"«&nbsp;glob&nbsp;» «&nbsp;<literal>*.ext</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Shell for-loop method (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_loops\"/>):"
msgstr ""
"Méthode de la boucle «&nbsp;for»&nbsp;» de l’interpréteur de commandes "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_shell_loops\"/>)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "for x in *.ext; do if [ -f \"$x\"]; then command \"$x\" ; fi; done"
msgstr "for x in *.ext; do if [ -f \"$x\"]; then commande \"$x\" ; fi; done"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> combination:"
msgstr ""
"combinaison de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1 command"
msgstr "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1 commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with \"<literal>-exec</literal>\" option with a command:"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-exec</literal>&nbsp;» avec une "
"commande&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec command '{}' \\;"
msgstr "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec commande '{}' \\;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with \"<literal>-exec</literal>\" option with a short shell "
"script:"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-exec</literal>&nbsp;» avec un "
"court script de l’interpréteur&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec sh -c \"command '{}' &amp;&amp; echo 'successful'\" \\;"
msgstr "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec sh -c \"commande '{}' &amp;&amp; echo 'succès'\" \\;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The above examples are written to ensure proper handling of funny file names "
"such as ones containing spaces.  See <xref linkend="
"\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> for more advance uses of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les exemple ci-dessus ont été écrits afin d’assurer une prise en compte "
"correcte de noms de fichiers étranges tels que ceux qui comportent des "
"espaces. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> "
"pour une utilisation avancée de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Starting a program from GUI"
msgstr "Lancer un programme depuis l’interface graphique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the <ulink url=\"&commandlineinterfacecli;\">command-line interface "
"(CLI)</ulink>, the first program with the matching name found in the "
"directories specified in the <literal>$PATH</literal> environment variable "
"is executed. See <xref linkend=\"_the_literal_path_literal_variable\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour <ulink url=\"&commandlineinterfacecli;\">l'interface en ligne de "
"commande (CLI)</ulink>, le premier programme trouvé dans les répertoires "
"spécifiés dans la variable d'environnement <literal>$PATH</literal>, et dont "
"le nom correspond, est exécuté. Voir <xref linkend="
"\"_the_literal_path_literal_variable\"/>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the <ulink url=\"&graphicaluserinterfacegui;\">graphical user interface "
"(GUI)</ulink> compliant to the <ulink url=\"&freedesktoporg;\">freedesktop."
"org</ulink> standards, the <literal>*.desktop</literal> files in the "
"<literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> directory provide necessary "
"attributes for the GUI menu display of each program. See <xref linkend="
"\"_freedesktop_org_menu\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour <ulink url=\"&graphicaluserinterfacegui;\">l'interface utilisateur "
"graphique (GUI)</ulink> conforme aux standards <ulink url=\"&freedesktoporg;"
"\">freedesktop.org</ulink>, le fichier <literal>*.desktop</literal> présent "
"dans le répertoire <literal>/usr/share/applications</literal> fournit les "
"attributs nécessaires à l'affichage de chaque programme dans le menu "
"graphique (GUI). Voir <xref linkend=\"_freedesktop_org_menu\"/>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For example, the <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> file defines attributes "
"for the \"Chromium Web Browser\" such as \"Name\" for the program name, "
"\"Exec\" for the program execution path and arguments, \"Icon\" for the icon "
"used, etc. (see the <ulink url=\"&desktopentryspecification;\">Desktop Entry "
"Specification</ulink>) as follows:"
msgstr ""
"Par exemple, le fichier <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> définit les "
"attributs pour le \"Navigateur Web Chromium\" tel que \"Name\" pour le nom "
"du programme, \"Exec\" pour le chemin et les paramètres d'exécution du "
"programme, \"Icon\" pour l'icône utilisée, etc. (voir la <ulink url="
"\"&desktopentryspecification;\">Spécification d'Entrée de fichier Desktop</"
"ulink>) comme suit :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"[Desktop Entry]\n"
"Version=1.0\n"
"Name=Chromium Web Browser\n"
"GenericName=Web Browser\n"
"Comment=Access the Internet\n"
"Comment[fr]=Explorer le Web\n"
"Exec=/usr/bin/chromium %U\n"
"Terminal=false\n"
"X-MultipleArgs=false\n"
"Type=Application\n"
"Icon=chromium\n"
"Categories=Network;WebBrowser;\n"
"MimeType=text/html;text/xml;application/xhtml_xml;x-scheme-handler/http;x-scheme-handler/https;\n"
"StartupWMClass=Chromium\n"
"StartupNotify=true"
msgstr ""
"[Desktop Entry]\n"
"Version=1.0\n"
"Name=Navigateur Web Chromium\n"
"GenericName=Navigateur Web\n"
"Comment=Access Internet\n"
"Comment[fr]=Explorer le Web\n"
"Exec=/usr/bin/chromium %U\n"
"Terminal=false\n"
"X-MultipleArgs=false\n"
"Type=Application\n"
"Icon=chromium\n"
"Categories=Network;WebBrowser;\n"
"MimeType=text/html;text/xml;application/xhtml_xml;x-scheme-handler/http;x-scheme-handler/https;\n"
"StartupWMClass=Chromium\n"
"StartupNotify=true"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is an oversimplified description. The <literal>*.desktop</literal> "
"files are scanned as follows."
msgstr ""
"Ceci est une description extrêmement simplifiée. Les fichiers <literal>*."
"desktop</literal> sont analysés comme suit:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The desktop environment sets <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> and <literal>"
"$XDG_DATA_DIR</literal> environment variables.  For example, under the GNOME "
"3:"
msgstr ""
"L'environnement de bureau définit les variables d'environnement <literal>"
"$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> et <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIR</literal>. Par exemple, "
"sous GNOME 3 :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> is unset. (The default value of <literal>"
"$HOME/.local/share</literal> is used.)"
msgstr ""
"« <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> » n'est pas paramétré. (La valeur par "
"défaut de « <literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal> » est utilisée.)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> is set to <literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/"
"local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>."
msgstr ""
"« <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> » est paramétré à « <literal>/usr/share/"
"gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"So the base directories (see <ulink url=\"&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;"
"\">XDG Base Directory Specification</ulink>) and the <literal>applications</"
"literal> directories are as follows."
msgstr ""
"Les répertoires de base (voir <ulink url=\"&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;"
"\">Spécification du répertoire de base XDG</ulink> et les répertoires des "
"« <literal>applications</literal> » sont donc les suivants :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>$HOME/.local/share/</literal> → <literal>$HOME/.local/share/"
"applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>$HOME/.local/share/</literal> → <literal>$HOME/.local/share/"
"applications</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>/usr/share/gnome/</literal> → <literal>/usr/share/gnome/"
"applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>/usr/share/gnome/</literal> → <literal>/usr/share/gnome/"
"applications/</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>/usr/local/share/</literal> → <literal>/usr/local/share/"
"applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>/usr/local/share/</literal> → <literal>/usr/local/share/"
"applications</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>/usr/share/</literal> → <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>/usr/share/</literal> → <literal>/usr/share/applications</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned in these "
"<literal>applications</literal> directories in this order."
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers <literal>*.desktop</literal> sont parcourus dans ces "
"répertoires <literal>applications</literal> dans cet ordre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"A user custom GUI menu entry can be created by adding a <literal>*.desktop</"
"literal> file in the <literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal> "
"directory."
msgstr ""
"Une entrée de menu « graphique » personnalisée peut être créée en ajoutant "
"un fichier « <literal>*.desktop</literal> » dans le dossier « <literal>"
"$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the "
"<literal>autostart</literal> directory under these base directories, the "
"specified program in the <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is executed "
"automatically when the desktop environment is started. See <ulink url="
"\"&desktopapplicatiartspecification;\">Desktop Application Autostart "
"Specification</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"De la même façon, si un fichier « <literal>*.desktop</literal> » est créé "
"dans le répertoire « <literal>autostart</literal> » dans ces répertoires de "
"base, le programme spécifié dans le fichier « <literal>*.desktop</literal> » "
"est exécuté automatiquement lorsque l'environnement de bureau est démarré. "
"Consultez la <ulink url=\"&desktopapplicatiartspecification;\">Spécification "
"de démarrage automatique d'applications</ulink>.;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the <literal>"
"$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory and the Desktop environment is configured "
"to support the desktop icon launcher feature, the specified program in it is "
"executed upon clicking the icon. Please note that the actual name of the "
"<literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory is locale dependent.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xdg-user-dirs-update</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"De la même façon, si un fichier « <literal>*.desktop</literal> » est créé "
"dans le répertoire « <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> » et que "
"l'environnement de bureau est configuré afin de prendre en charge "
"l'exécution depuis une icône de bureau, le programme qui y est spécifié est "
"exécuté lorsqu'on clique sur l'icône. Veuillez noter que le nom du "
"répertoire « <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> » est dépendant de la "
"localisation. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xdg-user-dirs-update</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Customizing program to be started"
msgstr "Personnaliser le programme à lancer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Some programs start another program automatically.  Here are check points "
"for customizing this process."
msgstr ""
"Certains programmes lancent automatiquement d’autres programmes. Voici des "
"points-clés pour la personnalisation de ce processus&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Application configuration menu:"
msgstr "Menu de configuration des applications&nbsp;:"

# Alexandre Hoïde : vérifier le libelé des menus en français sous Gnome3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"GNOME3 desktop: \"Settings\" → \"System\" → \"Details\" → \"Default "
"Applications\""
msgstr ""
"bureau GNOME&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Paramètres&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Système&nbsp;» → "
"«&nbsp;Détails&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Applications par défaut&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"KDE desktop: \"K\" → \"Control Center\" → \"KDE Components\" → \"Component "
"Chooser\""
msgstr ""
"bureau KDE&nbsp;: «&nbsp;K&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Centre de contrôle&nbsp;» → "
"«&nbsp;Composants KDE&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Sélection de composant&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Iceweasel browser: \"Edit\" → \"Preferences\" → \"Applications\""
msgstr ""
"navigateur Iceweasel&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Éditer&nbsp;» → «&nbsp;Préférences&nbsp;» "
"→ «&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: \"<literal>/etc/mc/mc.ext</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/mc/mc.ext</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Environment variables such as \"<literal>$BROWSER</literal>\", \"<literal>"
"$EDITOR</literal>\", \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\", and \"<literal>$PAGER</"
"literal>\" (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>eviron</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"des variables d’environnement telles que «&nbsp;<literal>$BROWSER</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>$EDITOR</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$VISUAL</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>$PAGER</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>eviron</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> system for programs "
"such as \"<literal>editor</literal>\", \"<literal>view</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>x-www-browser</literal>\", \"<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>"
"\", and \"<literal>www-browser</literal>\" (see <xref linkend="
"\"_setting_a_default_text_editor\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"le système <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour des programmes "
"tels que «&nbsp;<literal>editor</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>view</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>x-www-browser</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>www-browser</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend=\"_setting_a_default_text_editor\"/"
">)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"the \"<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>"
"\" file contents which associate <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> type "
"with program (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"le contenu des fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>&nbsp;» qui associe un type <ulink url="
"\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> avec un programme (consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/mime.types</"
"literal>\" file contents which associate file name extension with <ulink url="
"\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> type (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-mailcap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"le contenu des fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>&nbsp;» qui associe l’extension du "
"nom de fichier avec un type <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> (consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-mailcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-mime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> updates the \"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>\" "
"file using \"<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>\" file (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap.order</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-mime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> met à jour le fichier ≤&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"mailcap</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"mailcap.order</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap.order</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>debianutils</literal> package provides "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-browser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-editor</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-pager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> which make sensible decisions on which editor, "
"pager, and web browser to call, respectively.  I recommend you to read these "
"shell scripts."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>debianutils</literal> fournit "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-browser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-editor</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-pager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> qui prennent des décisions raisonnables concernant "
"l’éditeur, le visualisateur, le navigateur à appeler respectivement. Je vous "
"recommande de lire ces scripts de l’interpréteur de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"In order to run a console application such as <literal>mutt</literal> under "
"X as your preferred application, you should create an X application as "
"following and set \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>\" as your "
"preferred application to be started as described."
msgstr ""
"De façon à faire tourner une application de console telle que <literal>mutt</"
"literal> sous X en tant qu’application préférée, vous devriez créer une "
"application X comme suit et définir «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-"
"term</literal>&nbsp;» comme étant votre application préférée à lancer comme "
"il est décrit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cat /usr/local/bin/mutt-term &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
"#!/bin/sh\n"
"gnome-terminal -e \"mutt \\$@\"\n"
"EOF\n"
"chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/mutt-term"
msgstr ""
"# cat /usr/local/bin/mutt-term &lt;&lt;EOF\n"
"#!/bin/sh\n"
"gnome-terminal -e \"mutt \\$@\"\n"
"EOF\n"
"chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/mutt-term"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Killing a process"
msgstr "Tuer un processus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to kill (or send a signal to) a process by the "
"process ID."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour tuer (ou envoyer un signal à) un processus "
"avec son identifiant de processus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkill</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to do the same by the "
"process command name and other attributes."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkill</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour faire la même "
"chose avec le nom de commande du processus et d’autres attributs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of frequently used signals for kill command"
msgstr "Liste des signaux couramment utilisés avec la commande kill"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "signal value"
msgstr "valeur du signal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "signal name"
msgstr "nom du signal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "HUP"
msgstr "HUP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "restart daemon"
msgstr "redémarrer le démon"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "15"
msgstr "15"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "TERM"
msgstr "TERM"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "normal kill"
msgstr "tuer normalement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "9"
msgstr "9"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "KILL"
msgstr "KILL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "kill hard"
msgstr "tuer «&nbsp;dur&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Scheduling tasks once"
msgstr "Planifier des tâches qui s’exécutent une fois"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Run the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command to schedule a one-time job by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Exécutez de la manière suivante la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour planifier un "
"travail qui s’exécute une fois&nbsp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ echo 'command -args'| at 3:40 monday"
msgstr "$ echo 'command -args'| at 3:40 monday"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Scheduling tasks regularly"
msgstr "Planifier des tâches qui s’exécutent régulièrement "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to schedule tasks regularly.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour planifier des tâches qui s’exécutent "
"régulièrement. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can schedule to run processes as a normal user, e.g. <literal>foo</"
"literal> by creating a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file as \"<literal>/"
"var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>\" with \"<literal>crontab -e</literal>"
"\" command."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez planifier le lancement des processus en tant qu’utilisateur "
"normal, par exemple <literal>toto</literal> en créant un fichier "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> file comme «&nbsp;<literal>/var/spool/cron/"
"crontabs/toto</literal>&nbsp;» avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>crontab -e</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is an example of a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file."
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple de fichier <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# use /bin/sh to run commands, no matter what /etc/passwd says\n"
"SHELL=/bin/sh\n"
"# mail any output to paul, no matter whose crontab this is\n"
"MAILTO=paul\n"
"# Min Hour DayOfMonth Month DayOfWeek command (Day... are OR'ed)\n"
"# run at 00:05, every day\n"
"5  0  *  * *   $HOME/bin/daily.job &gt;&gt; $HOME/tmp/out 2&gt;&amp;1\n"
"# run at 14:15 on the first of every month -- output mailed to paul\n"
"15 14 1  * *   $HOME/bin/monthly\n"
"# run at 22:00 on weekdays(1-5), annoy Joe. % for newline, last % for cc:\n"
"0 22 *   * 1-5 mail -s \"It's 10pm\" joe%Joe,%%Where are your kids?%.%%\n"
"23 */2 1 2 *   echo \"run 23 minutes after 0am, 2am, 4am ..., on Feb 1\"\n"
"5  4 *   * sun echo \"run at 04:05 every Sunday\"\n"
"# run at 03:40 on the first Monday of each month\n"
"40 3 1-7 * *   [ \"$(date +%a)\" == \"Mon\" ] &amp;&amp; command -args"
msgstr ""
"# utilise /bin/sh pour exécuter les commandes, quoi que dise /etc/passwd\n"
"SHELL=/bin/sh\n"
"# envoie un courrier électronique à Paul contenant tous les résultats,\n"
"# quelle que soit la personne à qui appartient la crontab\n"
"MAILTO=paul\n"
"# Minute Heure JourDuMois Mois JourDeLaSemaine commande\n"
"# est exécuté à 00:05 chaque jour\n"
"5  0  *  * *   $HOME/bin/daily.job &gt;&gt; $HOME/tmp/out 2&gt;&amp;1\n"
"# est exécuté à 14:15 le 1e de chaque mois -- le résultat est envoyé à Paul\n"
"# par courrier électronique\n"
"15 14 1  * *   $HOME/bin/monthly\n"
"# est exécuté à 22:00 chaque jour de la semaine(1-5), ennuie Joe.\n"
"# % pour une nouvelle ligne, dernier % pour cc:\n"
"0 22 *   * 1-5 mail -s \"Il est 10h\" joe%Joe,%%Ou sont tes enfants ?%.%%\n"
"23 */2 1 2 *   echo \"run 23 minutes after 0am, 2am, 4am ..., on Feb 1\"\n"
"5  4 *   * sun echo \"run at 04:05 every sunday\"\n"
"# est exécuté à 03:40 le premier lundi de chaque mois\n"
"40 3 1-7 * *   [ \"$(date +%a)\" == \"Mon\" ] &amp;&amp; command -args"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For the system not running continuously, install the <literal>anacron</"
"literal> package to schedule periodic commands at the specified intervals as "
"closely as machine-uptime permits.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacrontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Sur un système qui ne tourne pas en permanence, installez le paquet "
"<literal>anacron</literal> afin de planifier les tâches périodiques à des "
"intervalles particulier dès que le temps de fonctionnement «&nbsp;"
"uptime&nbsp;» de la machine le permet. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacrontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For scheduled system maintenance scripts, you can run them periodically from "
"root account by placing such scripts in \"<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/cron."
"weekly/</literal>\", or \"<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>\".  "
"Execution timings of these scripts can be customized by \"<literal>/etc/"
"crontab</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez lancer périodiquement les scripts de maintenance planifiée du "
"système, depuis le compte de l’administrateur en les plaçant dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/cron.daily/"
"</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>&nbsp;». L\"échéancier "
"d’exécution de ces scripts peut être personnalisé dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/"
"crontab</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Alt-SysRq key"
msgstr "touche Alt-SysRq"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Insurance against system malfunction is provided by the kernel compile "
"option \"Magic SysRq key\" (<ulink url=\"&sak;\">SAK</ulink> key) which is "
"now the default for the Debian kernel.  Pressing Alt-SysRq followed by one "
"of the following keys does the magic of rescuing control of the system."
msgstr ""
"Une assurance contre le mauvais fonctionnement du système est fournie par "
"l’option de compilation du noyau «&nbsp;Magic SysRq key&nbsp;» (touche "
"<ulink url=\"&sak;\">SAK</ulink>) qui est maintenant une valeur par défaut "
"pour les noyaux de Debian. Presser Alt-SysRq (NDT&nbsp;: Alt-Sys ou Alt-Impr "
"écran sur un clavier français) suivi par une des touches suivantes permet de "
"reprendre par magie le contrôle du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of SAK command keys"
msgstr ""
"Listes des touches de commande SAK («&nbsp;Secure attention keys&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "key following Alt-SysRq"
msgstr "touche suivant Alt-Sys"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of action"
msgstr "description de l’action"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>r</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>r</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"restore the keyboard from <emphasis role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>aw mode "
"after X crashes"
msgstr ""
"restaurer le clavier depuis le mode <emphasis role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>aw "
"(brut) après un plantage de X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"change the console loglevel to <emphasis role=\"strong\">0</emphasis> to "
"reduce error messages"
msgstr ""
"changer le niveau de journalisation de la console à <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">0</emphasis> afin de réduire les messages d’erreurs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>k</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>k</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">k</emphasis>ill all processes on the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">current virtual console</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">k</emphasis>ill (tuer) tous les processus sur la "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">console virtuelle actuelle</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>e</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>e</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"send a SIGT<emphasis role=\"strong\">E</emphasis>RM to all processes, except "
"for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"envoyer un SIGT<emphasis role=\"strong\">E</emphasis>RM à tous les "
"processus, sauf <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>i</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>i</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"send a SIGK<emphasis role=\"strong\">I</emphasis>LL to all processes, except "
"for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"envoyer un SIGK<emphasis role=\"strong\">I</emphasis>LL à tous les "
"processus, sauf <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>ync all mounted filesystems to avoid "
"data corruption"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>ynchroniser tous les systèmes de "
"fichiers montés afin d'éviter la corruption des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"remount all mounted filesystems read-only (<emphasis role=\"strong\">u</"
"emphasis>mount)"
msgstr ""
"remonter en lecture seule tous les systèmes de fichiers montés (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>mount)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"re<emphasis role=\"strong\">b</emphasis>oot the system without syncing or "
"unmounting"
msgstr ""
"re<emphasis role=\"strong\">b</emphasis>oot (redémarrer) le système sans "
"effectuer de synchronisation ni de démontage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Read the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>signal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> manpages to understand the description above."
msgstr ""
"Se référer aux pages de manuel de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>signal</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sync</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> afin de mieux "
"comprendre la description ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The combination of \"Alt-SysRq s\", \"Alt-SysRq u\", and \"Alt-SysRq r\" is "
"good for getting out of really bad situations and gaining usable keyboard "
"access without stopping the system."
msgstr ""
"La combinaison de «&nbsp;Alt-Sys s&nbsp;», «&nbsp;Alt-Sys u&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"Alt-Sys r&nbsp;» permet de se tirer de situation vraiment désastreuse et "
"obtenir à nouveau l'accès à un clavier opérationnel sans avoir à arrêter le "
"système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-3.*/Documentation/sysrq.txt.gz</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-3.*/Documentation/sysrq."
"txt.gz</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"The Alt-SysRq feature may be considered a security risk by allowing users "
"access to root-privileged functions.  Placing \"<literal>echo 0 &gt;/proc/"
"sys/kernel/sysrq</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/rc.local</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>kernel.sysrq = 0</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</"
"literal>\" disables the Alt-SysRq feature."
msgstr ""
"la fonctionnalité Alt-SysRq peut être considérée comme un risque de sécurité "
"permettant à des utilisateurs d’accéder à des fonctions ayant le privilège "
"de l’administrateur. Placer «&nbsp;<literal>echo 0 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/"
"sysrq</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/rc.local</literal>&nbsp;» "
"ou «&nbsp;<literal>kernel.sysrq = 0</literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/sysctl.conf</literal>&nbsp;» désactive la fonctionnalité Alt-SysRq."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the "
"\"<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>\". For example, \"<literal>echo s "
"&gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>\" from "
"the root shell prompt <emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>yncs and "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>mounts all mounted filesystems."
msgstr ""
"Depuis un terminal SSH, etc., vous pouvez utiliser la fonctionnalité Alt-"
"SysRq en écrivant vers «&nbsp;<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>&nbsp;». "
"Par exemple;, «&nbsp;<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /"
"proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>&nbsp;» depuis l’invite de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes de l’administrateur <emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>yncs "
"(synchronise) et <emphasis role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>mount (démonte) tous "
"les systèmes de fichiers montés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "System maintenance tips"
msgstr "Astuces de maintenance du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Who is on the system?"
msgstr "Qui se trouve sur le système&nbsp;?"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can check who is on the system by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez rechercher qui se trouve sur le système par les commandes "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>who</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> shows who is logged on."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>who</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> affiche qui est connecté."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>w</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> shows who is logged on and what they are doing."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>w</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> affiche qui est connecté et ce qu’il fait."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>last</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> shows listing of last logged in user."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>last</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> affiche une liste des derniers utilisateurs connectés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lastb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> shows listing of last bad logged in users."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lastb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> affiche une liste des utilisateurs s’étant mal connectés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>\", and \"<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>"
"\" hold such user information.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>utmp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/var/log/"
"wtmp</literal>&nbsp;» conservent ces informations de l’utilisateur. "
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>utmp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Warning everyone"
msgstr "Prévenir tout le monde"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can send message to everyone who is logged on to the system with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez envoyer un message à toutes les personnes connectées au système "
"avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> en faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ echo \"We are shutting down in 1 hour\" | wall"
msgstr "$ echo \"Nous allons arrêter le système dans une heure\" | wall"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Hardware identification"
msgstr "Identification du matériel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the <ulink url=\"&pci;\">PCI</ulink>-like devices (<ulink url=\"&agp;"
"\">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&pciexpress;\">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&cardbus;\">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&expresscard;\">ExpressCard</"
"ulink>, etc.), <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (probably with "
"\"<literal>-nn</literal>\" option) is a good start for the hardware "
"identification."
msgstr ""
"Pour les périphériques similaires à <ulink url=\"&pci;\">PCI</ulink> (<ulink "
"url=\"&agp;\">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&pciexpress;\">PCI-Express</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&cardbus;\">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&expresscard;"
"\">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (probablement avec "
"l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-nn</literal>&nbsp;») est un bon point de départ "
"pour l’identification du matériel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you can identify the hardware by reading contents of "
"\"<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>\" or browsing directory tree "
"under \"<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>\" (see <xref linkend="
"\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi identifier le matériel en lisant le contenu de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>&nbsp;» ou en parcourant "
"l’arborescence de répertoires se trouvant sous «&nbsp;<literal>/sys/bus/pci</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (consultez <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of hardware identification tools"
msgstr "Listes des outils d’identification du matériel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Linux PCI Utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires PCI de Linux&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Linux USB utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsusb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires USB de Linux&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsusb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"PCMCIA utilities for Linux: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pccardctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires PCMCIA pour Linux&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pccardctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsscsi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"collection d’outils pour la gestion des périphériques SCSI&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsscsi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"system information obtained from \"<literal>/proc</literal>\": "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsdev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"informations sur le système obtenues dans «&nbsp;<literal>/proc</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsdev</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"information about hardware configuration: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lshw</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"informations concernant la configuration matérielle&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lshw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"hardware identification system: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>discover</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"système d’identification du matériel&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>discover</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Hardware configuration"
msgstr "Configuration matérielle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although most of the hardware configuration on modern GUI desktop systems "
"such as GNOME and KDE can be managed through accompanying GUI configuration "
"tools, it is a good idea to know some basics methods to configure them."
msgstr ""
"Bien que l'essentiel de la configuration du matériel puisse être gérée au "
"moyen des outils graphiques qui accompagnent les environnements de bureau "
"graphiques modernes comme GNOME ou KDE, c’est une bonne idée de connaître "
"certaines méthodes de base permettant de le configurer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of hardware configuration tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de configuration du matériel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Linux console font and keytable utilities"
msgstr "Police de la console Linux et utilitaires de table de caractères"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"X server utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xset</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour le serveur X &nbsp;: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xset</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power "
"Interface (ACPI)"
msgstr ""
"démon servant à gérer les événements délivrés par l’Interface avancée de "
"configuration et de gestion de l’énergie ACPI («&nbsp;Advanced Configuration "
"and Power Interface&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utility to display information on ACPI devices"
msgstr "utilitaire d’affichage des informations des périphériques ACPI"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Power Management (APM)"
msgstr ""
"démon de gestion des événements délivrés par la gestion avancée de "
"l’alimentation APM («&nbsp;Advanced Power Management&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity"
msgstr ""
"démon permettant de mettre un ordinateur portable en veille lorsqu’il est "
"inactif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"hard disk access optimization (see <xref linkend=\"_optimization_of_hard_disk"
"\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"optimisation de l’accès aux disques durs (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_optimization_of_hard_disk\"/>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"control and monitor storage systems using <ulink url=\"&smart;\">S.M.A.R.T.</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"contrôle et surveillance des systèmes de stockage en utilisant <ulink url="
"\"&smart;\">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "collection of tools for serial port management"
msgstr "collection d’outils pour gérer les ports série"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "collection of tools for memory hardware management"
msgstr "collection d’outils pour gérer la mémoire physique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"collection of tools for <ulink url=\"&scsi;\">SCSI</ulink> hardware "
"management"
msgstr ""
"collection d’outils pour gérer le matériel <ulink url=\"&scsi;\">SCSI</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utility to configure touchpad devices"
msgstr "utilitaire pour configurer les pavés tactiles (touchpad)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compact disc drive access optimization"
msgstr "optimisation de l’accès au lecteur de CD"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "larger mouse cursors for X"
msgstr "curseurs de souris plus grands pour X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, <ulink url=\"&acpi;\">ACPI</ulink> is a newer framework for the power "
"management system than <ulink url=\"&apm;\">APM</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Ici, <ulink url=\"&acpi;\">ACPI</ulink> est une infrastructure de gestion de "
"l’alimentation électrique du système plus récente qu’<ulink url=\"&apm;"
"\">APM</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"CPU frequency scaling on modern system is governed by kernel modules such as "
"<literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>."
msgstr ""
"L’ajustement de la fréquence d’horloge des processeurs modernes est gérée "
"par des modules du noyaux tels que <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "System and hardware time"
msgstr "Heure système et matérielle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The following sets system and hardware time to MM/DD hh:mm, CCYY."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit permet de définir l’heure du système et du matériel à MM/DD hh:"
"mm, CCYY&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# date MMDDhhmmCCYY\n"
"# hwclock --utc --systohc\n"
"# hwclock --show"
msgstr ""
"# date MMDDhhmmCCYY\n"
"# hwclock --utc --systohc\n"
"# hwclock --show"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Times are normally displayed in the local time on the Debian system but the "
"hardware and system time usually use <ulink url=\"&utcgmt;\">UTC(GMT)</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Sur un système Debian, l’heure est normalement affichée en heure locale mais "
"l’heure système et matérielle utilisent habituellement l’heure <ulink url="
"\"&utcgmt;\">TUC(GMT)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If the hardware (BIOS) time is set to UTC, change the setting to "
"\"<literal>UTC=yes</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"Si l’heure matérielle (BIOS) est réglée en TUC, modifiez le réglage pour "
"«&nbsp;<literal>UTC=yes</literal>&nbsp;» dans le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/default/rcS</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The following reconfigure the timezone used by the Debian system."
msgstr ""
"La commande suivante relance la configuration du fuseau horaire utilisé par "
"le système Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dpkg-reconfigure tzdata"
msgstr "# dpkg-reconfigure tzdata"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you wish to update system time via network, consider to use the <ulink "
"url=\"&ntp;\">NTP</ulink> service with the packages such as <literal>ntp</"
"literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, and <literal>chrony</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez ajuster l’heure de votre système par l’intermédiaire du "
"réseau, vous pouvez envisager l’utilisation du service <ulink url=\"&ntp;"
"\">NTP</ulink> avec un paquet tel que <literal>ntp</literal>, "
"<literal>ntpdate</literal> ou <literal>chrony</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "See the following."
msgstr "Consultez ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;\">Managing Accurate Date and "
"Time HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;\">HOWTO Gérer de manière "
"précise la date et l’heure</ulink> («&nbsp;Managing Accurate Date and Time "
"HOWTO&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&ntppublicservicesproject;\">NTP Public Services Project</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&ntppublicservicesproject;\">Projet de services publics NTP</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The <literal>ntp-doc</literal> package"
msgstr "Le paquet <literal>ntp-doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ntptrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>ntp</literal> package can trace a "
"chain of NTP servers back to the primary source."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ntptrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet <literal>ntp</literal> peut suivre la "
"trace d’une chaîne de serveurs NTP jusqu’à la source primaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The terminal configuration"
msgstr "Configuration du terminal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are several components to configure character console and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ncurses</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> system features."
msgstr ""
"Il existe plusieurs composants pour configurer la console en mode caractères "
"et les fonctionnalités du système <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ncurses</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>\" file "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>terminfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>terminfo</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\" environment variable "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>term</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"La variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$TERM</"
"literal>&nbsp;»(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>term</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>toe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>toe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If the <literal>terminfo</literal> entry for <literal>xterm</literal> "
"doesn't work with a non-Debian <literal>xterm</literal>, change your "
"terminal type, \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\", from \"<literal>xterm</literal>"
"\" to one of the feature-limited versions such as \"<literal>xterm-r6</"
"literal>\" when you log in to a Debian system remotely.  See \"<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>\" for more.  \"<literal>dumb</literal>\" "
"is the lowest common denominator for \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Si l’entrée <literal>terminfo</literal> pour <literal>xterm</literal> ne "
"fonctionne pas avec un <literal>xterm</literal> non Debian, changez le type "
"de terminal dans «&nbsp;<literal>$TERM</literal>&nbsp;» de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>xterm</literal>&nbsp;» pour une version limitée en fonctionnalités "
"comme «&nbsp;<literal>xterm-r6</literal>&nbsp;» lorsque vous-vous connectez "
"à distance à un système Debian. Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"libncurses5/FAQ</literal>&nbsp;» pour davantage d’informations. «&nbsp;"
"<literal>dumb</literal>&nbsp;» est le plus petit dénominateur commun pour "
"«&nbsp;<literal>$TERM</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The sound infrastructure"
msgstr "L’infrastructure de gestion du son"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Device drivers for sound cards for current Linux are provided by <ulink url="
"\"&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;\">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture "
"(ALSA)</ulink>.  ALSA provides emulation mode for previous <ulink url="
"\"&opensoundsystemoss;\">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> for compatibility."
msgstr ""
"Les pilotes de périphériques des cartes sons pour les versions actuelles de "
"Linux sont fournies par <ulink url=\"&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;"
"\">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</ulink>. ALSA fournit un mode "
"d’émulation du système précédent <ulink url=\"&opensoundsystemoss;\">Open "
"Sound System (OSS)</ulink> pour des raisons de compatibilité."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>\" or "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>speaker-test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to test speaker (^C to stop)."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>&nbsp;» "
"ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>speaker-test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour tester les hauts-parleurs (^C pour arrêter)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you can not get sound, your speaker may be connected to a muted output.  "
"Modern sound system has many outputs.  "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alsamixer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>alsa-utils</literal> package is "
"useful to configure volume and mute settings."
msgstr ""
"Si vous n’arrivez pas à obtenir de sons, il est possible que votre haut-"
"parleur soit connecté à une sortie muette («&nbsp;muted&nbsp;»). Les "
"systèmes de son modernes ont de nombreuses sorties. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alsamixer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet <literal>alsa-utils</literal> est "
"pratique pour configurer les paramètres de volume et de coupure son"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Application softwares may be configured not only to access sound devices "
"directly but also to access them via some standardized sound server system."
msgstr ""
"Les logiciels applicatifs peuvent être configurés pour non seulement accéder "
"aux périphériques sonores directement mais aussi pour y accéder par "
"l’intermédiaire d’un système de serveur de son."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of sound packages"
msgstr "Liste des paquets son"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ALSA driver configuration files"
msgstr "Fichiers de configuration du pilote ALSA"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utilities for configuring and using ALSA"
msgstr "utilitaires de configuration et d’utilisation d’ALSA"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing \"<literal>/dev/dsp not found</"
"literal>\" errors"
msgstr ""
"Compatibilité OSS sous ALSA évitant les erreurs «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/dsp not "
"found </literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">JACK Audio Connection Kit. "
"(JACK)</ulink> server (low latency)"
msgstr ""
"serveur du <ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">kit de connexion "
"audio JACK. (JACK)</ulink> (faible latence)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">JACK Audio Connection Kit. "
"(JACK)</ulink> library (low latency)"
msgstr ""
"bibliothèque du <ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">kit de connexion "
"JACK. (JACK)</ulink> (faible latence)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkaudiosystemnas;\">Network Audio System (NAS)</ulink> "
"server"
msgstr ""
"serveur du <ulink url=\"&networkaudiosystemnas;\">système audio réseau "
"(NAS)</ulink> "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkaudiosystemnas;\">Network Audio System (NAS)</ulink> "
"library"
msgstr ""
"bibliothèque du <ulink url=\"&networkaudiosystemnas;\">serveur audio réseau "
"(NAS)</ulink> "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink> server, replacement for ESD"
msgstr ""
"serveur <ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink>, remplaçant d’ESD"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink> client library, replacement "
"for ESD"
msgstr ""
"bibliothèque du client <ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink>, "
"remplace ESD"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gstreamer;\">GStreamer</ulink>: GNOME sound engine"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gstreamer;\">GStreamer</ulink>&nbsp;: moteur de son de GNOME"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&phonon;\">Phonon</ulink>: KDE sound engine"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&phonon;\">Phonon</ulink>&nbsp;: moteur de son de KDE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There is usually a common sound engine for each popular desktop environment. "
"Each sound engine used by the application can choose to connect to different "
"sound servers."
msgstr ""
"Il y a habituellement un moteur de son commun pour chacun des environnements "
"de bureau les plus courants. Chaque moteur de son utilisé par l’application "
"peut choisir de se connecter à un serveur de son différent."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Disabling the screen saver"
msgstr "Désactiver l’économiseur d’écran"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For disabling the screen saver, use following commands."
msgstr ""
"Pour désactiver l’écran de veille, utilisez les commandes suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of commands for disabling the screen saver"
msgstr "Liste des commandes pour désactiver l’économiseur d’écran"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The Linux console"
msgstr "Console Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>setterm -powersave off</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>setterm -powersave off</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The X Window (turning off screensaver)"
msgstr "Système X Window (couper l’économiseur d’écran)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>xset s off</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>xset s off</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The X Window (disabling dpms)"
msgstr "X Window (désactive dpms)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>xset -dpms</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>xset -dpms</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver)"
msgstr "X Window (interface de configuration graphique d’économiseur d’écran)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>xscreensaver-command -prefs</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>xscreensaver-command -prefs</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Disabling beep sounds"
msgstr "Désactiver les bips"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"One can always unplug the PC speaker to disable beep sounds.  Removing "
"<literal>pcspkr</literal> kernel module does this for you."
msgstr ""
"On peut toujours débrancher le haut-parleur du PC pour désactiver les bips. "
"La suppression du module du noyau <literal>pcspkr</literal> le fait pour "
"vous."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following prevents the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readline</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> program used by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to beep when encountering an alert character (ASCII=7)."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit évite que le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readline</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilisé "
"par<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ne bipe lors de l'apparition d'un caractère "
"d'alerte (ASCII=7)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ echo \"set bell-style none\"&gt;&gt; ~/.inputrc"
msgstr "$ echo \"set bell-style none\"&gt;&gt; ~/.inputrc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Memory usage"
msgstr "Utilisation de la mémoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are 2 resources available for you to get the memory usage situation."
msgstr ""
"Vous avez à votre disposition deux moyens d'obtenir l'état d'utilisation de "
"la mémoire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The kernel boot message in the \"<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>\" "
"contains the total exact size of available memory."
msgstr ""
"Le message de démarrage du noyau dans «&nbsp;<literal>/var/log/dmesg</"
"literal>&nbsp;» donne exactement la taille de la mémoire disponible."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> display information on "
"memory resources on the running system."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> affichent des "
"informations concernant les ressources mémoire sur le système actif."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here is an example."
msgstr "Voici un exemple."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# grep '\\] Memory' /var/log/dmesg\n"
"[    0.004000] Memory: 990528k/1016784k available (1975k kernel code, 25868k reserved, 931k data, 296k init)\n"
"$ free -k\n"
"             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\n"
"Mem:        997184     976928      20256          0     129592     171932\n"
"-/+ buffers/cache:     675404     321780\n"
"Swap:      4545576          4    4545572"
msgstr ""
"# grep '\\] Memory' /var/log/dmesg\n"
"[    0.004000] Memory: 990528k/1016784k available (1975k kernel code, 25868k reserved, 931k data, 296k init)\n"
"$ free -k\n"
"             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\n"
"Mem:        997184     976928      20256          0     129592     171932\n"
"-/+ buffers/cache:     675404     321780\n"
"Swap:      4545576          4    4545572"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may be wondering \"dmesg tells me a free of 990 MB, and free -k says 320 "
"MB is free. More than 600 MB missing …\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pourriez vous demander « dmesg me rapporte 990 Mo de mémoire libre et "
"« free -k » me dit que 320 Mo sont libres. Il manque plus de 600 Mo… »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Do not worry about the large size of \"<literal>used</literal>\" and the "
"small size of \"<literal>free</literal>\" in the \"<literal>Mem:</literal>\" "
"line, but read the one under them (675404 and 321780 in the example above) "
"and relax."
msgstr ""
"Ne vous inquiétez pas de la taille importante de «&nbsp;<literal>used</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et de la petite taille de «&nbsp;<literal>free</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sur la ligne «&nbsp;<literal>Mem:</literal>&nbsp;», mais "
"lisez ce qui se trouve sous celle-ci (675404 et 321780 dans l’exemple ci-"
"dessous) et détendez-vous."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For my MacBook with 1GB=1048576k DRAM (video system steals some of this), I "
"see the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour mon MacBook avec 1Go=1048576k DRAM (la mémoire vidéo en prend une "
"partie), je peux voir ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of memory sizes reported"
msgstr "Taille mémoire affichée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "report"
msgstr "affiché"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Total size in dmesg"
msgstr "Taille totale dans dmesg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1016784k = 1GB - 31792k"
msgstr "1016784k = 1Go - 31792k"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Free in dmesg"
msgstr "Libre dans dmesg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "990528k"
msgstr "990528k"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Total under shell"
msgstr "Total sous l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "997184k"
msgstr "997184k"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Free under shell"
msgstr "Libre sous l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "20256k (but effectively 321780k)"
msgstr "20256k (mais réellement 321780k)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "System security and integrity check"
msgstr "Vérification de la sécurité et de l’intégrité du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Poor system maintenance may expose your system to external exploitation."
msgstr ""
"Une mauvaise maintenance du système peut rendre votre système vulnérable à "
"une attaque externe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For system security and integrity check, you should start with the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour la vérification de la sécurité et de l’intégrité du système, vous "
"pouvez démarrer avec ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>debsums</literal> package, see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend="
"\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>debsums</literal>, consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <xref linkend="
"\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>chkrootkit</literal> package, see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chkrootkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>chkrootkit</literal>, consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chkrootkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>clamav</literal> package family, see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>clamscan</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>freshclam</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"La familles de paquets <literal>clamav</literal>, consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>clamscan</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>freshclam</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">Debian security FAQ</ulink>."
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">FAQ de sécurité Debian</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Manuel de sécurisation de Debian</"
"ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools for system security and integrity check"
msgstr ""
"Liste d’outils pour la vérification de la sécurité et de l’intégrité du "
"système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator"
msgstr ""
"démon pour poster à l’administrateur les anomalies des fichiers journaux du "
"système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour vérifier les fichiers des paquets installés d’après leur "
"somme de contrôle MD5"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rootkit;\">rootkit</ulink> detector"
msgstr "détecteur de <ulink url=\"&rootkit;\">rootkit</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface"
msgstr "utilitaire anti-virus pour UNIX ‑ interface en ligne de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "report system security vulnerabilities"
msgstr "signale les vulnérabilités du système pour la sécurité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "file and directory integrity checker"
msgstr "vérificateur d’intégrité des fichiers et répertoires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "active password cracking tool"
msgstr "outils de casse des mots de passe actifs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary"
msgstr ""
"Environnement avancé de détection d’intrusion («&nbsp;Advanced Intrusion "
"Detection Environment&nbsp;») — bibliothèque statique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "file integrity verification program"
msgstr "programme de vérification de l’intégrité des fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "password guessing program"
msgstr "programme pour deviner les mots de passe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a simple script to check for typical world writable incorrect file "
"permissions."
msgstr ""
"Voici un script simple pour rechercher des fichiers typiques ayant des "
"permissions incorrectes d’écriture pour tout le monde."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# find / -perm 777 -a \\! -type s -a \\! -type l -a \\! \\( -type d -a -perm 1777 \\)"
msgstr "# find / -perm 777 -a \\! -type s -a \\! -type l -a \\! \\( -type d -a -perm 1777 \\)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Since the <literal>debsums</literal> package uses <ulink url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</"
"ulink> checksums stored locally, it can not be fully trusted as the system "
"security audit tool against malicious attacks."
msgstr ""
"Comme le paquet <literal>debsums</literal> utilise des sommes de contrôle "
"<ulink url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</ulink> enregistrées de manière statique, on ne "
"peut pas lui faire entièrement confiance comme outil d’audit de la sécurité "
"envers des attaques malveillantes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Data storage tips"
msgstr "Astuces relatives au stockage des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Booting your system with Linux <ulink url=\"&livecds;\">live CDs</ulink> or "
"<ulink url=\"&debianinstallercds;\">debian-installer CDs</ulink> in rescue "
"mode makes it easy for you to reconfigure data storage on your boot device."
msgstr ""
"Démarrer votre système avec un <ulink url=\"&livecds;\">CD autonome</ulink> "
"de Linux ou avec un <ulink url=\"&debianinstallercds;\">CD de l’installateur "
"debian </ulink> en mode secours (rescue) vous facilite la reconfiguration de "
"l’enregistrement des données sur votre disque de démarrage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Disk space usage"
msgstr "Utilisation de l’espace disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The disk space usage can be evaluated by programs provided by the "
"<literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal>, and <literal>xdu</"
"literal> packages:"
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de l’espace disque peut être estimée à l’aide de programmes "
"fournis par les paquets <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</"
"literal> et <literal>xdu</literal> :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> reports all mounted filesystems (= disks)."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> indique tous les systèmes de fichiers (disques) montés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> reports the disk space usage for the file system."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> indique l’espace disque occupé par les systèmes de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> reports the disk space usage for the directory tree."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> indique l’espace disque occupé par une arborescence de "
"répertoires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can feed the output of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xdu</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1x</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to produce its graphical and interactive presentation with "
"\"<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>\", \"<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</"
"literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""
"La sortie de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut être renvoyée vers "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xdu</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1x</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour réaliser une présentation graphique et interactive avec "
"« <literal>du -k . |xdu</literal> », « <literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</"
"literal> », etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Disk partition configuration"
msgstr "Configuration de la partition du disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For <ulink url=\"&diskpartition;\">disk partition</ulink> configuration, "
"although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> has been considered standard, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> deserves some attention.  \"Disk partitioning data\", "
"\"partition table\", \"partition map\", and \"disk label\" are all synonyms."
msgstr ""
"Bien que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ait été considéré comme un standard pour la "
"configuration de la <ulink url=\"&diskpartition;\">partition du disque dur</"
"ulink>, il mérite une certaine attention. «&nbsp;Données de partition du "
"disque&nbsp;», «&nbsp;table de partition&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;Étiquette de "
"disque&nbsp;» sont tous des synonymes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Most PCs use the classic <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">Master Boot "
"Record (MBR)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">disk "
"partitioning</ulink> data in the first sector, i.e., <ulink url=\"&lba;"
"\">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes)."
msgstr ""
"La plupart des PC utilisent le principe de l’<ulink url="
"\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">Enregistrement Maître de démarrage (MBR)</ulink> "
"(«&nbsp;Master Boot Record&nbsp;») pour enregistrer les données de <ulink "
"url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">partition du disque</ulink> sur le premier "
"secteur, c’est-à-dire, le secteur 0 <ulink url=\"&lba;\">LBA</ulink> (512 "
"octets)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Some new PCs with <ulink url=\"&extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi;\">Extensible "
"Firmware Interface (EFI)</ulink>, including Intel-based Macs, use <ulink url="
"\"&guidpartitiontablegpt;\">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> scheme to "
"hold <ulink url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">disk partitioning</ulink> data not in "
"the first sector."
msgstr ""
"Certains PC récent avec une <ulink url=\"&extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi;"
"\">Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)</ulink>, ce qui comprend les Macs "
"basés sur Intel, utilisent un principe de <ulink url="
"\"&guidpartitiontablegpt;\">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> pour "
"enregistrer les données de <ulink url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">partitionnement "
"du disque</ulink> ailleurs que sur le premier secteur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> has been standard for the disk partitioning tool, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is replacing it."
msgstr ""
"Alors que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> a été l’outil standard de partitionnement de "
"disque, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> le remplace maintenant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of disk partition management packages"
msgstr "Listes de paquets de gestion de la partition du disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "GPT"
msgstr "GPT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"miscellaneous system utilities including <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"divers utilitaires systèmes dont <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> "
"et<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU Parted disk partition resizing program"
msgstr "programme GNU de redimensionnement des partitions Parted"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNOME partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>"
msgstr "éditeur de partitions de GNOME basé sur <literal>libparted</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "partition editor for the GPT disk"
msgstr "éditeur de partitions pour disque GPT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program to create device mappings for partitions"
msgstr "programme pour créer des mappages de périphériques pour les partitions"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> claims to create and to resize filesystem too, it "
"is safer to do such things using best maintained specialized tools such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.msdos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resize2fs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Bien que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> prétend pouvoir créer et redimensionner aussi les "
"systèmes de fichiers, il est plus sûr de toucher à ces choses-là en "
"utilisant des outils spécialisés et bien maintenus tels que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.msdos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resize2fs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"In order to switch between <ulink url=\"&gpt;\">GPT</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>, you need to erase first few blocks of disk contents "
"directly (see <xref linkend=\"_clearing_file_contents\"/>) and use "
"\"<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>\" or \"<literal>parted /dev/"
"sdx mklabel msdos</literal>\" to set it.  Please note \"<literal>msdos</"
"literal>\" is use here for <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"De manière à passer de <ulink url=\"&gpt;\">GPT</ulink> à <ulink url=\"&mbr;"
"\">MBR</ulink>, il vous faut d’abord effacer les premiers blocs du disque "
"directement (consultez <xref linkend=\"_clearing_file_contents\"/>) et "
"utiliser «&nbsp;<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"«&nbsp;<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>&nbsp;» afin de le "
"mettre en place. Vous remarquerez que «&nbsp;<literal>msdos</literal>&nbsp;» "
"est utilisé ici pour <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Accessing partition using UUID"
msgstr "Accès à une partition en utilisant l’UUID"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although reconfiguration of your partition or activation order of removable "
"storage media may yield different names for partitions, you can access them "
"consistently. This is also helpful if you have multiple disks and your BIOS "
"doesn't give them consistent device names."
msgstr ""
"Bien que la reconfiguration de votre partition ou l’ordre d’activation des "
"supports d’enregistrement amovibles puisse conduire à des noms de partitions "
"différents, vous pouvez y accéder de manière homogène. Cela vous aidera "
"aussi si vous avez plusieurs disques et que votre BIOS ne leur donne pas "
"toujours le même nom de périphérique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with \"<literal>-U</literal>\" option can mount a block device "
"using <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>, instead of using its file name "
"such as \"<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-U</literal>&nbsp;» peut monter "
"un périphérique en mode bloc en utilisant l’<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</"
"ulink> plutôt que son nom de fichier de périphérique comme «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"dev/sda3</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) can use <ulink url="
"\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>&nbsp;» (consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>) peut utiliser l’<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Boot loaders (<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) may use <ulink "
"url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> too."
msgstr ""
"Les chargeurs initiaux (<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) "
"peuvent aussi utiliser <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can probe <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> of a block special device "
"with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>blkid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez tester l’<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> d’un périphérique "
"spécial en mode bloc avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>blkid</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Device nodes of devices such as removable storage media can be made static "
"by using <ulink url=\"&udevrules;\">udev rules</ulink>, if needed.  See "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Les nœuds de périphériques comme les supports d’enregistrement amovibles "
"peuvent être rendus statiques en utilisant, si besoin, des <ulink url="
"\"&udevrules;\">règles udev</ulink>. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_udev_system\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "LVM2"
msgstr "LVM2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"LVM2 is a <ulink url=\"&logicalvolumemanager;\">logical volume manager</"
"ulink> for the Linux kernel.  With LVM2, disk partitions can be created on "
"logical volumes instead of the physical harddisks."
msgstr ""
"LVM2 est un <ulink url=\"&lvm;\">gestionnaire de volume logique</ulink> pour "
"le noyau Linux. Avec LVM2, les partitions peuvent être créées sur des "
"volumes logiques plutôt que sur des disques durs physiques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "LVM requires the following."
msgstr "LVM requiert ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "device-mapper support in the Linux kernel (default for Debian kernels)"
msgstr ""
"le support «&nbsp;device-mapper&nbsp;» dans le noyau Linux (présent par "
"défaut sur les noyaux Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"the userspace device-mapper support library (<literal>libdevmapper*</"
"literal> package)"
msgstr ""
"La bibliothèque de support du «&nbsp;device-mapper&nbsp;» en espace "
"utilisateur (du paquet <literal>libdevmapper*</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "the userspace LVM2 tools (<literal>lvm2</literal> package)"
msgstr ""
"le paquet des outils LVM2 en espace utilisateur (<literal>lvm2</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Please start learning LVM2 from the following manpages."
msgstr ""
"Démarrez l’apprentissage de LVM2 par la lecture des pages de manuel "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: Basics of LVM2 mechanism (list of all LVM2 commands)"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: les bases du mécanisme de LVM2 (liste de toutes les commandes "
"LVM2)&nbsp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>: Configuration file for LVM2"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>: le fichier de configuration pour LVM2&nbsp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: Report information about logical volumes"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: information sur les rapports relatifs aux volumes "
"logiques&nbsp;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vgs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: Report information about volume groups"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vgs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: information sur les rapports relatifs aux groupes de volumes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: Report information about physical volumes"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: information sur les rapports relatifs aux volumes physiques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Filesystem configuration"
msgstr "Configuration de systèmes de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystem, the <literal>e2fsprogs</"
"literal> package provides the following."
msgstr ""
"Pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>, le paquet "
"<literal>e2fsprogs</literal> fournit les éléments suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to create new <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> "
"filesystem"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour créer un nouveau système de fichiers <ulink "
"url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to check and to repair existing <ulink url=\"&exte;"
"\">ext4</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour vérifier et réparer un système de fichiers "
"<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> existant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to configure superblock of <ulink url=\"&exte;"
"\">ext4</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour configurer le superbloc d’un système de "
"fichiers <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debugfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to debug <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> "
"filesystem interactively. (It has <literal>undel</literal> command to "
"recover deleted files.)"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debugfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour un débogage interactif du système de fichiers "
"<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>. (Il possède la commande <literal>undel</"
"literal> permettant de récupérer des fichiers effacés.)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands are provided "
"by the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package as front-ends to various "
"filesystem dependent programs (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> and "
"<literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). For <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> "
"filesystem, they are <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (they are hardlinked to "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mke2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>e2fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> font partie du paquet "
"<literal>e2fsprogs</literal> en tant que frontal à de nombreux programmes "
"dépendant du système de fichiers (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> "
"et<literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). Pour le système de fichiers <ulink url="
"\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>, il y a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (ils sont liés par un lien physique à "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mke2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et<citerefentry><refentrytitle>e2fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Similar commands are available for each filesystem supported by Linux."
msgstr ""
"Des commandes semblables sont disponibles pour chaque système de fichiers "
"pris en charge par Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of filesystem management packages"
msgstr "Liste des paquets de gestion des systèmes de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&extd;"
"\">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystems"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour les systèmes de fichiers <ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink>/"
"<ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&reiserfs;\">Reiserfs</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&reiserfs;\">Reiserfs</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&fat;\">FAT</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: "
"MS-DOS, Windows)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&fat;\">FAT</ulink> "
"(Microsoft&nbsp;:MS-DOS, Windows)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&xfs;\">XFS</ulink> filesystem. (SGI: IRIX)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&xfs;\">XFS</ulink> "
"(SGI&nbsp;: IRIX)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: "
"Windows NT, …)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink> "
"(Microsoft&nbsp;: Windows NT, …)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&jfs;\">JFS</ulink> filesystem. (IBM: AIX, "
"OS/2)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&jfs;\">JFS</ulink> "
"(IBM&nbsp;: AIX, OS/2)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&reisere;\">Reiser4</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&reisere;\">Reiser4</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for <ulink url=\"&hfs;\">HFS</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&hfsplus;"
"\">HFS Plus</ulink> filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour les systèmes de fichiers <ulink url=\"&hfs;\">HFS</ulink> et "
"<ulink url=\"&hfsplus;\">HFS Plus</ulink> (Apple&nbsp;: Mac OS)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "program to zero free blocks from ext2/3/4 filesystems"
msgstr ""
"programme pour mettre à zéro les blocs libres des systèmes de fichiers ext2, "
"ext3 et ext4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&exte;\">Ext4</ulink> filesystem is the default filesystem for "
"the Linux system and strongly recommended to use it unless you have some "
"specific reasons not to."
msgstr ""
"Le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> est le système de "
"fichiers par défaut pour les systèmes Linux. Son utilisation est fortement "
"recommandée, sauf cas spécifiques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem is available in Linux kernel "
"3.2 (Debian <literal>wheezy</literal>).  It is expected to be the next "
"default filesystem after the ext4 filesystem."
msgstr ""
"Le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink> est disponible "
"dans le noyau Linux 3.2 (Debian <literal>Wheezy</literal>). Il devrait "
"devenir le prochain système de fichiers par défaut après ext4."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"You should not use the Btrfs filesystem for your critical data yet before it "
"acquires the live kernel space <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> feature and the boot "
"loader support."
msgstr ""
"Vous ne devriez pas encore utiliser le système de fichiers Btrfs pour vos "
"données essentielles avant que la fonctionnalité "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> n’atteigne l’espace dynamique du noyau et qu’il soit pris en "
"charge par le chargeur d’amorçage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Some tools allow access to filesystem without Linux kernel support (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Certains outils permettent l’accès au système de fichiers sans prise en "
"charge par le noyau Linux (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Filesystem creation and integrity check"
msgstr "Création et vérification de l’intégrité d’un système de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command creates the filesystem on a Linux system. "
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command provides the filesystem integrity check "
"and repair on a Linux system."
msgstr ""
"La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> permet de créer un système de fichiers sur un "
"système Linux. La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> permet de vérifier "
"l’intégrité du système de fichiers et de le réparer sur un système Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"It is generally not safe to run <literal>fsck</literal> on <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">mounted filesystems</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
"En général, il n’est pas sûr de faire tourner <literal>fsck</literal> sur un "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">système de fichiers monté</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Check files in \"<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>\" for the result of the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command run from the boot script."
msgstr ""
"Vous trouverez les résultats de la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> lancée depuis le script de démarrage dans «&nbsp;<literal>/var/"
"log/fsck/</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>shutdown -F -r now</literal>\" to force to run the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command safely on all filesystems including root filesystem on "
"reboot. See the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shutdown</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manpage for more."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>shutdown -F -r now</literal>&nbsp;» pour forcer "
"l’exécution sûre de la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sur tous les systèmes "
"de fichiers, y compris le système de fichiers racine lors du redémarrage. "
"Consultez la page de manuel <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shutdown</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage "
"d’informations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Optimization of filesystem by mount options"
msgstr "Optimisation du système de fichiers à l’aide des options de montage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The basic static filesystem configuration is given by \"<literal>/etc/fstab</"
"literal>\".  For example,"
msgstr ""
"La configuration statique de base du système de fichiers est donnée par "
"« <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> ». Par exemple,"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# &lt;file system&gt; &lt;mount point&gt;   &lt;type&gt;  &lt;options&gt;       &lt;dump&gt;  &lt;pass&gt;\n"
"proc            /proc           proc    defaults        0       0\n"
"UUID=709cbe4c-80c1-56db-8ab1-dbce3146d2f7 / ext4 noatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1\n"
"UUID=817bae6b-45d2-5aca-4d2a-1267ab46ac23 none swap sw  0       0\n"
"/dev/scd0       /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0       0"
msgstr ""
"# &lt;système fic&gt; &lt;point montage&gt; &lt;type&gt;  &lt;options&gt;       &lt;dump&gt;  &lt;pass&gt;\n"
"proc            /proc           proc    defaults        0       0\n"
"UUID=709cbe4c-80c1-56db-8ab1-dbce3146d2f7 / ext4 noatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1\n"
"UUID=817bae6b-45d2-5aca-4d2a-1267ab46ac23 none swap sw  0       0\n"
"/dev/scd0       /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0       0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) may be used to identify a block "
"device instead of normal block device names such as \"<literal>/dev/sda1</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>\", …"
msgstr ""
"Un <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) peut être utilisé pour identifier un "
"périphérique bloc au lieu des noms de périphériques blocs normaux comme "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>&nbsp;» ou « <literal>/dev/sda2</"
"literal> » par exemple."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Performance and characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized by mount "
"options used on it (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>).  Notable ones are the following."
msgstr ""
"Les performances et les caractéristiques d’un système de fichiers peuvent "
"être optimisées à l’aide des options de montage utilisées (consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Les principales "
"options sont les suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>defaults</literal>\" option implies default options: "
"\"<literal>rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async</literal>\". (general)"
msgstr ""
"l’option «&nbsp;<literal>defaults</literal>&nbsp;» implique les options par "
"défaut&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (général) ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>noatime</literal>\" or \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" option is "
"very effective for speeding up the read access. (general)"
msgstr ""
"les options «&nbsp;<literal>noatime</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>relatime</literal>&nbsp;» sont très efficace pour accélérer la "
"vitesse de lecture (général) ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>user</literal>\" option allows an ordinary user to mount the "
"filesystem. This option implies \"<literal>noexec,nosuid,nodev</literal>\" "
"option combination. (general, used for CDs or usb storage devices)"
msgstr ""
"l’option «&nbsp;<literal>user</literal>&nbsp;» permet à un utilisateur "
"normal de monter le système de fichiers. Cette option implique la "
"combinaison d’options «&nbsp;<literal>noexec,nosuid,nodev</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (général, utilisée pour les CD et les périphériques de "
"stockage USB)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>noexec,nodev,nosuid</literal>\" option combination is used to "
"enhance security. (general)"
msgstr ""
"la combinaison d’options «&nbsp;<literal>noexec,nodev,nosuid</"
"literal>&nbsp;» est utilisée pour améliorer la sécurité (général) ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>noauto</literal>\" option limits mounting by explicit operation "
"only. (general)"
msgstr ""
"l’option «&nbsp;<literal>noauto</literal>&nbsp;» limite le montage "
"uniquement à une opération explicite (général) ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>data=journal</literal>\" option for ext3fs can enhance data "
"integrity against power failure with some loss of write speed."
msgstr ""
"l’option «&nbsp;<literal>data=journal</literal>&nbsp;» pour ext3fs peut "
"améliorer l’intégrité des données lors d’une panne de courant, elle "
"s’accompagne d’une légère baisse de la vitesse d’écriture."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You need to provide kernel boot parameter (see <xref linkend="
"\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>), e.g. \"<literal>rootflags=data=journal</"
"literal>\" to deploy a non-default journaling mode for the root filesystem.  "
"For <literal>lenny</literal>, the default jounaling mode is "
"\"<literal>rootflags=data=ordered</literal>\".  For <literal>squeeze</"
"literal>, it is \"<literal>rootflags=data=writeback</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez donner au noyau le paramètre de démarrage (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>), par exemple «&nbsp;"
"<literal>rootflags=data=journal</literal>&nbsp;» afin de mettre en œuvre "
"pour le système de fichiers racine un mode de journalisation autre que celui "
"par défaut. Pour <literal>lenny</literal>, le mode de journalisation par "
"défaut est «&nbsp;<literal>rootflags=data=ordered</literal>&nbsp;». Pour "
"<literal>squeeze</literal>, il s’agit de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>rootflags=data=writeback</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Optimization of filesystem via superblock"
msgstr "Optimisation du système de fichiers à l’aide du superbloc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized via its superblock using "
"the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command."
msgstr ""
"Les caractéristiques du système de fichiers peuvent être optimisées par "
"l’intermédiaire de son superbloc en utilisant la commande "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>\" displays the "
"contents of the filesystem superblock on \"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’exécution de «&nbsp;<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>&nbsp;» "
"affiche le contenu du superbloc du système de fichiers situé sur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>\" changes "
"frequency of filesystem checks (<literal>fsck</literal> execution during "
"boot-up) to every 50 boots on \"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’exécution de «&nbsp;<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>&nbsp;» "
"modifie la fréquence des vérifications du système de fichiers (exécution de "
"<literal>fsck</literal> lors du démarrage) à 50 démarrages sur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>\" adds "
"journaling capability to the filesystem, i.e. filesystem conversion from "
"<ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> to <ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> on "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)"
msgstr ""
"L’exécution de la commande «&nbsp;<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ajoute la possibilité de journalisation au système de "
"fichiers, c’est-à-dire la conversion de système de fichiers de <ulink url="
"\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> vers <ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> sur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>&nbsp;» (effectuez cela sur un système de "
"fichiers non monté)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/"
"hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>\" converts it from <ulink url="
"\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> to <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> on \"<literal>/"
"dev/hda1</literal>\".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)"
msgstr ""
"L’exécution de «&nbsp;<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /"
"dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>&nbsp;» le convertit de "
"<ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> vers <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> "
"sur «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>&nbsp;». (À effectuer sur un système "
"de fichiers non monté)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Despite its name, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> works not only on the "
"<ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> filesystem but also on the <ulink url="
"\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystems."
msgstr ""
"En dépit de son nom, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> ne fonctionne pas "
"uniquement sur le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> "
"mais aussi sur les systèmes de fichiers <ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> "
"et <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Optimization of hard disk"
msgstr "Optimisation du disque dur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Please check your hardware and read manpage of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hdparam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> before playing with hard disk configuration "
"because this may be quite dangerous for the data integrity."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez vérifier votre matériel et lire la page de manuel "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hdparam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avant de jouer avec la configuration de vos "
"disques durs parce que ce peut être assez dangereux pour l’intégrité des "
"données."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can test disk access speed of a hard disk, e.g. \"<literal>/dev/hda</"
"literal>\", by \"<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</literal>\". For some hard "
"disk connected with (E)IDE, you can speed it up with \"<literal>hdparm -q -"
"c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>\" by enabling the \"(E)IDE 32-bit I/O "
"support\", enabling the \"using_dma flag\", setting \"interrupt-unmask flag"
"\", and setting the \"multiple 16 sector I/O\" (dangerous!)."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez tester la vitesse de lecture d’un disque dur, par exemple «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Vous pouvez accélérer certains disques (E)IDE avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;» en activant la "
"prise en charge des E/S 32 bits («&nbsp;(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support&nbsp;»), "
"en positionnant l’indicateur d’utilisation de dma «&nbsp;using_dma "
"flag&nbsp;», en positionnant l’indicateur de démasquage des interruptions "
"(«&nbsp;interrupt-unmask flag&nbsp;») et en positionnant les E/S multiples "
"sur 15 secteurs («&nbsp;multiple 16 sector I/O&nbsp;») (dangereux&nbsp;!)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can test write cache feature of a hard disk, e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sda</"
"literal>\", by \"<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>\". You can disable "
"its write cache feature with \"<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez tester la fonctionnalité de cache d’un disque dur, par exemple "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;<literal>hdparm -W /dev/"
"sda</literal>&nbsp;». Vous pouvez désactiver le cache en écriture avec "
"«&nbsp;<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may be able to read badly pressed CDROMs on modern high speed CD-ROM "
"drive by slowing it down with \"<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez réussir à lire un CD-ROM vraiment mal pressé sur un lecteur de "
"CD-ROM moderne rapide en le ralentissant avec «&nbsp;<literal>setcd -x 2</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Optimization of solid state drive"
msgstr "Optimisation du SSD"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Performance and disk wear of the <ulink url=\"&solidstatedrivessd;\">solid "
"state drive (SSD)</ulink> can be optimized as follows."
msgstr ""
"Les performances et l’usure du <ulink url=\"&solidstatedrivessd;\">solid-"
"state drive (SSD)</ulink> peuvent être optimisées comme suit."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Use the latest Linux kernel. (&gt;= 3.2)"
msgstr "Utiliser le dernier noyau (&gt;= 3.2)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Reduce disk writes for read disk accesses."
msgstr "Réduire les écritures sur le disque pour les accès en lecture."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" or \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" mount "
"option in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Définir les options de montage « <literal>noatime</literal> » ou "
"« <literal>relatime</literal> » dans <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Enable the <ulink url=\"&trim;\">TRIM</ulink> command."
msgstr "Activer la commande <ulink url=\"&trim;\">TRIM</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"<literal>discard</literal>\" mount option in <literal>/etc/fstab</"
"literal> for the ext4 filesystem, swap partition, Btrfs, etc. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Définir l’option de montage « <literal>discard</literal> » dans <literal>/"
"etc/fstab</literal> pour les systèmes de fichiers ext4 et Btrfs, les "
"partitions de swap, etc. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"<literal>discard</literal>\" option in <literal>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</"
"literal> for <ulink url=\"&lvm;\">LVM</ulink>. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Définir l’option « <literal>discard</literal> » dans <literal>/etc/lvm/lvm."
"conf</literal> pour <ulink url=\"&lvm;\">LVM</ulink>. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"<literal>discard</literal>\" option in <literal>/etc/crypttab</"
"literal> for <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Définir l’option « <literal>discard</literal> » dans <literal>/etc/crypttab</"
"literal> pour <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Enable the SSD optimized disk space allocation scheme."
msgstr "Activer le schéma d’allocation d’espace disque optimisé pour SSD."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"<literal>ssd</literal>\" mount option in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> "
"for the Btrfs."
msgstr ""
"Définir l’option de montage « <literal>ssd</literal> » dans <literal>/etc/"
"fstab</literal> pour Brtfs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Make system flush data to the disk every 10 minutes for laptop PCs."
msgstr ""
"Vider les données sur le disque toutes les dix minutes pour les ordinateurs "
"portables."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set \"<literal>commit=600</literal>\" mount option in <literal>/etc/fstab</"
"literal>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Définir l’option de montage « <literal>commit=600</literal> » dans <literal>/"
"etc/fstab</literal>. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Set pm-utils to use laptop-mode even under AC operation. See <ulink url="
"\"&debianbtsgfjcga;\">Debian BTS #659260</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Configurer pm-utils pour utiliser laptop-mode même sous tension. Consultez "
"le <ulink url=\"&debianbtsgfjcga;\">bogue Debian nº 659260</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Changing flushing interval from normal 5 seconds to 10 minutes makes your "
"data vulnerable to the power failure."
msgstr ""
"Modifier l’intervalle de vidage de données à dix minutes, au lieu de la "
"valeur par défaut de cinq secondes, peut rendre les données vulnérables aux "
"coupures de courant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Using SMART to predict hard disk failure"
msgstr "Utiliser SMART pour prédire les défaillances des disques durs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can monitor and log your hard disk which is compliant to <ulink url="
"\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> with the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez surveiller et enregistrer les disques durs conformes à <ulink "
"url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> à l’aide du démon "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Enable <ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> feature in <ulink url=\"&bios;"
"\">BIOS</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Activez la fonctionnalité <ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> dans le "
"<ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Install the <literal>smartmontools</literal> package."
msgstr "Installez le paquet <literal>smartmontools</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Identify your hard disk drives by listing them with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Identifiez vos disques durs en en affichant la liste avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Let's assume a hard disk drive to be monitored as \"<literal>/dev/hda</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Supposons que le disque dur à surveiller soit «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/hda</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Check the output of \"<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>\" to see if "
"<ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> feature is actually enabled."
msgstr ""
"Contrôlez la sortie de «&nbsp;<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour voir si la fonctionnalité <ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> est "
"effectivement activée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "If not, enable it by \"<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Si elle ne l’est pas, activez-la avec «&nbsp;<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/"
"hda</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Enable <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon to run by the following."
msgstr ""
"Autorisez le fonctionnement du démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> par l’action "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"uncomment \"<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/"
"default/smartmontools</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""
"décommentez «&nbsp;<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>&nbsp;» dans le "
"fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"restart the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon by \"<literal>sudo /etc/init.d/"
"smartmontools restart</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"relancez le démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>sudo /etc/init.d/smartmontools restart</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon can be customized with the <literal>/etc/"
"smartd.conf</literal> file including how to be notified of warnings."
msgstr ""
"Le démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut être personnalisé par l’intermédiaire du "
"fichier <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> y compris pour la manière d’être "
"informé des avertissements."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Specify temporary storage directory via $TMPDIR"
msgstr "Indication du répertoire de stockage temporaire à l’aide de $TMPDIR"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Applications create temporary files normally under the temporary storage "
"directory \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\".  If \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\" does "
"not provide enough space, you can specify such temporary storage directory "
"via the <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> variable for well-behaving programs."
msgstr ""
"Les applications créent normalement des fichiers temporaires dans le "
"répertoire de stockage temporaire « <literal>/tmp</literal> ». Si "
"« <literal>/tmp</literal> » ne fournit pas assez d’espace, vous pouvez "
"indiquer un autre répertoire de stockage temporaire à l’aide de la variable "
"<literal>$TMPDIR</literal> pour les programmes qui l’intègrent."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space via LVM"
msgstr "Étendre l’espace de stockage utile à l’aide de LVM"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For partitions created on <ulink url=\"&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;\">Logical "
"Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (Linux feature) at install time, they can be "
"resized easily by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from "
"them over multiple storage devices without major system reconfiguration."
msgstr ""
"Les partitions créées sur le <ulink url=\"&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;"
"\">gestionnaire de volumes logiques (LVM)</ulink> («&nbsp;Logical Volume "
"Manager&nbsp;») (fonctionnalité de Linux) au moment de l’installation "
"peuvent être facilement redimensionnées en y concaténant des extensions "
"(«&nbsp;extents&nbsp;») ou en en tronquant les extensions sur plusieurs "
"périphériques de stockage sans reconfiguration majeure du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space by mounting another partition"
msgstr "Extension de l’espace de stockage en montant une autre partition"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have an empty partition (e.g., \"<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>\"), you "
"can format it with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> it to a directory where you need more space. (You need to copy "
"original data contents.)"
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez une partition vide (par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sdx</"
"literal>&nbsp;»), vous pouvez la formater avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et la monter («&nbsp;"
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;») sur un répertoire où vous avez besoin de davantage "
"d’espace (vous devrez copier les données d’origine)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo mv work-dir old-dir\n"
"$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdx\n"
"$ sudo mount -t ext4 /dev/sdx work-dir\n"
"$ sudo cp -a old-dir/* work-dir\n"
"$ sudo rm -rf old-dir"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo mv répertoire-travail ancien-répertoire\n"
"$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdx\n"
"$ sudo mount -t ext4 /dev/sdx répertoire-travail\n"
"$ sudo cp -a ancien-répertoire/* répertoire-travail\n"
"$ sudo rm -rf ancien-répertoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You may alternatively mount an empty disk image file (see <xref linkend="
"\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>) as a loop device (see <xref linkend="
"\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>).  The actual disk usage grows with the "
"actual data stored."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi monter un fichier image de disque vide (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>) en tant que périphérique de "
"rebouclage (consultez <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>). "
"L’utilisation réelle du disque croît avec les données réellement "
"enregistrées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space by bind-mounting another directory"
msgstr "Extension de l’espace de stockage en remontant un autre répertoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have an empty directory (e.g., \"<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>"
"\") on another partition with usable space, you can mount(8) it with "
"\"<literal>--bind</literal>\" option to a directory (e.g., \"<literal>work-"
"dir</literal>\") where you need more space."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez un répertoire vide (par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>/chemin/vers/"
"répertoire-temporaire</literal>&nbsp;») sur une autre partition avec de "
"l’espace disponible, vous pouvez le remonter avec l’option « <literal>--"
"bind</literal> » vers un répertoire (par exemple « <literal>répertoire-"
"travail</literal> ») où vous avez besoin de place."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo mount --bind /path/to/emp-dir work-dir"
msgstr "$ sudo mount --bind /chemin/vers/répertoire-temporaire répertoire-travail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space using symlink"
msgstr "Extension de l’espace utilisable à l’aide de liens symboliques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"This is a deprecated method.  Use <xref linkend="
"\"_expansion_of_usable_storage_space_by_bind_mounting_another_directory\"/> "
"instead, if possible."
msgstr ""
"Cette méthode est obsolète. Utilisez plutôt <xref linkend="
"\"_expansion_of_usable_storage_space_by_bind_mounting_another_directory\"/> "
"si possible."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have an empty directory (e.g., \"<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>"
"\") in another partition with usable space, you can create a symlink to the "
"directory with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ln</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez un répertoire vide (par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>/chemin/vers/"
"répertoire-temporaire</literal>&nbsp;») sur une autre partition avec de "
"l’espace disponible, vous pouvez créer un lien symbolique vers ce répertoire "
"avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ln</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo mv work-dir old-dir\n"
"$ sudo mkdir -p /path/to/emp-dir\n"
"$ sudo ln -sf /path/to/emp-dir work-dir\n"
"$ sudo cp -a old-dir/* work-dir\n"
"$ sudo rm -rf old-dir"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo mv répertoire-travail ancien-répertoire\n"
"$ sudo mkdir -p /chemin/vers/répertoire-temporaire\n"
"$ sudo ln -sf /chemin/vers/répertoire-temporaire répertoire-travail \n"
"$ sudo cp -a ancien-répertoire/* répertoire-travail \n"
"$ sudo rm -rf ancien-répertoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not use \"symlink to a directory\" for directories managed by the system "
"such as \"<literal>/opt</literal>\".  Such a symlink may be overwritten when "
"the system is upgraded."
msgstr ""
"N’utilisez pas de « liens symboliques vers un répertoire » pour un "
"répertoire géré par le système comme par exemple « <literal>/opt</"
"literal> ». De tels liens symboliques peuvent être écrasés lors de la mise à "
"niveau du système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid "Some software may not function well with \"symlink to a directory\"."
msgstr ""
"Certains logiciels peuvent ne pas bien fonctionner avec des «&nbsp;liens "
"symboliques vers un répertoire&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space using aufs"
msgstr "Extension de l’espace utilisable à l’aide de aufs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have usable space in another partition (e.g., \"<literal>/path/to/</"
"literal>\"), you can create a directory in it and stack that on to a "
"directory where you need space with <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez de l’espace disponible sur une autre partition (par exemple "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/chemin/vers/</literal>&nbsp;»), vous pouvez y créer un "
"répertoire et l’ajouter au répertoire où vous avez besoin de place avec "
"<ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo mv work-dir old-dir\n"
"$ sudo mkdir work-dir\n"
"$ sudo mkdir -p /path/to/emp-dir\n"
"$ sudo mount -t aufs -o br:/path/to/emp-dir:old-dir none work-dir"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo mv répertoire-travail ancien-répertoire\n"
"$ sudo mkdir répertoire-travail\n"
"$ sudo mkdir -p /chemin/vers/répertoire/temporaire\n"
"$ sudo mount -t aufs -o br:/chemin/vers/répertoire/temporaire:ancien-répertoire none répertoire-travail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Use of <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> for long term data storage is not "
"a good idea since it is under development and its design change may "
"introduce issues."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> pour le stockage de "
"données à long terme n’est pas une bonne idée car il est en cours de "
"développement et les modifications de sa conception peuvent poser des "
"problèmes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> is used to provide writable root "
"filesystem by many modern <ulink url=\"&livecd;\">live CD</ulink> projects."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> est utilisé pour fournir un système de "
"fichiers où l’administrateur peut écrire par de nombreux projets de <ulink "
"url=\"&livecd;\">live CD</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The disk image"
msgstr "Le fichier image du disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Here, we discuss manipulations of the disk image."
msgstr "Nous discutons ici des manipulations sur l’image disque."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Making the disk image file"
msgstr "Créer le fichier image du disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\", of an unmounted "
"device, e.g., the second SCSI or serial ATA drive \"<literal>/dev/sdb</"
"literal>\", can be made using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier image du disque, «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» d’un "
"périphérique non monté, par exemple, le second périphérique SCSI ou Serial "
"ATA «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>&nbsp;» peut être créé en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cp /dev/sdb disk.img\n"
"# dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img"
msgstr ""
"# cp /dev/sdb disque.img\n"
"# dd if=/dev/sdb of=disque.img"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The disk image of the traditional PC's <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;"
"\">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) which reside on the first sector on the "
"primary IDE disk can be made by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"L’image disque du <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">master boot record "
"(MBR)</ulink> (secteur principal d’amorçage) (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) qui se trouve sur le premier secteur du "
"disque primaire IDE peut être faite en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr.img bs=512 count=1\n"
"# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-nopart.img bs=446 count=1\n"
"# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-part.img skip=446 bs=1 count=66"
msgstr ""
"# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr.img bs=512 count=1\n"
"# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-nopart.img bs=446 count=1\n"
"# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-part.img skip=446 bs=1 count=66"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>mbr.img</literal>\": The MBR with the partition table"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>mbr.img</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: MBR avec la table des "
"partitions"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>\": The MBR without the partition table"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: MBR sans la table des "
"partitions"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>\": The partition table of the MBR only"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;: table de partition du "
"MBR seul"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have an SCSI or serial ATA device as the boot disk, substitute "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" with \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez un périphérique SCSI ou Serial ATA comme disque d’amorçage, "
"remplacez «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;» avec «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"dev/sda</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are making an image of a disk partition of the original disk, "
"substitute \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" with \"<literal>/dev/hda1</"
"literal>\" etc."
msgstr ""
"Si vous réalisez une image d’une partition du disque d’origine, remplacez "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/hda1</"
"literal>&nbsp;», etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Writing directly to the disk"
msgstr "Écrire directement sur le disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" can be written to an "
"unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI drive \"<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>"
"\" with matching size, by the following."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier image du disque «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» peut "
"être écrit vers un disque non monté, par exemple le second disque SCSI "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>&nbsp;» avec la taille correspondante par "
"ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dd if=disk.img of=/dev/sdb"
msgstr "# dd if=disk.img of=/dev/sdb"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Similarly, the disk partition image file, \"<literal>partition.img</literal>"
"\" can be written to an unmounted partition, e.g., the first partition of "
"the second SCSI drive \"<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>\" with matching size, "
"by the following."
msgstr ""
"De la même manière, le fichier image de la partition du disque, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>partition.img</literal>&nbsp;» peut être écrit sur une partition "
"non montée, par exemple, la première partition du second disque SCSI  «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>&nbsp;» avec la taille correspondante comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dd if=partition.img of=/dev/sdb1"
msgstr "# dd if=partition.img of=/dev/sdb1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Mounting the disk image file"
msgstr "Monter le fichier image du disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The disk image \"<literal>partition.img</literal>\" containing a single "
"partition image can be mounted and unmounted by using the <ulink url="
"\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> as follows."
msgstr ""
"L’image disque «&nbsp;<literal>partition.img</literal>&nbsp;», qui contient "
"une partition image unique, peut être monté et démonté en utilisant le "
"<ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">périphérique de rebouclage (loop device)</ulink> "
"de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# losetup -v -f partition.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop0\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0\n"
"# mount -t auto /dev/loop0 /mnt/loop0\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount /dev/loop0\n"
"# losetup -d /dev/loop0"
msgstr ""
"# losetup -v -f partition.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop0\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0\n"
"# mount -t auto /dev/loop0 /mnt/loop0\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount /dev/loop0\n"
"# losetup -d /dev/loop0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This can be simplified as follows."
msgstr "Cela peut être simplifié de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0\n"
"# mount -t auto -o loop partition.img /mnt/loop0\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount partition.img"
msgstr ""
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0\n"
"# mount -t auto -o loop partition.img /mnt/loop0\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount partition.img"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each partition of the disk image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" containing "
"multiple partitions can be mounted by using the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;"
"\">loop device</ulink>.  Since the loop device does not manage partitions by "
"default, we need to reset it as follows."
msgstr ""
"Chaque partition de l’image disque «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» "
"contenant plusieurs partitions peut être montée en utilisant le <ulink url="
"\"&loopdevice;\">périphérique de rebouclage (loop device)</ulink>. Étant "
"donné que le périphérique de rebouclage ne gère pas, par défaut, les "
"partitions, il faut le réinitialiser de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# modinfo -p loop # verify kernel capability\n"
"max_part:Maximum number of partitions per loop device\n"
"max_loop:Maximum number of loop devices\n"
"# losetup -a # verify nothing using the loop device\n"
"# rmmod loop\n"
"# modprobe loop max_part=16"
msgstr ""
"# modinfo -p loop # verify kernel capability\n"
"max_part:Maximum number of partitions per loop device\n"
"max_loop:Maximum number of loop devices\n"
"# losetup -a # verify nothing using the loop device\n"
"# rmmod loop\n"
"# modprobe loop max_part=16"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Now, the loop device can manage up to 16 partitions."
msgstr ""
"Maintenant, le périphérique de rebouclage peut gérer jusqu’à 16 partitions."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# losetup -v -f disk.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop0\n"
"# fdisk -l /dev/loop0\n"
"\n"
"Disk /dev/loop0: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes\n"
"255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders\n"
"Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes\n"
"Disk identifier: 0x452b6464\n"
"\n"
"      Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System\n"
"/dev/loop0p1               1         600     4819468+  83  Linux\n"
"/dev/loop0p2             601         652      417690   83  Linux\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p1\n"
"# mount -t ext4 /dev/loop0p1 /mnt/loop0p1\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"# mount -t ext4 /dev/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount /dev/loop0p1\n"
"# umount /dev/loop0p2\n"
"# losetup -d /dev/loop0"
msgstr ""
"# losetup -v -f disk.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop0\n"
"# fdisk -l /dev/loop0\n"
"\n"
"Disk /dev/loop0: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes\n"
"255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders\n"
"Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes\n"
"Disk identifier: 0x452b6464\n"
"\n"
"      Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System\n"
"/dev/loop0p1               1         600     4819468+  83  Linux\n"
"/dev/loop0p2             601         652      417690   83  Linux\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p1\n"
"# mount -t ext4 /dev/loop0p1 /mnt/loop0p1\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"# mount -t ext4 /dev/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount /dev/loop0p1\n"
"# umount /dev/loop0p2\n"
"# losetup -d /dev/loop0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, similar effects can be done by using the <ulink url="
"\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> devices created by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kpartx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> from the <literal>kpartx</literal> package as follows."
msgstr ""
"En remplacement, des effets similaires peuvent être obtenus en utilisant les "
"périphériques <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> créés par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kpartx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> du paquet <literal>kpartx</literal> de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# kpartx -a -v disk.img\n"
"...\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"# mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"...\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount /dev/mapper/loop0p2\n"
"...\n"
"# kpartx -d /mnt/loop0"
msgstr ""
"# kpartx -a -v disk.img\n"
"...\n"
"# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"# mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2\n"
"...\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# umount /dev/mapper/loop0p2\n"
"...\n"
"# kpartx -d /mnt/loop0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"You can mount a single partition of such disk image with <ulink url="
"\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> using offset to skip <ulink url=\"&mbr;"
"\">MBR</ulink> etc., too.  But this is more error prone."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez monter une partition unique d’une telle image de disque avec le "
"<ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">périphérique de rebouclage</ulink> en utilisant "
"un décalage pour sauter le <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> ou autre. Mais "
"c’est susceptible d’induire des erreurs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Cleaning a disk image file"
msgstr "Nettoyage d’un fichier image du disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" can be cleaned of all "
"removed files into clean sparse image \"<literal>new.img</literal>\" by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Un fichier image disque «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» peut être "
"nettoyé de tous les fichiers supprimés pour donner une image propre «&nbsp;"
"<literal>new.img</literal>&nbsp;» de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mkdir old; mkdir new\n"
"# mount -t auto -o loop disk.img old\n"
"# dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=new.img seek=5G\n"
"# mount -t auto -o loop new.img new\n"
"# cd old\n"
"# cp -a --sparse=always ./ ../new/\n"
"# cd ..\n"
"# umount new.img\n"
"# umount disk.img"
msgstr ""
"# mkdir old; mkdir new\n"
"# mount -t auto -o loop disk.img old\n"
"# dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=new.img seek=5G\n"
"# mount -t auto -o loop new.img new\n"
"# cd old\n"
"# cp -a --sparse=always ./ ../new/\n"
"# cd ..\n"
"# umount new.img\n"
"# umount disk.img"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" is in ext2, ext3 or ext4, you can also "
"use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>zerofree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>zerofree</literal> package as "
"follows."
msgstr ""
"Si «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» est un système de fichiers "
"ext2, ext3 ou ext4, vous pouvez aussi utiliser "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>zerofree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet <literal>zerofree</literal> de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# losetup -f -v disk.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop3\n"
"# zerofree /dev/loop3\n"
"# cp --sparse=always disk.img new.img"
msgstr ""
"# losetup -f -v disk.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop3\n"
"# zerofree /dev/loop3\n"
"# cp --sparse=always disk.img new.img"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Making the empty disk image file"
msgstr "Réaliser le fichier image d’un disque vide"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The empty disk image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" which can grow up to "
"5GiB can be made using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as follows."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier image du disque vide «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;», "
"qui pourra s’étendre jusqu’à 5Gio peut être fait en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=disk.img seek=5G"
msgstr "$ dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=disk.img seek=5G"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can create an ext4 filesystem on this disk image \"<literal>disk.img</"
"literal>\" using the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> as "
"follows."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez créer un système de fichiers ext4 sur cette image disque «&nbsp;"
"<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant le <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;"
"\">périphérique de rebouclage (loop device)</ulink> de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# losetup -f -v disk.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop1\n"
"# mkfs.ext4 /dev/loop1\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# losetup -d /dev/loop1\n"
"$ du  --apparent-size -h disk.img\n"
"5.0G  disk.img\n"
"$ du -h disk.img\n"
"83M disk.img"
msgstr ""
"# losetup -f -v disk.img\n"
"Loop device is /dev/loop1\n"
"# mkfs.ext4 /dev/loop1\n"
"...hack...hack...hack\n"
"# losetup -d /dev/loop1\n"
"$ du  --apparent-size -h disk.img\n"
"5.0G  disk.img\n"
"$ du -h disk.img\n"
"83M disk.img"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\", its file size is 5.0 GiB and its actual "
"disk usage is mere 83MiB.  This discrepancy is possible since <ulink url="
"\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> can hold <ulink url=\"&sparsefile;\">sparse file</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Pour «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;», sa taille de fichier est de "
"5.0 Gio et son utilisation disque est uniquement de 83Mio. Cette discordance "
"est possible car <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> sait maintenir un <ulink "
"url=\"&sparsefile;\">fichier creux (sparse)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The actual disk usage of <ulink url=\"&sparsefile;\">sparse file</ulink> "
"grows with data which are written to it."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation réelle sur le disque du <ulink url=\"&sparsefile;\">fichier "
"creux</ulink> croît au fur et à mesure qu’on y écrit des données ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Using similar operation on devices created by the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;"
"\">loop device</ulink> or the <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</"
"ulink> devices as <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>, you can "
"partition this disk image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and can create "
"filesystem on it using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, etc."
msgstr ""
"En utilisant des opérations similaires sur les périphériques créés par "
"<ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> ou les périphériques <ulink "
"url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> comme dans <xref linkend="
"\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>, vous pouvez partitionner cette image "
"disque «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, et y créer un système "
"de fichiers en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext4</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Making the ISO9660 image file"
msgstr "Créer un fichier image ISO9660"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink> image file, \"<literal>cd.iso</"
"literal>\", from the source directory tree at \"<literal>source_directory</"
"literal>\" can be made using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by <ulink url="
"\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink> by the following."
msgstr ""
"On peut faire le fichier image <ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink>, "
"«&nbsp;<literal>cd.iso</literal>&nbsp;», depuis l’arborescence de répertoire "
"source située à «&nbsp;<literal>répertoire_source</literal>&nbsp;», en "
"utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> fourni par<ulink url="
"\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "#  genisoimage -r -J -T -V volume_id -o cd.iso source_directory"
msgstr "#  genisoimage -r -J -T -V volume_id -o cd.iso répertoire_source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Similarly, the bootable ISO9660 image file, \"<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>"
"\", can be made from <literal>debian-installer</literal> like directory tree "
"at \"<literal>source_directory</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"De la même manière, on peut créer le fichier image ISO9660 amorçable "
"<literal>«&nbsp;cdboot.iso</literal>&nbsp;» depuis une arborescence comme "
"celle de <literal>debian-installer</literal> située en «&nbsp;"
"<literal>source_directory</literal>&nbsp;», de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#  genisoimage -r -o cdboot.iso -V volume_id \\\n"
"   -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat \\\n"
"   -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table source_directory"
msgstr ""
"#  genisoimage -r -o cdboot.iso -V volume_id \\\n"
"   -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat \\\n"
"   -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table répertoire_source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here <ulink url=\"&isolinuxbootloader;\">Isolinux boot loader</ulink> (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) is used for booting."
msgstr ""
"Ici, le <ulink url=\"&isolinuxbootloader;\">chargeur d’amorçage Isolinux</"
"ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) est utilisé "
"pour l’amorçage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can calculate the md5sum value and make the ISO9660 image directly from "
"the CD-ROM device as follows."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez calculer la valeur de la somme md5 (md5sum) et construire des "
"image ISO9660 directement depuis un lecteur de CD-ROM de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ isoinfo -d -i /dev/cdrom\n"
"CD-ROM is in ISO 9660 format\n"
"...\n"
"Logical block size is: 2048\n"
"Volume size is: 23150592\n"
"...\n"
"# dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 count=23150592 conv=notrunc,noerror | md5sum\n"
"# dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 count=23150592 conv=notrunc,noerror &gt; cd.iso"
msgstr ""
"$ isoinfo -d -i /dev/cdrom\n"
"CD-ROM is in ISO 9660 format\n"
"...\n"
"Logical block size is: 2048\n"
"Volume size is: 23150592\n"
"...\n"
"# dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 count=23150592 conv=notrunc,noerror | md5sum\n"
"# dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 count=23150592 conv=notrunc,noerror &gt; cd.iso"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"You must carefully avoid ISO9660 filesystem read ahead bug of Linux as above "
"to get the right result."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez prendre garde d’éviter le bogue de lecture anticipée du système "
"de fichiers ISO9660 de Linux comme ci-dessus afin d’obtenir les résultats "
"corrects."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Writing directly to the CD/DVD-R/RW"
msgstr "Écriture directe sur CD/DVD-R/RW"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"DVD is only a large CD to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by <ulink url="
"\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Un DVD n’est qu’un gros CD pour <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui est fourni par "
"<ulink url=\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can find a usable device by the following."
msgstr "Vous pouvez rechercher un périphérique utilisable comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# wodim --devices"
msgstr "# wodim --devices"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Then the blank CD-R is inserted to the CD drive, and the ISO9660 image file, "
"\"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\" is written to this device, e.g., \"<literal>/"
"dev/hda</literal>\", using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Le CD-R vierge est alors inséré dans le graveur de CD et le fichier image "
"ISO9660 «&nbsp;<literal>cd.iso</literal>&nbsp;» est écrit vers le "
"périphérique, par exemple; «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# wodim -v -eject dev=/dev/hda cd.iso"
msgstr "# wodim -v -eject dev=/dev/hda cd.iso"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "If CD-RW is used instead of CD-R, do this instead by the following."
msgstr ""
"Si un CD-RW est utilisé à la place d’un CD-R, faites alors ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# wodim -v -eject blank=fast dev=/dev/hda cd.iso"
msgstr "# wodim -v -eject blank=fast dev=/dev/hda cd.iso"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If your desktop system mounts CDs automatically, unmount it by "
"\"<literal>sudo umount /dev/hda</literal>\" from console before using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Si votre système de bureau monte automatiquement le CD, démontez-le par la "
"commande «&nbsp;<literal>sudo unmount /dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;» depuis un "
"terminal avant d’utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Mounting the ISO9660 image file"
msgstr "Monter le fichier image ISO9660"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\" contains an ISO9660 image, then the "
"following manually mounts it to \"<literal>/cdrom</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Si «&nbsp;<literal>cd.iso</literal>&nbsp;» contient une image ISO9660, ce "
"qui suit permet alors de le monter manuellement sur «&nbsp;<literal>/cdrom</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop cd.iso /cdrom"
msgstr "# mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop cd.iso /cdrom"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Modern desktop system may mount removable media such as ISO9660 formatted CD "
"automatically (see <xref linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Les systèmes de bureau modernes peuvent monter automatiquement les supports "
"amovibles tels que les CD formatés en ISO9960 (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_removable_storage_device\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The binary data"
msgstr "Les données binaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, we discuss direct manipulations of the binary data on storage media."
msgstr ""
"Nous allons ici discuter de la manipulation directe des données binaires sur "
"le support d’enregistrement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Viewing and editing binary data"
msgstr "Afficher et éditer des données binaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The most basic viewing method of binary data is to use \"<literal>od -t x1</"
"literal>\" command."
msgstr ""
"La méthode la plus basique pour visualiser des données binaires est "
"d’utiliser la commande «&nbsp;<literal>od -t x1</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of packages which view and edit binary data"
msgstr ""
"Liste des paquets permettant de visualiser et d’éditer des données binaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"basic package which has <citerefentry><refentrytitle>od</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to dump files (HEX, "
"ASCII, OCTAL, …)"
msgstr ""
"paquet de base utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>od</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour vider des "
"fichiers (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utility package which has <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to dump files (HEX, "
"ASCII, OCTAL, …)"
msgstr ""
"paquets utilitaires qui utilisent <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour vider les "
"fichiers (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII)"
msgstr "éditeurs et visualisateurs binaires (HEX, ASCII)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME)"
msgstr "éditeur hexadécimal complet (GNOME)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4)"
msgstr "éditeur hexadécimal complet (KDE4)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)"
msgstr "éditeur et visualisateur binaire (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)"
msgstr "éditeur et visualisateur binaire (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"HEX is used as an acronym for <ulink url=\"&hexadecimal;\">hexadecimal</"
"ulink> format with <ulink url=\"&radix;\">radix</ulink> 16.  OCTAL is for "
"<ulink url=\"&octal;\">octal</ulink> format with <ulink url=\"&radix;"
"\">radix</ulink> 8.  ASCII is for <ulink url="
"\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">American Standard Code for "
"Information Interchange</ulink>, i.e., normal English text code.  EBCDIC is "
"for <ulink url=\"&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;\">Extended Binary Coded "
"Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> used on <ulink url=\"&ibmmainframe;\">IBM "
"mainframe</ulink> operating systems."
msgstr ""
"HEX est utilisé comme l'acronyme du format <ulink url=\"&hexadecimal;"
"\">hexadécimal</ulink> en <ulink url=\"&radix;\">base</ulink> 16.  OCTAL "
"désigne le format <ulink url=\"&octal;\">octal</ulink> en <ulink url="
"\"&radix;\">base</ulink> 8. ASCII est employé pour <ulink url="
"\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">Code américain standard pour "
"l’échange d’informations</ulink> («&nbsp;American Standard Code for "
"Information Interchange&nbsp;») c’est-à-dire le code pour texte normal en "
"anglais. EBCDIC signifie <ulink url=\"&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;"
"\">Code d’échange étendu décimal codé binaire</ulink> («&nbsp;Extended "
"Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code&nbsp;»), il est utilisé avec par les "
"systèmes d’exploitation des <ulink url=\"&ibmmainframe;\">mainframe IBM</"
"ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Manipulating files without mounting disk"
msgstr "Manipulation des fichiers sans monter le disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are tools to read and write files without mounting disk."
msgstr ""
"Il existe des outils permettant de lire et d’écrire des fichiers sans avoir "
"à monter le disque."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of packages to manipulate files without mounting disk"
msgstr "Liste des paquets pour manipuler les fichiers sans monter le disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utilities for MSDOS files without mounting them"
msgstr "utilitaires pour les fichiers MSDOS sans les monter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utilities for HFS and HFS+ files without mounting them"
msgstr "utilitaires pour les fichiers HFS et HFS+ sans les monter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Data redundancy"
msgstr "Redondance des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Software <ulink url=\"&raid;\">RAID</ulink> systems offered by the Linux "
"kernel provide data redundancy in the kernel filesystem level to achieve "
"high levels of storage reliability."
msgstr ""
"Les systèmes s’appuyant sur le <ulink url=\"&raid;\">RAID</ulink> logiciel "
"offert par le noyau Linux permettent une redondance des données au niveau du "
"système de fichiers du noyau afin d’obtenir un haut niveau de fiabilité du "
"système de stockage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are tools to add data redundancy to files in application program level "
"to achieve high levels of storage reliability, too."
msgstr ""
"Il existe aussi des outils pour ajouter des données de redondance aux "
"fichiers au niveau du programme applicatif permettant d’obtenir de hauts "
"niveaux de fiabilité de stockage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools to add data redundancy to files"
msgstr "Liste d’outils pour ajouter des données de redondance aux fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Parity Archive Volume Set, for checking and repair of files"
msgstr "Parity Archive Volume Set, pour vérifier et réparer des fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "data loss/scratch/aging protection for CD/DVD media"
msgstr ""
"protection des supports CD et DVD contre les pertes de données, les rayures "
"et le vieillissement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"backup tool using MiniDV camcorders (providing "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsbep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"outil de sauvegarde utilisant des caméscopes MiniDV (fournissant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsbep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "recover lost blocks using Forward Error Correction"
msgstr ""
"récupération de blocs en utilisant une correction d’erreur vers l’avant "
"(«&nbsp;Forward Error Correction&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Data file recovery and forensic analysis"
msgstr "Récupération de fichiers de données et analyse par autopsie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are tools for data file recovery and forensic analysis."
msgstr ""
"Il y a des outils pour la récupération des données et l’analyse par autopsie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis"
msgstr ""
"Liste de paquets pour la récupération de données et l’analyse par autopsie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utilities for partition scan and disk recovery"
msgstr "utilitaires pour l’examen de partitions et la récupération de disque"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour la récupération de fichiers et de recherche des octets "
"magiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "frugal, high performance file carver"
msgstr "récupérateur de fichiers sobre de haute performance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "rescue data from damaged harddisks"
msgstr "récupérer des données depuis des disques endommagés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utility to undelete files on the ext3/4 filesystem"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour récupérer des fichiers effacés d’un système de fichiers "
"ext3/4"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem"
msgstr ""
"outil pour aider à la récupération de fichiers effacés sur un système de "
"fichiers ext3"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "data recovery program for NTFS filesystems"
msgstr ""
"programme de récupération de données pour les systèmes de fichiers NTFS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "gzip recovery toolkit"
msgstr "boîte à outils de récupération gzip"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit)"
msgstr "outil pour autopsie («&nbsp;forensics analysis«&nbsp;». (Sleuthkit)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "graphical interface to SleuthKit"
msgstr "interface graphique à SleuthKit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "forensics application to recover data"
msgstr "application d’autopsie pour la récupération de données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "forensic imaging tool based on Qt"
msgstr "outil de création d’image d’autopsie basée sur Qt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "enhanced version of <literal>dd</literal> for forensics and security"
msgstr ""
"version améliorée de <literal>dd</literal> pour les autopsies et la sécurité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "forensic copy program"
msgstr "programme de copie pour autopsie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can undelete files on the ext2 filesystem using "
"<literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> and <literal>undel</literal> commands "
"of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debugfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez annuler l'effacement de fichiers sur un système de fichiers ext2 "
"en utilisant les commandes <literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> et "
"<literal>undel</literal> de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debugfs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> dans le paquet "
"<literal>e2fsprogs</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Splitting a large file into small files"
msgstr "Éclater un gros fichier en petits fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When a data is too big to backup as a single file, you can backup its "
"content after splitting it into, e.g. 2000MiB chunks and merge those chunks "
"back into the original file later."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque les données ont un volume trop important pour pouvoir être "
"sauvegardée dans un seul fichier, vous pouvez en sauvegarder le contenu "
"après l’avoir éclaté en morceaux de, par exemple, 2000Mio et réassembler ces "
"morceaux par la suite sous la forme du fichier d’origine."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ split -b 2000m large_file\n"
"$ cat x* &gt;large_file"
msgstr ""
"$ split -b 2000m gros_fichier\n"
"$ cat x* &gt;gros_fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Please make sure you do not have any files starting with \"<literal>x</"
"literal>\" to avoid name crashes."
msgstr ""
"Assurez-vous ne pas pas avoir de nom de fichier commençant par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>x</literal>&nbsp;» afin d’éviter des plantages de nom."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Clearing file contents"
msgstr "Effacer le contenu d’un fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to clear the contents of a file such as a log file, do not use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to delete the file and then create a new empty file, because "
"the file may still be accessed in the interval between commands.  The "
"following is the safe way to clear the contents of the file."
msgstr ""
"Pour effacer le contenu d’un fichier comme, par exemple, un fichier journal, "
"n’utilisez pas la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour supprimer le "
"fichier et recréer ensuite un fichier vide parce qu’on peut encore accéder "
"au fichier dans l’intervalle entre les commandes. Voici la manière sûre "
"d’effacer le contenu d’un fichier&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ :&gt;file_to_be_cleared"
msgstr "$ :&gt;fichier_a_effacer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Dummy files"
msgstr "Fichiers fictifs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The following commands create dummy or empty files."
msgstr "Les commandes suivantes créent des fichiers factices ou vides."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ dd if=/dev/zero    of=5kb.file bs=1k count=5\n"
"$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=7mb.file bs=1M count=7\n"
"$ touch zero.file\n"
"$ : &gt; alwayszero.file"
msgstr ""
"$ dd if=/dev/zero    of=5kb.file bs=1k count=5\n"
"$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=7mb.file bs=1M count=7\n"
"$ touch zero.file\n"
"$ : &gt; alwayszero.file"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You should find following files."
msgstr "Vous obtiendrez les fichiers suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>5kb.file</literal>\" is 5KB of zeros."
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>5kb.file</literal>&nbsp;» avec 5K de zéros&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>7mb.file</literal>\" is 7MB of random data."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>7mb.file</literal>&nbsp;» avec 7Mo de données "
"aléatoires&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>zero.file</literal>\" may be a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its "
"<literal>mtime</literal> is updated while its content and its length are "
"kept."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>zero.file</literal>&nbsp;» devrait être un fichier de 0 "
"octet. S’il existait, son <literal>mtime</literal> est mis à jour alors que "
"son contenu et sa taille sont conservés&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>\" is always a 0 byte file.  If it "
"existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated and its content is reset."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>&nbsp; fait toujours 0 octet. S’il "
"existait son <literal>mtime</literal> est mis à jour et son contenu vidé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Erasing an entire hard disk"
msgstr "Effacer l’ensemble du disque dur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are several ways to completely erase data from an entire hard disk "
"like device, e.g., USB memory stick at \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Il existe plusieurs manières d’effacer complètement les données d’un "
"périphérique semblable à un disque dur, par exemple, une clé USB se trouvant "
"en «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Check your USB memory stick location with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> first before executing commands here.  The device pointed by "
"\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\" may be SCSI hard disk or serial-ATA hard "
"disk where your entire system resides."
msgstr ""
"Vérifiez d’abord l’emplacement de votre clé USB avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> avant d’exécuter ces commandes. Le périphérique pointé par "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda</literal>&nbsp;» peut être le disque dur SCSI ou un "
"disque dur SATA sur lequel se trouve l’ensemble de votre système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Erase all the disk content by resetting data to 0 with the following."
msgstr ""
"Effacer tout le contenu du disque en réinitialisant toutes les données à 0 "
"avec la commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda"
msgstr "# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Erase everything by overwriting with random data as follows."
msgstr ""
"Tout effacer en écrasant les données existantes par des données aléatoires "
"par la commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sda"
msgstr "# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sda"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Erase everything by overwriting with random data very efficiently as follows."
msgstr ""
"Effacer de manière très efficace toutes les données en les écrasant avec des "
"données aléatoires par la commande suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# shred -v -n 1 /dev/sda"
msgstr "# shred -v -n 1 /dev/sda"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> is available from the shell of many bootable Linux "
"CDs such as Debian installer CD, you can erase your installed system "
"completely by running an erase command from such media on the system hard "
"disk, e.g., \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\", \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>"
"\", etc."
msgstr ""
"Comme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> est disponible depuis l’interpréteur de commandes "
"de nombreux CD amorçables de Linux tels que le CD de l’installateur Debian, "
"vous pouvez effacer complètement votre système installé en lançant la "
"commande d’effacement du disque dur du système, par exemple, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda</"
"literal>&nbsp;», etc. depuis un tel support, "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Erasing unused area of an hard disk"
msgstr "Effacer l’ensemble du disque dur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Unused area on an hard disk (or USB memory stick), e.g. \"<literal>/dev/"
"sdb1</literal>\" may still contain erased data themselves since they are "
"only unlinked from the filesystem.  These can be cleaned by overwriting them."
msgstr ""
"Une zone inutilisée du disque dur (ou d’une clé mémoire USB), par ex. «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/devsdb1</literal>&nbsp;» peut encore contenir les données effacées "
"elles-mêmes puisqu’elles ne sont que déliées du système de fichiers. Elles "
"peuvent être nettoyées en les surchargeant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mount -t auto /dev/sdb1 /mnt/foo\n"
"# cd /mnt/foo\n"
"# dd if=/dev/zero of=junk\n"
"dd: writing to `junk': No space left on device\n"
"...\n"
"# sync\n"
"# umount /dev/sdb1"
msgstr ""
"# mount -t auto /dev/sdb1 /mnt/foo\n"
"# cd /mnt/foo\n"
"# dd if=/dev/zero of=junk\n"
"dd: writing to `junk': No space left on device\n"
"...\n"
"# sync\n"
"# umount /dev/sdb1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"This is usually good enough for your USB memory stick.  But this is not "
"perfect.  Most parts of erased filenames and their attributes may be hidden "
"and remain in the filesystem."
msgstr ""
"C’est en général suffisamment bon pour votre clé mémoire USB. Mais ce n’est "
"pas parfait. La plupart des noms des fichiers effacés et leurs attributs "
"peuvent être cachés et rester dans le système de fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Undeleting deleted but still open files"
msgstr "Récupérer des fichiers supprimés mais encore ouverts"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Even if you have accidentally deleted a file, as long as that file is still "
"being used by some application (read or write mode), it is possible to "
"recover such a file."
msgstr ""
"Même si vous avez accidentellement supprimé un fichier, tant que ce fichier "
"est en cours d’utilisation par une application quelconque, (en mode lecture "
"ou écriture); il est possible de récupérer un tel fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ echo foo &gt; bar\n"
"$ less bar\n"
"$ ps aux | grep ' less[ ]'\n"
"bozo    4775  0.0  0.0  92200   884 pts/8    S+   00:18   0:00 less bar\n"
"$ rm bar\n"
"$ ls -l /proc/4775/fd | grep bar\n"
"lr-x------ 1 bozo bozo 64 2008-05-09 00:19 4 -&gt; /home/bozo/bar (deleted)\n"
"$ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;bar\n"
"$ ls -l\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-09 00:25 bar\n"
"$ cat bar\n"
"foo"
msgstr ""
"$ echo toto &gt; titi\n"
"$ less titi\n"
"$ ps aux | grep ' less[ ]'\n"
"bozo    4775  0.0  0.0  92200   884 pts/8    S+   00:18   0:00 less titi\n"
"$ rm titi\n"
"$ ls -l /proc/4775/fd | grep titi\n"
"lr-x------ 1 bozo bozo 64 2008-05-09 00:19 4 -&gt; /home/bozo/titi (deleted)\n"
"$ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;titi\n"
"$ ls -l\n"
"-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-09 00:25 titi\n"
"$ cat titir\n"
"toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Execute on another terminal (when you have the <literal>lsof</literal> "
"package installed) as follows."
msgstr ""
"Exécutez sur un autre terminal (lorsque vous avez le paquet <literal>lsof</"
"literal> installé) comme suit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ls -li bar\n"
"2228329 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:02 bar\n"
"$ lsof |grep bar|grep less\n"
"less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/bar\n"
"$ rm bar\n"
"$ lsof |grep bar|grep less\n"
"less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/bar (deleted)\n"
"$ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;bar\n"
"$ ls -li bar\n"
"2228302 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:05 bar\n"
"$ cat bar\n"
"foo"
msgstr ""
"$ ls -li titi\n"
"2228329 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:02 titi\n"
"$ lsof |grep titi|grep less\n"
"less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/titi\n"
"$ rm titi\n"
"$ lsof |grep titi|grep less\n"
"less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/titi (deleted)\n"
"$ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;titi\n"
"$ ls -li titi\n"
"2228302 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:05 titi\n"
"$ cat titi\n"
"toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Searching all hardlinks"
msgstr "Rechercher tous les liens physiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Files with hardlinks can be identified by \"<literal>ls -li</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les fichiers ayant des liens physiques peuvent être identifiés par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>ls -li</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ls -li\n"
"total 0\n"
"2738405 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 bar\n"
"2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 baz\n"
"2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 foo"
msgstr ""
"$ ls -li\n"
"total 0\n"
"2738405 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 titi\n"
"2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 tutu\n"
"2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 toto"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Both \"<literal>baz</literal>\" and \"<literal>foo</literal>\" have link "
"counts of \"2\" (&gt;1) showing them to have hardlinks.  Their <ulink url="
"\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> numbers are common \"2738404\".  This means they "
"are the same hardlinked file.  If you do not happen to find all hardlinked "
"files by chance, you can search it by the <ulink url=\"&inode;\">inode</"
"ulink>, e.g., \"2738404\" as the following."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>tutu</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>toto</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ont tous les deux un nombre de liens égal à "
"\"«&nbsp;2&nbsp;» (&gt;1), ce qui indique qu’ils ont des liens physiques. "
"Leur numéro d’<ulink url=\"&inode;\">inœud</ulink> commun est "
"«&nbsp;2738404&nbsp;». Cela signifie qu’ils représentent le même fichier lié "
"par des liens physiques. Si vous n’arrivez pas à trouver de fichiers liés "
"par des liens physiques, vous pouvez les rechercher par<ulink url=\"&inode;"
"\">inœud</ulink>, par exemple «&nbsp;2738404&nbsp;», de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# find /path/to/mount/point -xdev -inum 2738404"
msgstr "# find /chemin/vers/point/de/montage -xdev -inum 2738404"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Invisible disk space consumption"
msgstr "Consommation d’espace disque invisible"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"All deleted but open files consume disk space although they are not visible "
"from normal <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>.  They can be listed with their size by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Tous les fichiers supprimés mais ouverts prennent de l’espace disque même "
"s’ils ne sont pas visibles par la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> normale. On peut en "
"afficher la liste avec leur taille par la commande suivante :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# lsof -s -X / |grep deleted"
msgstr "# lsof -s -X / |grep deleted"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Data encryption tips"
msgstr "Astuces de chiffrement des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"With physical access to your PC, anyone can easily gain root privilege and "
"access all the files on your PC (see <xref linkend="
"\"_securing_the_root_password\"/>).  This means that login password system "
"can not secure your private and sensitive data against possible theft of "
"your PC.  You must deploy data encryption technology to do it.  Although "
"<ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>) can encrypt files, it takes "
"some user efforts."
msgstr ""
"Avec un accès physique à votre PC, n’importe qui peut facilement obtenir les "
"privilèges de l’administrateur et accéder à tous les fichiers de votre PC "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_securing_the_root_password\"/>). Cela signifie "
"qu’un système avec un mot de passe de connexion ne permet pas de sécuriser "
"vos données personnelles ou sensibles en cas de vol de votre PC. Vous devez "
"déployer des technologies de chiffrements des données pour assurer cette "
"protection. Bien que <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU privacy guard</"
"ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>) puisse "
"chiffrer des fichiers, il demande quelques efforts de la part de "
"l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;"
"\">eCryptfs</ulink> facilitates automatic data encryption natively via Linux "
"kernel modules with minimal user efforts."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;"
"\">eCryptfs</ulink> facilitent de manière native le chiffrement automatique "
"des données par l’intermédiaire de modules du noyau de Linux avec un minimum "
"d’efforts de la part de l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of data encryption utilities"
msgstr "Liste d’utilitaires de chiffrement des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</"
"ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour chiffrer un périphérique en mode bloc (<ulink url="
"\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</"
"ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>) with focus on mount/unmount by "
"normal users"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour chiffrer un périphérique en mode bloc (<ulink url="
"\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>), "
"l’accent étant mis sur le montage et le démontage par un utilisateur normal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for encrypted stacked filesystem (<ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;"
"\">eCryptfs</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour systèmes de fichiers empilés («&nbsp;stackable&nbsp;») "
"chiffrés (<ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">Dm-crypt</ulink> is a cryptographic filesystem "
"using <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device-mapper</ulink>. <ulink url="
"\"&devicemapper;\">Device-mapper</ulink> maps one block device to another."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">Dm-crypt</ulink> est un système de fichiers chiffré "
"qui utilise <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device-mapper</ulink>. <ulink url="
"\"&devicemapper;\">Device-mapper</ulink> effectue le «&nbsp;mapping&nbsp;» "
"d’un périphérique en mode bloc sur un autre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> is another cryptographic "
"filesystem using stacked filesystem.  Stacked filesystem stacks itself on "
"top of an existing directory of a mounted filesystem."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> est un autre système de fichiers "
"chiffré utilisant un système de fichiers empilé. Un système de fichiers "
"empilé s’empile lui-même par dessus un répertoire existant d’un système de "
"fichiers monté."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Data encryption costs CPU time etc.  Please weigh its benefits and costs."
msgstr ""
"Le chiffrement des données a un coût en matière de temps processeur, etc. "
"Veuillez comparer ses avantages à son coût."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Entire Debian system can be installed on a encrypted disk by the <ulink url="
"\"&debianinstaller;\">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny or newer) using <ulink "
"url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink> and "
"initramfs."
msgstr ""
"Le système Debian dans son ensemble peut être installé sur un disque chiffré "
"par l’<ulink url=\"&debianinstaller;\">installateur debian</ulink> (lenny ou "
"plus récent) en utilisant <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink "
"url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink> et initramfs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/> for user space "
"encryption utility: <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/> pour un "
"utilitaire de chiffrement de l’espace utilisateur&nbsp;: <ulink url="
"\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Removable disk encryption with dm-crypt/LUKS"
msgstr "Chiffrement des disques amovibles à l’aide de dm-crypt/LUKS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can encrypt contents of removable mass devices, e.g. USB memory stick on "
"\"<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>\", using <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</"
"ulink>/<ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>.  You simply format it as the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez chiffrer le contenu des périphériques de masse amovible, par "
"exemple, une clé USB sur «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>&nbsp;» en "
"utilisant <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&luks;"
"\">LUKS</ulink>. Il suffit de le formater de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# badblocks -c 1024 -s -w -t random -v /dev/sdx\n"
"# fdisk /dev/sdx\n"
"... \"n\" \"p\" \"1\" \"return\" \"return\" \"w\"\n"
"# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdx1\n"
"...\n"
"# cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/sdx1 sdx1\n"
"...\n"
"# ls -l /dev/mapper/\n"
"total 0\n"
"crw-rw---- 1 root root  10, 60 2008-10-04 18:44 control\n"
"brw-rw---- 1 root disk 254,  0 2008-10-04 23:55 sdx1\n"
"# mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/sdx1\n"
"...\n"
"# cryptsetup luksClose sdx1"
msgstr ""
"# badblocks -c 1024 -s -w -t random -v /dev/sdx\n"
"# fdisk /dev/sdx\n"
"... \"n\" \"p\" \"1\" \"return\" \"return\" \"w\"\n"
"# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdx1\n"
"...\n"
"# cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/sdx1 sdx1\n"
"...\n"
"# ls -l /dev/mapper/\n"
"total 0\n"
"crw-rw---- 1 root root  10, 60 2008-10-04 18:44 control\n"
"brw-rw---- 1 root disk 254,  0 2008-10-04 23:55 sdx1\n"
"# mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/sdx1\n"
"...\n"
"# cryptsetup luksClose sdx1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Then, it can be mounted just like normal one on to \"<literal>/media/&lt;"
"disk_label&gt;</literal>\", except for asking password (see <xref linkend="
"\"_removable_storage_device\"/>) under modern desktop environment, such as "
"GNOME using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  The difference is "
"that every data written to it is encrypted.  You may alternatively format "
"media in different filesystem, e.g., ext4 with \"<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/"
"mapper/sdx1</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Il peut alors être monté simplement comme un périphérique normal sur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/media/&lt;étiquette_disque&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» à l’exception de "
"la demande de mot de passe (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_removable_storage_device\"/>) sous un environnement de bureau moderne tel "
"que GNOME en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. La différence est que "
"toutes les données qui y seront écrites seront chiffrées. Vous pouvez aussi "
"formater le support dans un système de fichiers différent, par exemple ext4 "
"avec «&nbsp;<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdx1</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If you are really paranoid for the security of data, you may need to "
"overwrite multiple times (the \"<literal>badblocks</literal>\" command in "
"the above example).  This operation is very time consuming though."
msgstr ""
"Si vous êtes vraiment paranoïaque en ce qui concerne la sécurité des "
"données, vous pourrez réécrire par dessus plusieurs fois (à l'aide de la "
"commande « <literal>badblocks</literal> » dans l’exemple ci-dessus). Cette "
"opération prend cependant beaucoup de temps."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Encrypted swap partition with dm-crypt"
msgstr "Partition d’échange chiffrée avec dm-crypt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's assume that your original \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" contains "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Supposons que votre «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>&nbsp;» d’origine "
"comporte ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "/dev/sda7 swap sw 0 0"
msgstr "/dev/sda7 swap sw 0 0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can enable encrypted swap partition using <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-"
"crypt</ulink> by as the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez chiffrer la partition d’échange en utilisant <ulink url="
"\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> par ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# aptitude install cryptsetup\n"
"# swapoff -a\n"
"# echo \"cswap /dev/sda7 /dev/urandom swap\" &gt;&gt; /etc/crypttab\n"
"# perl -i -p -e \"s/\\/dev\\/sda7/\\/dev\\/mapper\\/cswap/\" /etc/fstab\n"
"# /etc/init.d/cryptdisks restart\n"
" ...\n"
"# swapon -a"
msgstr ""
"# aptitude install cryptsetup\n"
"# swapoff -a\n"
"# echo \"cswap /dev/sda7 /dev/urandom swap\" &gt;&gt; /etc/crypttab\n"
"# perl -i -p -e \"s/\\/dev\\/sda7/\\/dev\\/mapper\\/cswap/\" /etc/fstab\n"
"# /etc/init.d/cryptdisks restart\n"
" ...\n"
"# swapon -a"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Mounting encrypted disk with dm-crypt/LUKS"
msgstr "Monter des disques amovibles chiffrés à l’aide de dm-crypt/LUKS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An encrypted disk partition created with dm-crypt/LUKS on \"<literal>/dev/"
"sdc5</literal>\" can be mounted onto \"<literal>/mnt</literal>\" as follows:"
msgstr ""
"Une partition de disque chiffrée créée avec dm-crypt/LUKS sur « <literal>/"
"dev/sdc5</literal> » peut être montée sur « <literal>/mnt</literal> » de la "
"façon suivante :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo cryptsetup open /dev/sdc5 ninja --type luks\n"
"Enter passphrase for /dev/sdc5: ****\n"
"$ sudo lvm\n"
"lvm&gt; lvscan\n"
"  inactive          '/dev/ninja-vg/root' [13.52 GiB] inherit\n"
"  inactive          '/dev/ninja-vg/swap_1' [640.00 MiB] inherit\n"
"  ACTIVE            '/dev/goofy/root' [180.00 GiB] inherit\n"
"  ACTIVE            '/dev/goofy/swap' [9.70 GiB] inherit\n"
"lvm&gt; lvchange -a y /dev/ninja-vg/root\n"
"lvm&gt; exit\n"
"  Exiting.\n"
"$ sudo mount /dev/ninja-vg/root /mnt"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo cryptsetup open /dev/sdc5 ninja --type luks\n"
"Enter passphrase for /dev/sdc5: ****\n"
"$ sudo lvm\n"
"lvm&gt; lvscan\n"
"  inactive          '/dev/ninja-vg/root' [13.52 GiB] inherit\n"
"  inactive          '/dev/ninja-vg/swap_1' [640.00 MiB] inherit\n"
"  ACTIVE            '/dev/goofy/root' [180.00 GiB] inherit\n"
"  ACTIVE            '/dev/goofy/swap' [9.70 GiB] inherit\n"
"lvm&gt; lvchange -a y /dev/ninja-vg/root\n"
"lvm&gt; exit\n"
"  Exiting.\n"
"$ sudo mount /dev/ninja-vg/root /mnt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Automatically encrypting files with eCryptfs"
msgstr "Chiffrer les fichiers automatiquement avec eCryptfs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can encrypt files written under \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" "
"automatically using <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> and the "
"<literal>ecryptfs-utils</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez chiffrer automatiquement les fichiers se trouvant sous «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/Private/</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;"
"\">eCryptfs</ulink> et le paquet <literal>ecryptfs-utils</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-setup-private</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set up "
"\"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by following prompts."
msgstr ""
"Lancez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-setup-private</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et configurez «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/Private/</literal>&nbsp;» en suivant les invites."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Activate \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by running "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-mount-private</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Activez «&nbsp;<literal>~/Private/</literal>&nbsp;» en lançant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-mount-private</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Move sensitive data files to \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" and make "
"symlinks as needed."
msgstr ""
"Déplacez les fichiers de données sensibles vers «&nbsp;<literal>~/Private/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et faites les liens symboliques à la demande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Candidates: \"<literal>~/.fetchmailrc</literal>\", \"<literal>~/.ssh/"
"identity</literal>\", \"<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>\", \"<literal>~/."
"ssh/id_dsa</literal>\" and other files with \"<literal>go-rwx</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Candidats&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>~/.fetchmailrc</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/.ssh/identity</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;»<literal>~/.ssh/id_dsa</literal>&nbsp;» et d’autres "
"fichiers ayant «&nbsp;<literal>go-rwx</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Move sensitive data directories to a subdirectory in \"<literal>~/Private/</"
"literal>\" and make symlinks as needed."
msgstr ""
"Déplacez les répertoires ayant des données sensibles vers un sous-répertoire "
"de «&nbsp;<literal>~/Private/</literal>&nbsp;» et faites les liens "
"symboliques nécessaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Candidates: \"<literal>~/.gnupg</literal>\" and other directories with "
"\"<literal>go-rwx</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Candidats&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>~/.gnupg</literal>&nbsp;» et d’autres "
"répertoires avec «&nbsp;<literal>go-rwx</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Create symlink from \"<literal>~/Desktop/Private/</literal>\" to "
"\"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" for easier desktop operations."
msgstr ""
"Créez le lien symbolique de «&nbsp;<literal>~/Desktop/Private/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» vers «&nbsp;<literal>~/Private/</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"faciliter les opérations du bureau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Deactivate \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by running "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-umount-private</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Désactiver «&nbsp;<literal>~/Private/</literal>&nbsp;» en lançant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-umount-private</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Activate \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by issuing \"<literal>ecryptfs-"
"mount-private</literal>\" as you need encrypted data."
msgstr ""
"Activez «&nbsp;<literal>~/Private/</literal>&nbsp;» à l’aide de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>ecryptfs-mount-private</literal>&nbsp;» lorsque vous avez besoin de "
"vos données chiffrées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Since <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> selectively encrypt only "
"the sensitive files, its system cost is much less than using <ulink url="
"\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> on the entire root or \"<literal>/home</"
"literal>\" device.  It does not require any special on-disk storage "
"allocation effort but cannot keep all filesystem metadata confidential."
msgstr ""
"Comme <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> ne chiffre que "
"sélectivement les fichiers sensibles, son coût en matière de ressources "
"système est bien moindre que l’utilisation de <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-"
"crypt</ulink> sur l’ensemble du système de fichiers racine ou sur le "
"périphérique «&nbsp;<literal>/home</literal>&nbsp;». Il ne demande aucun "
"effort particulier sur l’allocation de l’espace disque mais ne peut "
"conserver la confidentialité de toutes les métadonnées du système de "
"fichiers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Automatically mounting eCryptfs"
msgstr "Montage automatique de eCryptfs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you use your login password for wrapping encryption keys, you can "
"automate mounting eCryptfs via <ulink url="
"\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication "
"Modules)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous utilisez votre mot de passe de connexion pour envelopper les clés de "
"chiffrement, vous pouvez automatiser le montage de eCryptfs par <ulink url="
"\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication "
"Modules)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Insert the following line just before \"<literal>pam_permit.so</literal>\" "
"in \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Insérez la ligne suivante juste avant «&nbsp;<literal>pam_permit.so</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "auth required pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap"
msgstr "auth required pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Insert the following line just at the last line in \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/"
"common-session</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Insérez la ligne suivante en tant que toute dernière ligne de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-session</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "session optional pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap"
msgstr "session optional pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Insert the following line at first active line in \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/"
"common-password</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Insérez la ligne suivante comme première ligne active de «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "password required pam_ecryptfs.so"
msgstr "password required pam_ecryptfs.so"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This is quite convenient."
msgstr "C’est assez pratique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Configuration errors of <ulink url=\"&pam;\">PAM</ulink> may lock you out of "
"your own system. See <xref linkend=\"_authentication\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Les erreurs de configuration de <ulink url=\"&pam;\">PAM</ulink> peuvent "
"vous interdire l’accès à votre propre système. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_authentication\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"If you use your login password for wrapping encryption keys, your encrypted "
"data are as secure as your user login password (see <xref linkend="
"\"_good_password\"/>).  Unless you are careful to set up a <ulink url="
"\"&strongpassword;\">strong password</ulink>, your data is at risk when "
"someone runs <ulink url=\"&passwordcracking;\">password cracking</ulink> "
"software after stealing your laptop (see <xref linkend="
"\"_securing_the_root_password\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Si vous utilisez votre mot de passe de connexion pour encapsuler les clés de "
"chiffrement, vos données chiffrées sont aussi sûre que l’est votre mot de "
"passe de connexion (consultez <xref linkend=\"_good_password\"/>). À moins "
"que vous ne preniez le soin de définir un <ulink url=\"&strongpassword;"
"\">mot de passe fort</ulink>, vos données encourent un risque lorsque "
"quelqu’un lance un logiciel de <ulink url=\"&passwordcracking;\">casse de "
"mots de passe</ulink> après avoir volé votre ordinateur (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_securing_the_root_password\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The kernel"
msgstr "Le noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian distributes modularized <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">Linux kernel</"
"ulink> as packages for supported architectures."
msgstr ""
"Debian distribue des <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">noyaux Linux</ulink> "
"modulaires sous forme de paquets pour les architectures prises en compte."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Linux kernel 2.6/3.x"
msgstr "Noyau Linux 2.6/3.x"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are few notable features on Linux kernel 2.6/3.x compared to 2.4."
msgstr ""
"Les noyaux Linux 2.6/3.x possèdent quelques fonctionnalités remarquables "
"comparés à 2.4."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Devices are created by the udev system (see <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system"
"\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Les périphériques sont créés par le système udev (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_the_udev_system\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Read/write accesses to IDE CD/DVD devices do not use the <literal>ide-scsi</"
"literal> module."
msgstr ""
"Les accès en lecture et écriture aux périphériques CD et DVD IDE CD/DVD "
"n’utilisent plus le module <literal>ide-scsi</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Network packet filtering functions use <literal>iptables</literal> kernel "
"modules."
msgstr ""
"Les fonctions de filtrage des paquets réseau utilisent les modules "
"<literal>iptable</literal> du noyau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The version bump from Linux 2.6.39 to Linux 3.0 is not about major "
"technological changes but about the 20th anniversary."
msgstr ""
"Le saut de version de Linux passant de 2.6.39 à 3.0 n’est pas lié à des "
"changements technologiques majeurs, mais à la célébration de son 20ème "
"anniversaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Kernel parameters"
msgstr "Paramètres du noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Many Linux features are configurable via kernel parameters as follows."
msgstr ""
"De nombreuses fonctionnalités du noyau peuvent être configurées par "
"l’intermédiaire de paramètres du noyau de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Kernel parameters initialized by the bootloader (see <xref linkend="
"\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"Paramètres du noyau initialisés par le gestionnaire d’amorçage (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Kernel parameters changed by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> at runtime for ones "
"accessible via sysfs (see <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"Paramètres du noyau modifiés par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> lors du fonctionnement "
"du système pour ceux auxquels on a accès par l’intermédiaire de sysfs "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Module parameters set by arguments of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> when a module is "
"activated (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"Paramètres des modules définis par les paramètres de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> lors de l’activation d’un module (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>kernel-parameters.txt(.gz)</literal>\" and other related "
"documents in the Linux kernel documentation (\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-"
"doc-3.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>\") provided by the "
"<literal>linux-doc-3.*</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>kernel-parameters.txt(.gz)</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"d’autres documents en rapport dans la documentation du noyau de Linux "
"(«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-3.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</"
"literal>&nbsp;») fournie par le paquet <literal>linux-doc-3.*</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Kernel headers"
msgstr "En-têtes du noyau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Most <emphasis role=\"strong\">normal programs</emphasis> don't need kernel "
"headers and in fact may break if you use them directly for compiling. They "
"should be compiled against the headers in \"<literal>/usr/include/linux</"
"literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>\" provided by the "
"<literal>libc6-dev</literal> package (created from the <literal>glibc</"
"literal> source package) on the Debian system."
msgstr ""
"La plupart des <emphasis role=\"strong\">programmes normaux</emphasis> n’ont "
"pas besoin des en-têtes du noyau et peuvent de fait être cassés si vous les "
"utilisez directement pour la compilation. Ils devront être compilés avec les "
"en-têtes se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/include/linux</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>&nbsp;» qui "
"sont fournis, sur les systèmes Debian, par le paquet <literal>libc6-dev</"
"literal> (créé à partir du paquet source <literal>glibc</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For compiling some kernel-specific programs such as the kernel modules from "
"the external source and the automounter daemon (<literal>amd</literal>), you "
"must include path to the corresponding kernel headers, e.g. \"<literal>-I/"
"usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>\", to your command line. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>module-assistant</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (or its short form <literal>m-a</literal>) helps "
"users to build and install module package(s) easily for one or more custom "
"kernels."
msgstr ""
"Pour compiler certains programmes spécifiques au noyau, comme les modules du "
"noyau, à partir de sources externes et le démon de montage automatique "
"(<literal>amd</literal>), vous devez inclure dans votre ligne de commandes "
"un chemin vers les en-têtes du noyau correspondants, par exemple «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-version-particulière/include/</literal>&nbsp;»."
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>module-assistant</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (ou sa forme abrégée <literal>m-a</literal>) aide "
"les utilisateurs à construire et à installer facilement des paquets de "
"modules pour un ou plusieurs noyaux personnalisés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Compiling the kernel and related modules"
msgstr "Compiler le noyau et les modules associés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Debian has its own method of compiling the kernel and related modules."
msgstr ""
"Debian a sa propre manière de compiler le noyau et les modules associés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"List of key packages to be installed for the kernel recompilation on the "
"Debian system"
msgstr ""
"Liste des paquets-clés à installer pour la compilation du noyau sur un "
"système Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"essential packages for building Debian packages: <literal>make</literal>, "
"<literal>gcc</literal>, …"
msgstr ""
"paquets essentiels pour la construction de paquets Debian&nbsp;: "
"<literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compress and decompress utilities for bz2 files"
msgstr "utilitaires de compression et de décompression des fichiers bz2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "developer's libraries and docs for ncurses"
msgstr "bibliothèques de développement et documentations pour ncurses"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "git: distributed revision control system used by the Linux kernel"
msgstr ""
"git&nbsp;:: système distribué de contrôle de version utilisé par le noyau de "
"Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "provide fakeroot environment for building package as non-root"
msgstr ""
"fournit l’environnement fakeroot pour construire le paquet sans être "
"administrateur («&nbsp;root&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tool to build an initramfs (Debian specific)"
msgstr ""
"outil pour construire une image mémoire initiale («&nbsp;initramds&nbsp;») "
"(spécifique à Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">dynamic kernel module "
"support (DKMS)</ulink> (generic)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">prise en charge dynamique "
"des modules du noyau (dynamic kernel module support&nbsp;: DKMS)</ulink> "
"(générique)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "helper scripts for a Debian Package maintainer (Debian specific)"
msgstr ""
"scripts d’assistance pour un responsable de paquet Debian (spécifique à "
"Debian)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you use <literal>initrd</literal> in <xref linkend="
"\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>, make sure to read the related information in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs-tools</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-initramfs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkinitramfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous utilisez un <literal>initrd</literal> dans <xref linkend="
"\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>, veuillez lire les informations "
"correspondantes dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs-tools</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-initramfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkinitramfs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not put symlinks to the directories in the source tree (e.g. \"<literal>/"
"usr/src/linux*</literal>\") from \"<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>\" when compiling the Linux kernel "
"source. (Some outdated documents suggest this.)"
msgstr ""
"Ne mettez pas de liens symboliques vers le répertoire de l’arborescence des "
"source (par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>&nbsp;») depuis "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/"
"include/asm</literal>&nbsp;» lors de la compilation des sources du noyau de "
"Linux. (Certains documents périmés le suggèrent)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"When compiling the latest Linux kernel on the Debian <literal>stable</"
"literal> system, the use of backported latest tools from the Debian "
"<literal>unstable</literal> may be needed."
msgstr ""
"Lors de la compilation du dernier noyau de Linux sous un système Debian "
"<literal>stable</literal>, l’utilisation des derniers outils rétroportés "
"depuis la distribution Debian <literal>unstable</literal> peuvent être "
"nécessaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">dynamic kernel module "
"support (DKMS)</ulink> is a new distribution independent framework designed "
"to allow individual kernel modules to be upgraded without changing the whole "
"kernel. This is used for the maintenance of out-of-tree modules.  This also "
"makes it very easy to rebuild modules as you upgrade kernels."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">gestionnaire de modules "
"dynamique du noyau («&nbsp;dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)&nbsp;»</"
"ulink> est une nouvelle architecture indépendante de la distribution conçue "
"pour permettre la mise à jour de modules individuels du noyau sans modifier "
"l’ensemble du noyau. Cela est utilisé pour la maintenance de modules hors "
"arborescence. Cela rend aussi très facile la reconstruction des modules "
"après la mise à niveau des noyaux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Compiling the kernel source: Debian Kernel Team recommendation"
msgstr ""
"Compiler les sources du noyau : recommandations de l’équipe en charge du "
"noyau Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For building custom kernel binary packages from the upstream kernel source, "
"you should use the \"<literal>deb-pkg</literal>\" target provided by it."
msgstr ""
"Pour construire des paquets binaires d’un noyau personnalisé à partir des "
"sources du noyau amont, vous devriez utiliser la cible « <literal>deb-pkg</"
"literal> » fournie pour cela."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo apt-get build-dep linux\n"
"$ cd /usr/src\n"
"$ wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.11/linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2\n"
"$ tar -xjvf linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2\n"
"$ cd linux-&lt;version&gt;\n"
"$ cp /boot/config-&lt;version&gt; .config\n"
"$ make menuconfig\n"
" ...\n"
"$ make deb-pkg"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo apt-get build-dep linux\n"
"$ cd /usr/src\n"
"$ wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.11/linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2\n"
"$ tar -xjvf linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2\n"
"$ cd linux-&lt;version&gt;\n"
"$ cp /boot/config-&lt;version&gt; .config\n"
"$ make menuconfig\n"
" ...\n"
"$ make deb-pkg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The linux-source-&lt;version&gt; package provides the Linux kernel source "
"with Debian patches as \"<literal>/usr/src/linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet linux-source-&lt;version&gt; fournit les sources du noyau Linux "
"avec les correctifs Debian en tant que « <literal>/usr/src/linux-&lt;"
"version&gt;.tar.bz2</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For building specific binary packages from the Debian kernel source package, "
"you should use the \"<literal>binary-arch_&lt;architecture&gt;_&lt;"
"featureset&gt;_&lt;flavour&gt;</literal>\" targets in \"<literal>debian/"
"rules.gen</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Pour construire des paquets binaires particuliers à partir du paquet source "
"Debian, vous devriez utiliser les cibles « <literal>binary-arch_&lt;"
"architecture&gt;_&lt;jeu_de_fonctionnalités&gt;_&lt;saveur&gt;</literal> » "
"dans « <literal>debian/rules.gen</literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo apt-get build-dep linux\n"
"$ apt-get source linux\n"
"$ cd linux-3.*\n"
"$ fakeroot make -f debian/rules.gen binary-arch_i386_none_686"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo apt-get build-dep linux\n"
"$ apt-get source linux\n"
"$ cd linux-3.*\n"
"$ fakeroot make -f debian/rules.gen binary-arch_i386_none_686"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "See further information:"
msgstr "Consultez les renseignements complémentaires :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Debian Wiki: <ulink url=\"&kernelfaq;\">KernelFAQ</ulink>"
msgstr "wiki Debian : <ulink url=\"&kernelfaq;\">KernelFAQ</ulink> ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Debian Wiki: <ulink url=\"&debiankernel;\">DebianKernel</ulink>"
msgstr "wiki Debian : <ulink url=\"&debiankernel;\">DebianKernel</ulink> ;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Debian Linux Kernel Handbook: <ulink url=\"&httpkernelhandbokaliothdebianorg;"
"\">http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"Manuel du noyau Linux Debian : <ulink url="
"\"&httpkernelhandbokaliothdebianorg;\">http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian."
"org</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Hardware drivers and firmware"
msgstr "Pilotes de matériel et microprogramme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The hardware driver is the code running on the target system. Most hardware "
"drivers are available as free software now and are included in the normal "
"Debian kernel packages in the <literal>main</literal> area."
msgstr ""
"Le pilote de matériel est le code s’exécutant sur le système cible. La "
"plupart des pilotes de matériel sont maintenant disponibles sont forme de "
"logiciels libres et font partie des paquets Debian du noyau dans la section "
"<literal>main</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gpu;\">GPU</ulink> driver"
msgstr "Pilote de <ulink url=\"&gpu;\">processeur graphique</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Intel GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)"
msgstr "Pilote Intel (<literal>main</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "AMD/ATI GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)"
msgstr "Pilote AMD ou ATI (<literal>main</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"NVIDIA GPU driver (<literal>main</literal> for <ulink url=\"&nouveau;"
"\">nouveau</ulink> driver, and <literal>non-free</literal> for binary-only "
"drivers supported by the vendor.)"
msgstr ""
"Pilote NVIDIA (<literal>main</literal> pour le pilote <ulink url=\"&nouveau;"
"\">nouveau</ulink> et <literal>non-free</literal> pour les pilotes binaires "
"pris en charge par le constructeur)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&softmodem;\">Softmodem</ulink> driver"
msgstr "Pilote de <ulink url=\"&softmodem;\">Softmodem</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "martian-modem and sl-modem-dkms packages (<literal>non-free</literal>)"
msgstr "Paquets martian-modem et sl-modem-dkms (<literal>non libres</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The firmware is the code or data loaded on the device (e.g., CPU <ulink url="
"\"&microcode;\">microcode</ulink>, rendering code running on GPU, or <ulink "
"url=\"&fpga;\">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&cpld;\">CPLD</ulink> data, …).  "
"Some firmware packages are available as free software but many firmware "
"packages are not available as free software since they contain sourceless "
"binary data."
msgstr ""
"Le microprogramme est le code ou les données chargées sur le périphérique "
"(par exemple le <ulink url=\"&microcode;\">microcode</ulink> de processeur, "
"le code de rendu exécuté sur les processeurs graphiques, ou les données de "
"<ulink url=\"&fpga;\">FPGA</ulink> ou de <ulink url=\"&cpld;\">CPLD</"
"ulink>, etc.) Certains paquets de microprogramme sont disponibles sous forme "
"de logiciel libre, mais beaucoup de paquets de microprogramme ne le sont pas "
"car ils contiennent des données binaires sans source."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "firmware-linux-free (<literal>main</literal>)"
msgstr "firmware-linux-free (<literal>main</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "firmware-linux-nonfree (<literal>non-free</literal>)"
msgstr "firmware-linux-nonfree (<literal>non libre</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "firmware-linux-* (<literal>non-free</literal>)"
msgstr "firmware-linux-* (<literal>non libre</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "*-firmware (<literal>non-free</literal>)"
msgstr "*-firmware (<literal>non libre</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "intel-microcode (<literal>non-free</literal>)"
msgstr "intel-microcode (<literal>non libre</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "amd64-microcode (<literal>non-free</literal>)"
msgstr "amd64-microcode (<literal>non libre</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note that <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> "
"packages are not part of the Debian system.  The access configuration to "
"enable and to disable the <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</"
"literal> areas is described in <xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>.  "
"You should be aware of negatives associated with the use of the <literal>non-"
"free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages as described in <xref "
"linkend=\"_debian_is_100_free_software\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez remarquer que les paquets de <literal>non-free</literal> et "
"<literal>contrib</literal> ne font pas partie du système Debian. La "
"configuration pour activer et désactiver les sections <literal>non-free</"
"literal> et <literal>contrib</literal> est décrite en <xref linkend="
"\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>. Vous devriez être conscient des aspects "
"négatifs associés à l’utilisation de paquets de <literal>non-free</literal> "
"et <literal>contrib</literal> décrits dans <xref linkend="
"\"_debian_is_100_free_software\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Virtualized system"
msgstr "Système virtualisé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use of virtualized system enables us to run multiple instances of system "
"simultaneously on a single hardware."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation d’un système virtualisé permet de faire tourner simultanément "
"plusieurs instances du système sur une plateforme unique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&httpwikidebianoremvirtualization;\">http://wiki.debian.org/"
"SystemVirtualization</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <ulink url=\"&httpwikidebianoremvirtualization;\">http://wiki."
"debian.org/fr/SystemVirtualization</ulink> ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Virtualization tools"
msgstr "Outils de virtualisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are several system <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</"
"ulink> and <ulink url=\"&emulation;\">emulation</ulink> related packages in "
"Debian beyond simple <ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink>.  Some packages "
"also help you to setup such system."
msgstr ""
"Il a plusieurs paquets associés à la <ulink url=\"&virtualization;"
"\">virtualisation</ulink> et à l’<ulink url=\"&emulation;\">émulation</"
"ulink> du système sous Debian au-delà d’un simple <ulink url=\"&chroot;"
"\">chroot</ulink>. Certains paquets vous facilitent la mise en place d’un "
"tel système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of virtualization tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de virtualisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot"
msgstr ""
"outil spécialisé pour l’exécution d’un paquet binaire de Debian dans un "
"chroot"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources"
msgstr ""
"outil pour construire des paquets binaires de Debian depuis les sources "
"Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "personal package builder for Debian packages"
msgstr "constructeur personnel de paquets pour des paquets Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh)"
msgstr "amorcer un système Debian de base (écrit en sh)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "bootstrap a Debian system (written in C)"
msgstr "amorcer un système Debian (écrit en C)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tool for building complete Linux filesystem images"
msgstr ""
"outil pour construire des images d’un système de fichiers de Linux complet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualmachinemanager;\">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: "
"desktop application for managing virtual machines"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualmachinemanager;\">Gestionnaire de machine virtuelle</"
"ulink>&nbsp;: application du gestionnaire de bureau pour la gestion des "
"machines virtuelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "programs for the <ulink url=\"&libvirt;\">libvirt</ulink> library"
msgstr ""
"programmes pour la bibliothèque <ulink url=\"&libvirt;\">libvirt</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&usermodelinux;\">User-mode Linux</ulink> (kernel)"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&usermodelinux;\">User-mode Linux</ulink> (noyau)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&bochs;\">Bochs</ulink>: IA-32 PC emulator"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&bochs;\">Bochs</ulink>&nbsp;: émulateur PC IA-32"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: fast generic processor emulator"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>&nbsp;: émulateur de processeur générique "
"rapide"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: full system emulation binaries"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>&nbsp;: binaires pour l’émulation d’un "
"système complet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: user mode emulation binaries"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>&nbsp;: binaires pour l’émulation en mode "
"utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: utilities"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>&nbsp;: utilitaires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink>: full virtualization on x86 hardware with "
"the <ulink url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted "
"virtualization</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink>&nbsp;: virtualisation complète sur les "
"plateformes x86 ayant une <ulink url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;"
"\">virtualisation assistée par le matériel</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink>: x86 virtualization solution "
"on i386 and amd64"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink>&nbsp;: solution de "
"virtualisation x86 sur i386 et amd64"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tools to manage debian <ulink url=\"&xen;\">XEN</ulink> virtual server"
msgstr ""
"outils pour gérer le serveur virtuel <ulink url=\"&xen;\">XEN</ulink> de "
"Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&wine;\">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (standard "
"suite)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&wine;\">Wine</ulink>&nbsp;: implémentation de l’API Windows "
"(suite standard)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dosbox;\">DOSBox</ulink>: x86 emulator with Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/"
"VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dosbox;\">DOSBox</ulink>&nbsp;: émulateur x86 avec graphisme "
"Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA, son et DOS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&dosemu;\">DOSEMU</ulink>: The Linux DOS Emulator"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&dosemu;\">DOSEMU</ulink>&nbsp;: l’émulateur DOS de Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&openvz;\">OpenVZ</ulink> server virtualization solution - "
"control tools"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&openvz;\">OpenVZ</ulink> solution de virtualisation de serveur "
"- outils de contrôle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&openvz;\">OpenVZ</ulink> server virtualization solution - "
"quota tools"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&openvz;\">OpenVZ</ulink> solution de virtualisation de serveur "
"- outils de quota"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcontainers;\">Linux containers</ulink> user space tools"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcontainers;\">Conteneurs Linux</ulink> outils de l’espace "
"utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See Wikipedia article <ulink url=\"&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;"
"\">Comparison of platform virtual machines</ulink> for detail comparison of "
"different platform virtualization solutions."
msgstr ""
"Consultez l’article de Wikipedia <ulink url="
"\"&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;\">Comparaison de machines pour "
"plateforme virtuelle</ulink> pour une comparaison détaillée entre les "
"différentes solutions de plateformes de virtualisation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Virtualization work flow"
msgstr "Étapes de la virtualisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Some functionalities described here are only available in <literal>squeeze</"
"literal> or later."
msgstr ""
"Certaines fonctionnalités décrites ici ne sont disponibles que dans "
"<literal>squeeze</literal> ou versions supérieures."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Default Debian kernels support <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> since "
"<literal>lenny</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Les noyaux par défaut de Debian prennent en charge <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</"
"ulink> depuis <literal>lenny</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Typical work flow for <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> "
"involves several steps."
msgstr ""
"La <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualisation</ulink> met en œuvre "
"plusieurs étapes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Create an empty filesystem (a file tree or a disk image)."
msgstr ""
"Créer un système de fichiers vide (une arborescence de fichiers ou une image "
"disque)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The file tree can be created by \"<literal>mkdir -p /path/to/chroot</literal>"
"\"."
msgstr ""
"L’arborescence de fichiers peut être créée par «&nbsp;<literal>mkdir -p /"
"path/to/chroot</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The raw disk image file can be created with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_making_the_disk_image_file\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"L’image disque brute peut être créée à l’aide de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_making_the_disk_image_file\"/> et "
"<xref linkend=\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-img</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> can be used to create and convert disk image files "
"supported by <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-img</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut être utilisé pour créer et convertir des "
"fichiers d’image disque pris en charge par <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</"
"ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The raw and <ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">VMDK</ulink> file format can be used as "
"common format among virtualization tools."
msgstr ""
"Les formats de fichier brut et <ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">VMDK</ulink> peuvent "
"être utilisés en tant que formats courants par les outils de virtualisation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Mount the disk image with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to the filesystem "
"(optional)."
msgstr ""
"Monter l’image disque dans le système de fichiers avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (optionnel)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"For the raw disk image file, mount it as <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop "
"device</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> "
"devices (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Pour l’image disque brute, le montage doit être fait avec un <ulink url="
"\"&loopdevice;\">périphérique de rebouclage</ulink> ou des périphériques "
"<ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"For disk images supported by <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>, mount them "
"as <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Les images disques prises en charge par <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> "
"seront montées en tant que <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">périphériques "
"réseau en mode bloc></ulink> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Populate the target filesystem with required system data."
msgstr "Peupler le système de fichiers cible avec les données requises."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The use of programs such as <literal>debootstrap</literal> and "
"<literal>cdebootstrap</literal> helps with this process (see <xref linkend="
"\"_chroot_system\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de programmes tels que <literal>debootstrap</literal> et "
"<literal>cdebootstrap</literal> facilite ce processus (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Use installers of OSs under the full system emulation."
msgstr ""
"Utiliser les installateurs des systèmes d’exploitation sous l’émulation du "
"système complet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Run a program under a virtualized environment."
msgstr "Lancer un programme dans l’environnement virtualisé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink> provides basic virtualized "
"environment enough to compile programs, run console applications, and run "
"daemons in it."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink> fournit un environnement virtualisé "
"de base, suffisant pour y compiler des programmes, y faire tourner des "
"applications en mode console et des démons."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> provides cross-platform CPU emulation."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> fournit une émulation de processeur "
"interplateformes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> with <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> "
"provides full system emulation by the <ulink url="
"\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted virtualization</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> avec <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> "
"fournit une émulation système complète avec la <ulink url="
"\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">virtualisation assistée par le "
"matériel</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> provides full system "
"emulation on i386 and amd64 with or without the <ulink url="
"\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted virtualization</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> fournit une émulation du "
"système complet sur i386 amd64 avec ou sans la <ulink url="
"\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">virtualisation assistée par le "
"matériel</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Mounting the virtual disk image file"
msgstr "Monter le fichier image du disque virtuel "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "For the raw disk image file, see <xref linkend=\"_the_disk_image\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour le fichier image disque brut, consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For other virtual disk image files, you can use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to export them using <ulink url="
"\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> protocol and mount "
"them using the <literal>nbd</literal> kernel module."
msgstr ""
"Pour d’autres fichiers d’images disques virtuels, vous pouvez utiliser "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour les exporter en utilisant le protocole <ulink "
"url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> et en les montant "
"à l’aide du module <literal>nbd</literal> du noyau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> supports disk formats supported by <ulink url="
"\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> supports "
"following disk formats: raw, <ulink url=\"&qcowcqcow;\">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vdi;\">vdi</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&bochs;\">bochs</ulink>, cow (user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink "
"url=\"&parallels;\">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&dmg;\">dmg</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&cloop;\">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vpc;\">vpc</ulink>, "
"vvfat (virtual VFAT), and host_device."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> gère les formats de disques pris en compte par "
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>&nbsp;: <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> "
"gère les formats de disques suivants&nbsp; raw, <ulink url=\"&qcowcqcow;"
"\">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&vdi;\">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bochs;\">bochs</ulink>, cow (mode "
"utilisateur de Linux copy-on-write), <ulink url=\"&parallels;\">parallels</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&dmg;\">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cloop;\">cloop</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vpc;\">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (VFAT virtuelle) et "
"host_device."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> can "
"support partitions in the same way as the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop "
"device</ulink> (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>).  You "
"can mount the first partition of \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" as follows."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> peut "
"gérer des partitions de la même manière que le <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;"
"\">périphérique de rebouclage («&nbsp;loop device&nbsp;»</ulink> (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>). Vous pouvez monter la "
"première partition de «&nbsp;<literal>disk.img</literal>&nbsp;» de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# modprobe nbd max_part=16\n"
"# qemu-nbd -v -c /dev/nbd0 disk.img\n"
"...\n"
"# mkdir /mnt/part1\n"
"# mount /dev/nbd0p1 /mnt/part1"
msgstr ""
"# modprobe nbd max_part=16\n"
"# qemu-nbd -v -c /dev/nbd0 disk.img\n"
"...\n"
"# mkdir /mnt/part1\n"
"# mount /dev/nbd0p1 /mnt/part1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You may export only the first partition of \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" "
"using \"<literal>-P 1</literal>\" option to "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Vous ne pouvez exporter que la première partition de «&nbsp;<literal>disk."
"img</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-P 1</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Chroot system"
msgstr "Système protégé (chroot)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> offers most basic way to run different instances of the GNU/"
"Linux environment on a single system simultaneously without rebooting."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> propose la plupart des moyens simples pour faire tourner "
"simultanément plusieurs instances de l’environnement GNU/Linux sur un même "
"système sans redémarrer."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Examples below assumes both parent system and chroot system share the same "
"CPU architecture."
msgstr ""
"Les exemple ci-dessous supposent que le système père et le système chroot "
"partagent tous les deux la même architecture de processeur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can learn how to setup and use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> by running "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> program under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as follows."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez apprendre comment configurer et utiliser "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> en lançant le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sous "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ sudo mkdir /sid-root\n"
"$ sudo pbuilder --create --no-targz --debug --buildplace /sid-root"
msgstr ""
"$ sudo mkdir /sid-root\n"
"$ sudo pbuilder --create --no-targz --debug --buildplace /sid-root"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You see how <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> populate system data for <literal>sid</literal> "
"environment under \"<literal>/sid-root</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez voir comment <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> installent les données du système pour "
"l’environnement <literal>sid</literal> sous «&nbsp;<literal>/sid-root</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"These <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are used to <ulink url="
"\"&installdebian;\">install Debian</ulink> by the Debian Installer.  These "
"can also be used to install Debian to a system without using a Debian "
"install disk, but instead from another GNU/Linux distribution."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sont utilisés pour "
"<ulink url=\"&installdebian;\">installer Debian</ulink> avec l’installateur "
"Debian. Ils peuvent aussi être utilisés pour installer Debian sur un système "
"sans utiliser de disque d’installation de Debian, mais en provenance d’une "
"autre distribution GNU/Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ sudo pbuilder --login --no-targz  --debug --buildplace /sid-root"
msgstr "$ sudo pbuilder --login --no-targz  --debug --buildplace /sid-root"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You see how a system shell running under <literal>sid</literal> environment "
"is created as the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez voir ci-après comment un shell système tournant sous "
"l’environnement <literal>sid</literal> est créé&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Copy local configuration (<literal>\"/etc/hosts</literal>\", <literal>\"/etc/"
"hostname</literal>\", <literal>\"/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"Copier la configuration locale (<literal>«&nbsp;/etc/hosts</literal>&nbsp;», "
"<literal>«&nbsp;/etc/hostname</literal>&nbsp;», <literal>«&nbsp;/etc/resolv."
"conf</literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Mount \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem"
msgstr "Monter le système de fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>/proc</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Mount \"<literal>/dev/pts</literal>\" filesystem"
msgstr ""
"Monter le système de fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/pts</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Create \"<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>\" which always exits with "
"101"
msgstr ""
"Créer «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>&nbsp;» qui existe "
"toujours avec 101"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>chroot /sid-root bin/bash -c 'exec -a -bash bin/bash'</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Lancer «&nbsp;<literal>chroot /sid-root bin/bash -c 'exec -a -bash bin/"
"bash'</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Some programs under chroot may require access to more files from the parent "
"system to function than <literal>pbuilder</literal> provides.  For example, "
"\"<literal>/sys</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\", \"<literal>/"
"etc/group</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/"
"log/wtmp</literal>\", etc. may need to be bind-mounted or copied."
msgstr ""
"Certains programmes sous chroot peuvent demander l’accès à davantage de "
"fichiers du système parent pour fonctionner que ceux que fournit "
"<literal>pbuilder</literal>. Par exemple, on peut avoir besoin de monter "
"liés («&nbsp;bind-mount&nbsp;») ou de copier «&nbsp;<literal>/sys</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/etc/group</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/var/run/utmp</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>&nbsp;», etc. "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>\" file prevents daemon "
"programs to be started automatically on the Debian system.  See \"<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>&nbsp;» évite que "
"des programmes démons ne soient démarrés automatiquement sur le système "
"Debian. Consultez «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.policy-rc.d."
"gz</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The original purpose of the specialized chroot package, <literal>pbuilder</"
"literal> is to construct a chroot system and builds a package inside the "
"chroot.  It is an ideal system to use to check that a package's build-"
"dependencies are correct, and to be sure that unnecessary and wrong build "
"dependencies do not exist in the resulting package."
msgstr ""
"Le but d’origine du paquet spécialisé d’environnement protégé (chroot) "
"<literal>pbuilder</literal> est de construire une système protégé et de "
"construire un paquet depuis cet environnement. C’est le système idéal à "
"utiliser pour vérifier que les dépendances de construction d’un paquet sont "
"correctes et pour s’assurer que les dépendances de construction erronées ou "
"non nécessaires n’existent pas dans le paquet résultant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Similar <literal>schroot</literal> package may give you an idea to run "
"<literal>i386</literal> chroot system under <literal>amd64</literal> parent "
"system."
msgstr ""
"De même, le paquet <literal>schroot</literal> peut vous donner l’idée de "
"faire tourner un système chroot <literal>i386</literal> sous le système "
"parent <literal>amd64</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Multiple desktop systems"
msgstr "Systèmes de bureaux multiples"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I recommend you to use <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> or <ulink url="
"\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> on a Debian <literal>stable</literal> "
"system to run multiple desktop systems safely using <ulink url="
"\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink>.  These enable you to run "
"desktop applications of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and "
"<literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated with them."
msgstr ""
"Je vous recommande d’utiliser <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> ou <ulink "
"url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> sur un système Debian "
"<literal>stable</literal> afin de faire tourner des systèmes de bureau "
"multiples en utilisant la <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualisation</"
"ulink>. Cela vous permet de lancer des applications de bureau de Debian "
"<literal>unstable</literal> et <literal>testing</literal> sans les risques "
"qui leur sont habituellement associés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since pure <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> is very slow, it is "
"recommended to accelerate it with <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> when the "
"host system support it."
msgstr ""
"Comme <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> pur est très lent, il est "
"recommandé de l’accélérer avec <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> lorsque le "
"sysètme hôte le prend en charge."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The virtual disk image \"<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>\" containing a "
"Debian system for <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> can be created using "
"<ulink url=\"&debianinstallersmallcds;\">debian-installer: Small CDs</ulink> "
"as follows."
msgstr ""
"L’image disque virtuelle «&nbsp;<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>&nbsp;» qui "
"contient un système Debian pour <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> peut être "
"créée en utilisant <ulink url=\"&debianinstallersmallcds;\">un CD minimal de "
"debian-installer</ulink> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ wget http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/5.0.3/amd64/iso-cd/debian-503-amd64-netinst.iso\n"
"$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 virtdisk.qcow2 5G\n"
"$ qemu -hda virtdisk.qcow2 -cdrom debian-503-amd64-netinst.iso -boot d -m 256\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ wget http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/5.0.3/amd64/iso-cd/debian-503-amd64-netinst.iso\n"
"$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 virtdisk.qcow2 5G\n"
"$ qemu -hda virtdisk.qcow2 -cdrom debian-503-amd64-netinst.iso -boot d -m 256\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See more tips at <ulink url=\"&debianwikiqemu;\">Debian wiki: QEMU</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Vous trouverez des astuces supplémentaires sur le <ulink url="
"\"&debianwikiqemu;\">wiki Debian&nbsp;: QEMU</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> comes with <ulink url=\"&qt;"
"\">Qt</ulink> GUI tools and quite intuitive.  Its GUI and command line tools "
"are explained in <ulink url=\"&virtualboxusermanual;\">VirtualBox User "
"Manual</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&virtualboxusermanualpdf;\">VirtualBox User "
"Manual (PDF)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> est fourni avec des outils "
"ayant une interface graphique <ulink url=\"&qt;\">Qt</ulink> et est assez "
"intuitif. Son interface graphique et ses outils en ligne de commandes sont "
"expliqués dans le <ulink url=\"&virtualboxusermanual;\">Manuel de "
"l’utilisateur de VirtualBox</ulink> et le <ulink url="
"\"&virtualboxusermanualpdf;\">Manuel de l’utilisateur VirtualBox (PDF)</"
"ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Running other GNU/Linux distributions such as <ulink url=\"&ubuntu;"
"\">Ubuntu</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&fedora;\">Fedora</ulink> under <ulink "
"url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> is a great way to learn "
"configuration tips.  Other proprietary OSs may be run nicely under this GNU/"
"Linux <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink>, too."
msgstr ""
"Faire tourner d’autres distributions de GNU/Linux comme <ulink url=\"&ubuntu;"
"\">Ubuntu</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&fedora;\">Fedora</ulink> sous une <ulink "
"url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualisation</ulink> est une bonne manière d’en "
"étudier les astuces de configuration. D’autres systèmes d’exploitation "
"propriétaires peuvent aussi tourner de manière agréable sous la <ulink url="
"\"&virtualization;\">virtualisation </ulink> GNU/Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Data management"
msgstr "Gestion des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Tools and tips for managing binary and text data on the Debian system are "
"described."
msgstr ""
"Des outils et astuces pour gérer les données binaires ou textuelles sur le "
"système sont décrits."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
msgid ""
"The uncoordinated write access to actively accessed devices and files from "
"multiple processes must not be done to avoid the <ulink url=\"&racecondition;"
"\">race condition</ulink>.  <ulink url=\"&filelocking;\">File locking</"
"ulink> mechanisms using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flock</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may be used to avoid "
"it."
msgstr ""
"Il ne faut pas accéder de manière non coordonnée en écriture à des "
"périphériques et des fichiers à haut trafic depuis différents processus pour "
"éviter une <ulink url=\"&racecondition;\">compétition d’accès («&nbsp;race "
"condition&nbsp;»</ulink>. Pour l’éviter, on peut utiliser les mécanismes de "
"<ulink url=\"&filelocking;\">verrouillage de fichier («&nbsp;File "
"locking&nbsp;»</ulink> en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flock</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Sharing, copying, and archiving"
msgstr "Partager, copier et archiver"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The security of the data and its controlled sharing have several aspects."
msgstr ""
"La sécurité des données et leur partage contrôlé présentent plusieurs "
"aspects."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The creation of data archive"
msgstr "La création d’une archive des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The remote storage access"
msgstr "L’accès à un stockage distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The duplication"
msgstr "La duplication"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The tracking of the modification history"
msgstr "Le suivi de l’historique des modifications"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The facilitation of data sharing"
msgstr "La facilité de partage des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The prevention of unauthorized file access"
msgstr "La prévention de l’accès non autorisé aux données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The detection of unauthorized file modification"
msgstr "La détection des modifications de fichier non autorisées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "These can be realized by using some combination of tools."
msgstr "Cela peut être réalisé avec certaines combinaisons d’outils."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Archive and compression tools"
msgstr "Outils d’archivage et de compression"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Copy and synchronization tools"
msgstr "Outils de copie et de synchronisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Network filesystems"
msgstr "Systèmes de fichiers par le réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Removable storage media"
msgstr "Supports d’enregistrement amovibles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The secure shell"
msgstr "L’interpréteur de commandes sécurisé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The authentication system"
msgstr "Le système d’authentification"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Version control system tools"
msgstr "Outils de système de contrôle de version"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Hash and cryptographic encryption tools"
msgstr "Outils de hachage et de chiffrement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a summary of archive and compression tools available on the Debian "
"system."
msgstr ""
"Voici un résumé des outils d’archivage et de compression disponible sur le "
"système Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of archive and compression tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils d’archivage et de compression"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "extension"
msgstr "extension"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "comment"
msgstr "commentaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.tar</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.tar</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the standard archiver (de facto standard)"
msgstr "archiveur standard (standard de fait)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.cpio</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.cpio</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Unix System V style archiver, use with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"archiveur de style UNIX System V, utiliser avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.ar</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.ar</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "archiver for the creation of static libraries"
msgstr "archiveur pour la création de bibliothèques statiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.jar</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.jar</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fastjar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fastjar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "archiver for Java (zip like)"
msgstr "archiveur pour Java (semblable à zip)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.pax</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.pax</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between <literal>tar</literal> and "
"<literal>cpio</literal>"
msgstr ""
"nouvel archiveur standard POSIX, compromis entre <literal>tar</literal> et "
"<literal>cpio</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.gz</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.gz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>zcat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>zcat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"GNU <ulink url=\"&lzhh;\">LZ77</ulink> compression utility (de facto "
"standard)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire de compression GNU <ulink url=\"&lzhh;\">LZ77</ulink> (standard "
"de fait)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.bz2</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.bz2</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzcat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzcat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;\">Burrows-Wheeler block-"
"sorting compression</ulink> utility with higher compression ratio than "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire de <ulink url=\"&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;\">transformée "
"par tri de blocs de Burrows-Wheeler</ulink> permettant un taux de "
"compression plus élevé que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (plus lent que "
"<literal>gzip</literal> avec une syntaxe similaire)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.lzma</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.lzma</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lzma</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lzma</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression utility with higher "
"compression ratio than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (deprecated)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire de compression <ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> avec un plus "
"haut taux de compression que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (obsolète)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.xz</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.xz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xzdec</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xzdec</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xz;\">XZ</ulink> compression utility with higher compression "
"ratio than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> but faster "
"than <literal>bzip2</literal>; replacement for <ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</"
"ulink> compression utility)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire de compression <ulink url=\"&xz;\">XZ</ulink> avec un plus haut "
"taux de compression que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (plus lent que "
"<literal>gzip</literal> mais plus rapide que <literal>bzip2</literal>; le "
"remplaçant de <ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> utilitaire de compression)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.7z</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.7z</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>7zr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>p7zip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>7zr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>p7zip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression "
"ratio (<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression)"
msgstr ""
"archiveur de fichiers <ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> avec un haut taux "
"de compression (compression <ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>7z</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>7za</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>7z</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>7za</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression "
"ratio (<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression and others)"
msgstr ""
"archiveur de fichiers <ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> avec un haut taux "
"de compression (compression <ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> et autres)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.lzo</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.lzo</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lzop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lzop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lzo;\">LZO</ulink> compression utility with higher compression "
"and decompression speed than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (lower compression "
"ratio than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire de compression <ulink url=\"&lzo;\">LZO</ulink> avec de plus "
"hautes vitesses de compression et de décompression que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (plus faible taux de compression que <literal>gzip</literal> "
"avec une syntaxe similaire)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>.zip</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>.zip</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>zip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>zip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS archive and compression tool"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>&nbsp;: outil d’archive et de "
"compression DOS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>unzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>unzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS unarchive and decompression "
"tool"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>&nbsp;: outil de désarchivage et de "
"décompression DOS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not set the \"<literal>$TAPE</literal>\" variable unless you know what to "
"expect.  It changes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior."
msgstr ""
"Ne positionnez par la variable «&nbsp;<literal>$TAPE</literal>&nbsp;» à "
"moins que vous ne sachiez à quoi vous attendre. Elle modifie le comportement "
"de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The gzipped <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> archive uses the file extension \"<literal>.tgz</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>.tar.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’archive <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> utilise l’extension de fichier «&nbsp;<literal>."
"tgz</literal>&nbsp;» ou <literal>«&nbsp;.tar.gz</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The xz-compressed <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> archive uses the file "
"extension \"<literal>.txz</literal>\" or \"<literal>.tar.xz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"L’archive <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec compression xz utilise l’extension de fichier "
"«&nbsp;<literal>.txz</literal>&nbsp;» ou <literal>«&nbsp;.tar.xz</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Popular compression method in <ulink url=\"&foss;\">FOSS</ulink> tools such "
"as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> has been moving as follows: <literal>gzip</literal> → "
"<literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>"
msgstr ""
"La méthode de compression habituelle des outils <ulink url=\"&foss;\">FOSS</"
"ulink> tels que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> a été modifiée de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;: <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → "
"<literal>xz</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may have some "
"limitation for special files.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is most versatile."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> peuvent avoir "
"certaines limitations pour des fichiers spéciaux. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est plus souple."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is designed to be used with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and other commands and "
"suitable for creating backup scripts since the file selection part of the "
"script can be tested independently."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est conçu pour être utilisé avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et d’autres commandes et est adapté à la création de scripts "
"de sauvegarde car la partie correspondant à la sélection de fichier du "
"script peut être testée indépendamment."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Internal structure of Libreoffice data files are \"<literal>.jar</literal>\" "
"file."
msgstr ""
"La structure interne des fichiers de données de Libreoffice est composée de "
"fichiers «&nbsp;<literal>.jar</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a summary of simple copy and backup tools available on the Debian "
"system."
msgstr ""
"Voici une liste d’outils simples de copie et de sauvegarde sur le système "
"Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of copy and synchronization tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de copie et de synchronisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU cp"
msgstr "GNU cp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "locally copy files and directories (\"-a\" for recursive)"
msgstr ""
"copier localement des fichiers et répertoires («&nbsp;-a&nbsp;» pour "
"récursif)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "scp"
msgstr "scp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"remotely copy files and directories (client, \"<literal>-r</literal>\" for "
"recursive)"
msgstr ""
"copier à distance des fichiers et des répertoires (client, «&nbsp;<literal>-"
"r</literal>&nbsp;» pour récursif)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sshd"
msgstr "sshd"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remotely copy files and directories (remote server)"
msgstr "copier à distance des fichiers et des répertoires (serveur distant)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "-"
msgstr "-"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "1-way remote synchronization and backup"
msgstr "synchronisation et sauvegarde distantes unidirectionnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "2-way remote synchronization and backup"
msgstr "synchronisation et sauvegarde distantes bidirectionnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "(remote) incremental backup"
msgstr "sauvegarde incrémentale (distante)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Copying files with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> offers richer features "
"than others."
msgstr ""
"Copier des fichiers avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> offres des "
"fonctionnalités plus riches que les autres méthodes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source "
"files and the existing files in the destination"
msgstr ""
"algorithme de transfert delta qui n’envoie que la différence entre les "
"fichiers source et les fichiers existants sur la destination"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in "
"size or in last-modified time"
msgstr ""
"algorithme de vérification rapide (par défaut) recherchant les fichiers dont "
"la taille ou l’heure de dernière modification a été modifiée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>--exclude</literal>\" and \"<literal>--exclude-from</literal>\" "
"options similar to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"Les options «&nbsp;<literal>--exclude</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>--"
"exclude-from</literal>&nbsp;» sont semblables à celles de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"a trailing slash on the source directory\" syntax that avoids creating an "
"additional directory level at the destination."
msgstr ""
"La syntaxe «&nbsp;un slash en fin de répertoire source&nbsp;» qui évite la "
"création d’un niveau de répertoire supplémentaire à la destination."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Execution of the <literal>bkup</literal> script mentioned in <xref linkend="
"\"_a_copy_script_for_the_data_backup\"/> with the \"<literal>-gl</literal>\" "
"option under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> should provide very similar functionality as "
"Plan9's <literal>dumpfs</literal> for the static data archive."
msgstr ""
"L’exécution du script <literal>bkup</literal> mentionné dans <xref linkend="
"\"_a_copy_script_for_the_data_backup\"/> avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-gl</"
"literal>&nbsp;» sous <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fournira une "
"fonctionnalité très semblable à <literal>dumpfs</literal> de Plan9 pour "
"l’archivage des données statiques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Version control system (VCS) tools in <xref linkend=\"list-of-vcs\"/> can "
"function as the multi-way copy and synchronization tools."
msgstr ""
"Les outils de système de contrôle de version (VCS) de <xref linkend=\"list-"
"of-vcs\"/> peuvent fonctionner comme outils de synchronisation et de copie "
"multi-voies."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Idioms for the archive"
msgstr "Idiomes pour les archives"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are several ways to archive and unarchive the entire content of the "
"directory \"<literal>./source</literal>\" using different tools."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques manières d’archiver et de désarchiver le contenu entier du "
"répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>./source</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant différents "
"outils."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>:"
msgstr ""
"GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ tar -cvJf archive.tar.xz ./source\n"
"$ tar -xvJf archive.tar.xz"
msgstr ""
"$ tar -cvJf archive.tar.xz ./source\n"
"$ tar -xvJf archive.tar.xz"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Alternatively, by the following."
msgstr "ou encore, comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ find ./source -xdev -print0 | tar -cvJf archive.tar.xz --null -F -"
msgstr "$ find ./source -xdev -print0 | tar -cvJf archive.tar.xz --null -F -"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>:"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ find ./source -xdev -print0 | cpio -ov --null &gt; archive.cpio; xz archive.cpio\n"
"$ zcat archive.cpio.xz | cpio -i"
msgstr ""
"$ find ./source -xdev -print0 | cpio -ov --null &gt; archive.cpio; xz archive.cpio\n"
"$ zcat archive.cpio.xz | cpio -i"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Idioms for the copy"
msgstr "Idiomes pour la copie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are several ways to copy the entire content of the directory "
"\"<literal>./source</literal>\" using different tools."
msgstr ""
"Voici quelques manières d’archiver et de désarchiver le contenu entier du "
"répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>./source</literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant différents "
"outils."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Local copy: \"<literal>./source</literal>\" directory → \"<literal>/dest</"
"literal>\" directory"
msgstr ""
"Copie locale du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>./source</literal>&nbsp;»  → "
"répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/dest</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Remote copy: \"<literal>./source</literal>\" directory at local host → "
"\"<literal>/dest</literal>\" directory at \"<literal>user@host.dom</literal>"
"\" host"
msgstr ""
"Faire le copie distante du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>./source</"
"literal>&nbsp;» de la machine locale → répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/dest</"
"literal>&nbsp;» situé sur la machine «&nbsp;<literal>user@host.dom</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>:"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd ./source; rsync -aHAXSv . /dest\n"
"# cd ./source; rsync -aHAXSv . user@host.dom:/dest"
msgstr ""
"# cd ./source; rsync -aHAXSv . /dest\n"
"# cd ./source; rsync -aHAXSv . user@host.dom:/dest"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can alternatively use \"a trailing slash on the source directory\" "
"syntax."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez, en remplacement, utiliser la syntaxe «&nbsp;un slash en fin du "
"répertoire source&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# rsync -aHAXSv ./source/ /dest\n"
"# rsync -aHAXSv ./source/ user@host.dom:/dest"
msgstr ""
"# rsync -aHAXSv ./source/ /dest\n"
"# rsync -aHAXSv ./source/ user@host.dom:/dest"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd ./source; find . -print0 | rsync -aHAXSv0 --files-from=- . /dest\n"
"# cd ./source; find . -print0 | rsync -aHAXSv0 --files-from=- . user@host.dom:/dest"
msgstr ""
"# cd ./source; find . -print0 | rsync -aHAXSv0 --files-from=- . /dest\n"
"# cd ./source; find . -print0 | rsync -aHAXSv0 --files-from=- . user@host.dom:/dest"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and openSSH <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>:"
msgstr ""
"GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>  et openSSH <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd ./source; cp -a . /dest\n"
"# cd ./source; scp -pr . user@host.dom:/dest"
msgstr ""
"# cd ./source; cp -a . /dest\n"
"# cd ./source; scp -pr . user@host.dom:/dest"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# (cd ./source &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | (cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )\n"
"# (cd ./source &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | ssh user@host.dom '(cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )'"
msgstr ""
"# (cd ./source &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | (cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )\n"
"# (cd ./source &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | ssh user@host.dom '(cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# cd ./source; find . -print0 | cpio -pvdm --null --sparse /dest"
msgstr "# cd ./source; find . -print0 | cpio -pvdm --null --sparse /dest"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can substitute \"<literal>.</literal>\" with \"<literal>foo</literal>\" "
"for all examples containing \"<literal>.</literal>\" to copy files from "
"\"<literal>./source/foo</literal>\" directory to \"<literal>/dest/foo</"
"literal>\" directory."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez remplacer «&nbsp;<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>truc</literal>&nbsp;» dans tous les exemples comportant «&nbsp;"
"<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;» pour copier les fichiers du répertoire «&nbsp;"
"<literal>./source/truc</literal>&nbsp;» vers le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"dest/truc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can substitute \"<literal>.</literal>\" with the absolute path "
"\"<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>\" for all examples containing "
"\"<literal>.</literal>\" to drop \"<literal>cd ./source;</literal>\".  These "
"copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez remplacer «&nbsp;<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;» par le chemin "
"absolu «&nbsp;<literal>/chemin/vers/source/truc</literal>&nbsp;» dans tous "
"les exemples comportant «&nbsp;<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;» pour éviter "
"«&nbsp;<literal>cd ./source;</literal>&nbsp;». Cela permet de copier les "
"fichiers vers différents emplacements selon les outils utilisés de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dest/foo</literal>\": <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, GNU "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"« <literal>/dest/truc</literal> » : <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, GNU "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>\": GNU "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"« <literal>/dest/chemin/vers/source/truc</literal> »: GNU "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> have option "
"\"<literal>-u</literal>\" to skip files that are newer on the receiver."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> possèdent l’option "
"«&nbsp;<literal>-u</literal>&nbsp;» pour sauter les fichiers qui sont plus "
"récents sur la destination."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Idioms for the selection of files"
msgstr "Idiomes pour la sélection de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is used to select files for archive and copy commands (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_archive\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_idioms_for_the_copy\"/>) or for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>).  This can be enhanced by "
"using its command arguments."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est utilisé pour la sélection de fichiers pour les commandes "
"d’archive et de copie (consultez <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_archive\"/> "
"et <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_copy\"/>) ou pour "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>). Cela peut être amélioré en "
"utilisant ces paramètres de commande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Basic syntax of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be summarized as "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"La syntaxe de base de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> peut être résumée "
"comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Its conditional arguments are evaluated from left to right."
msgstr "Ses paramètres conditionnels sont évalués de gauche à droite."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "This evaluation stops once its outcome is determined."
msgstr "L’évaluation s’arrête lors que son résultat est déterminé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"Logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">OR</emphasis>\" (specified by "
"\"<literal>-o</literal>\" between conditionals) has lower precedence than "
"\"logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">AND</emphasis>\" (specified by "
"\"<literal>-a</literal>\" or nothing between conditionals)."
msgstr ""
"Le «&nbsp;<emphasis role=\"strong\">OU</emphasis> logique&nbsp;» (indiqué "
"par «&nbsp;<literal>-o</literal>&nbsp;» entre les éléments conditionnels) a "
"une plus faible priorité que le «&nbsp;<emphasis role=\"strong\">ET</"
"emphasis> logique&nbsp;» (indiqué par «&nbsp;<literal>-a</literal>&nbsp;» ou "
"rien entre éléments conditionnels)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"Logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">NOT</emphasis>\" (specified by "
"\"<literal>!</literal>\" before a conditional) has higher precedence than "
"\"logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">AND</emphasis>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le «&nbsp;<emphasis role=\"strong\">NON</emphasis> logique&nbsp;» (indiqué "
"par «&nbsp;<literal>!</literal>&nbsp;» avant un élément conditionnel) a une "
"priorité plus élevée que le «&nbsp;<emphasis role=\"strong\">ET</emphasis> "
"logique&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-prune</literal>\" always returns logical <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">TRUE</emphasis> and, if it is a directory, searching of file is stopped "
"beyond this point."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>-prune</literal>&nbsp;» retourne toujours un <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">VRAI</emphasis> logique et, si c’est un répertoire, la recherche "
"de fichier est arrêtée au-delà de ce point."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-name</literal>\" matches the base of the filename with shell "
"glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>) but it also matches its initial "
"\"<literal>.</literal>\" with metacharacters such as \"<literal>*</literal>"
"\" and \"<literal>?</literal>\". (New <ulink url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> "
"feature)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>-name</literal>&nbsp;» correspond à la base du nom de "
"fichier avec les motifs génériques de l’interpréteur de commandes (voir "
"<xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>) mais il correspond aussi à son «&nbsp;"
"<literal>.</literal>&nbsp;» de début avec des métacaractères comme «&nbsp;"
"<literal>*</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>?</literal>&nbsp;» (nouvelle "
"fonctionnalité <ulink url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-regex</literal>\" matches the full path with emacs style "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_regular_expressions\"/>) as default."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>-regex</literal>&nbsp;» correspond au chemin complet par "
"défaut dans le style <emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> Emacs "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-size</literal>\" matches the file based on the file size (value "
"precedented with \"<literal>+</literal>\" for larger, precedented with "
"\"<literal>-</literal>\" for smaller)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>-size</literal>&nbsp;» correspond au fichier en se basant "
"sur la taille du fichier (valeur précédée de «&nbsp;<literal>+</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour plus grand et précédée de «&nbsp;<literal>-</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour plus petit)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-newer</literal>\" matches the file newer than the one specified "
"in its argument."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>-newer</literal>&nbsp;» correspond au fichier plus récent "
"que celui indiqué comme paramètre."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-print0</literal>\" always returns logical <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">TRUE</emphasis> and print the full filename (<ulink url=\"&nullterminated;"
"\">null terminated</ulink>) on the standard output."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>-print0</literal>&nbsp;» retourne toujours la valeur logique "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">VRAI</emphasis> et affiche sur la sortie standard "
"le nom de fichier en entier (<ulink url=\"&nullterminated;\">terminé par le "
"caractère null</ulink>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is often used with an idiomatic style as the following."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est souvent utilisé dans un style idiomatique comme ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# find /path/to \\\n"
"    -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n"
"    -type f -regex \".*\\.cpio|.*~\" -prune -o \\\n"
"    -type d -regex \".*/\\.git\" -prune -o \\\n"
"    -type f -size +99M -prune -o \\\n"
"    -type f -newer /path/to/timestamp -print0"
msgstr ""
"# find /chemin/vers/ \\\n"
"    -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n"
"    -type f -regex \".*\\.cpio|.*~\" -prune -o \\\n"
"    -type d -regex \".*/\\.git\" -prune -o \\\n"
"    -type f -size +99M -prune -o \\\n"
"    -type f -newer /chemin/vers/horodatage -print0"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This means to do following actions."
msgstr "Cela signifie que les actions suivantes doivent être effectuées :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Search all files starting from \"<literal>/path/to</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"rechercher tous les fichiers en partant de «&nbsp;<literal>/chemin/vers</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Globally limit its search within its starting filesystem and uses <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/"
">) instead"
msgstr ""
"limiter globalement sa recherche à l’intérieur du système de fichiers et "
"utiliser <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_regular_expressions\"/>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Exclude files matching regex of \"<literal>.*\\.cpio</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>.*~</literal>\" from search by stop processing"
msgstr ""
"exclure les fichiers correspondant à l’expression rationnelle de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>.*\\.cpio</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>.*~</literal>&nbsp;» "
"de la recherche en arrêtant le traitement&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Exclude directories matching regex of \"<literal>.*/\\.git</literal>\" from "
"search by stop processing"
msgstr ""
"exclure les répertoires qui correspondent à l’expression rationnelle de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>.*/\\.git</literal>&nbsp;» de la recherche en arrêtant le "
"traitement&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Exclude files larger than 99 Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) from search "
"by stop processing"
msgstr ""
"exclure les fichiers plus gros que 99 Megaoctets (unités de 1048576 octets) "
"de la recherche en arrêtant le traitement&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Print filenames which satisfy above search conditions and are newer than "
"\"<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Afficher les noms de fichiers qui satisfont aux conditions de recherche ci-"
"dessus et qui sont plus récents que «&nbsp;<literal>/chemin/vers/horodatage</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please note the idiomatic use of \"<literal>-prune -o</literal>\" to exclude "
"files in the above example."
msgstr ""
"Remarquez l’utilisation idiomatique de «&nbsp;<literal>-prune -o</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour exclure les fichiers dans l’exemple ci-dessus."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For non-Debian <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system, some "
"options may not be supported by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. In such a case, "
"please consider to adjust matching methods and replace \"<literal>-print0</"
"literal>\" with \"<literal>-print</literal>\".  You may need to adjust "
"related commands too."
msgstr ""
"Pour les systèmes <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">UNIX-like</ulink> autre que "
"Debian, certaines options peuvent ne pas être prises en compte par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Dans un tel cas, essayez d’adapter la méthode de "
"correspondance et remplacez «&nbsp;<literal>-print0</literal>&nbsp;» par "
"«&nbsp;<literal>-print</literal>&nbsp;». Vous devrez aussi ajuster les "
"commandes associées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Archive media"
msgstr "Support d’archive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When choosing <ulink url=\"&computerdatastoragemedia;\">computer data "
"storage media</ulink> for important data archive, you should be careful "
"about their limitations.  For small personal data backup, I use CD-R and DVD-"
"R by the brand name company and store in a cool, shaded, dry, clean "
"environment.  (Tape archive media seem to be popular for professional use.)"
msgstr ""
"Lors du choix d’un <ulink url=\"&computerdatastoragemedia;\">support "
"d’enregistrement de données informatiques</ulink> destiné à l’archivage de "
"données importantes, il faut faire attention à leurs limitations. Pour des "
"petites sauvegardes de données personnelles, j’utilise des CD-R et des DVD-R "
"provenant d’une grande marque et je les range dans un endroit frais, à "
"l’ombre, sec et propre. (Les supports d’archive sur bande semblent être "
"populaires pour les utilisations professionnelles)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&afireresistantsafe;\">A fire-resistant safe</ulink> are meant "
"for paper documents.  Most of the computer data storage media have less "
"temperature tolerance than paper. I usually rely on multiple secure "
"encrypted copies stored in multiple secure locations."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&afireresistantsafe;\">Un coffre-fort anti-feu</ulink> est "
"destiné aux documents sur papier. La plupart des supports de stockage de "
"données informatiques ont une tolérance en température inférieure à celle du "
"papier. J’utilise en général plusieurs copies chiffrées stockées dans "
"différents endroits sûrs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Optimistic storage life of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor "
"info)."
msgstr ""
"Durées de vie optimistes des moyens d’archivage trouvées sur le net (la "
"plupart à partir d’informations des constructeurs)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "100+ years : Acid free paper with ink"
msgstr "100 ans et plus&nbsp;: papier non acide et encre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "100 years : Optical storage (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)"
msgstr "100 ans&nbsp;: stockage optique (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "30 years : Magnetic storage (tape, floppy)"
msgstr "30 ans&nbsp;: supports magnétiques (bande, disquette)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "20 years : Phase change optical storage (CD-RW)"
msgstr "20 ans&nbsp;: disque optique à changement de phase (CD-RW)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "These do not count on the mechanical failures due to handling etc."
msgstr ""
"Cela ne prend pas en compte les défaillances mécaniques dues aux "
"manipulations, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Optimistic write cycle of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor "
"info)."
msgstr ""
"Nombre de cycles d’écriture optimistes des moyens d’archivage trouvées sur "
"le net (la plupart à partir d’informations des constructeurs)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "250,000+ cycles : Harddisk drive"
msgstr "plus de 250 000&nbsp;: disque dur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "10,000+ cycles : Flash memory"
msgstr "plus de 10 000 cycles&nbsp;: mémoires Flash"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "1,000 cycles : CD/DVD-RW"
msgstr "1000 cycles&nbsp;: CD/DVD-RW"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "1 cycles : CD/DVD-R, paper"
msgstr "1 cycle&nbsp;: CD/DVD-R, papier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Figures of storage life and write cycle here should not be used for "
"decisions on any critical data storage.  Please consult the specific product "
"information provided by the manufacture."
msgstr ""
"Ces chiffres de durée de vie et de nombre de cycles ne devront pas être "
"utilisés pour des décisions concernant l’enregistrement de données "
"critiques. Veuillez consulter les informations spécifiques au produit "
"fournies par le constructeur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Since CD/DVD-R and paper have only 1 write cycle, they inherently prevent "
"accidental data loss by overwriting.  This is advantage!"
msgstr ""
"Comme les CD/DVD-R et le papier n’ont qu’un cycle d’écriture de 1, ils "
"évitent de manière inhérente le risque de perte de données par écrasement. "
"C’est un avantage&nbsp;:!"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If you need fast and frequent backup of large amount of data, a hard disk on "
"a remote host linked by a fast network connection, may be the only realistic "
"option."
msgstr ""
"Si vous devez faire des sauvegardes fréquentes et rapides d’un gros volume "
"de données, un disque dur sur une liaison réseau à haute vitesse peut être "
"la seule option réaliste."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Removable storage device"
msgstr "Périphériques d’enregistrement amovibles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Removable storage devices may be any one of the following."
msgstr ""
"Les périphériques d’enregistrement amovibles possibles sont les suivants."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&usbflashdrive;\">USB flash drive</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&usbflashdrive;\">Clé USB</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&harddiskdrive;\">Hard disk drive</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&harddiskdrive;\">Disque dur</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&opticaldiscdrive;\">Optical disc drive</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&opticaldiscdrive;\">Graveur de disque optique</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Digital camera"
msgstr "Appareil photographique numérique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Digital music player"
msgstr "Lecteur de musique numérique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "They may be connected via any one of the following."
msgstr "Ils peuvent être connectés à l’aide de n’importe quel moyen suivant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&usb;\">USB</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&usb;\">USB</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ieeebdjefirewire;\">IEEE 1394 / FireWire</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&ieeebdjefirewire;\">FireWire</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&pccard;\">PC Card</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&pccard;\">PC-Card</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE can mount these removable "
"devices automatically without a matching \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" "
"entry."
msgstr ""
"Les environnements de bureau modernes comme GNOME et KDE peuvent monter ces "
"périphériques amovibles automatiquement sans entrée correspondante dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>udisks</literal> package provides a daemon and associated utilities "
"to mount and unmount these devices."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>udisks</literal> fournit un démon et les utilitaires "
"associés pour monter et démonter ces périphériques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink> creates events to initiate automatic "
"processes."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink> crée les événements pour initialiser les "
"processus automatiques."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&policykit;\">PolicyKit</ulink> provides required privileges."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&policykit;\">PolicyKit</ulink> fournit les droits nécessaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Automounted devices may have the \"<literal>uhelper=</literal>\" mount "
"option which is used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Les périphériques montés automatiquement pourraient avoir l’option de "
"montage « <literal>uhelper=</literal> » qui est utilisée par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Automounting under modern desktop environment happens only when those "
"removable media devices are not listed in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le montage automatique sous les environnements de bureau modernes ne se "
"produit que lorsque ces périphériques amovibles ne se trouvent pas dans "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Mount point under modern desktop environment is chosen as \"<literal>/media/"
"&lt;disk_label&gt;</literal>\" which can be customized by the following."
msgstr ""
"Le point de montage sous les environnements de bureau modernes est choisi "
"avec le nom «&nbsp;<literal>/media/&lt;étiquette_disque&gt;</"
"literal>&nbsp;», il peut être personnalisé avec les outils suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mlabel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for FAT filesystem"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mlabel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour le système de fichiers FAT&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> with \"<literal>-V</literal>\" option for ISO9660 "
"filesystem"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-V</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour le système de fichiers ISO9660&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> with \"<literal>-L</literal>\" option for ext2/"
"ext3/ext4 filesystem"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-L</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour le système de fichiers ext2, ext3 ou ext4."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The choice of encoding may need to be provided as mount option (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Le choix du codage doit être fourni comme option de montage (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The use of the GUI menu to unmount a filesystem may remove its dynamically "
"generated device node such as \"<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>\".  If you wish "
"to keep its device node, unmount it with the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command from the shell prompt."
msgstr ""
"L'utilisation d'une interface graphique pour démonter un système de fichiers "
"peut supprimer son point de montage créé dynamiquement tel que « <literal>/"
"dev/sdc</literal> ». Si vous souhaitez conserver son point de montage, "
"démontez-le à l'aide de la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> lancée depuis un "
"interpréteur de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Filesystem choice for sharing data"
msgstr "Choix de système de fichiers pour les données partagées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When sharing data with other system via removable storage device, you should "
"format it with common <ulink url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</ulink> "
"supported by both systems. Here is a list of filesystem choices."
msgstr ""
"Lors du partage de données avec d’autres systèmes à l’aide de périphériques "
"de stockage amovibles, vous devez les formatez avec un <ulink url="
"\"&filesystem;\">système de fichiers</ulink> pris en charge par les deux "
"systèmes. Voici une liste de choix de systèmes de fichiers&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage "
"scenarios"
msgstr ""
"Liste de choix de systèmes de fichiers pour des périphériques amovibles avec "
"des scénarios typiques d’utilisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "filesystem"
msgstr "système de fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of typical usage scenario"
msgstr "description d’un scénario typique d’utilisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatbc;\">FAT12</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&fatbc;\">FAT12</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (&lt;32MiB)"
msgstr "partage de données sur disquettes entre plateformes (&lt;32Mio)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatbg;\">FAT16</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&fatbg;\">FAT16</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (&lt;2GiB)"
msgstr ""
"partage entre plateformes de données sur des périphériques semblables à des "
"disques durs de faible capacité (&lt;2Gio)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatdc;\">FAT32</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&fatdc;\">FAT32</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;8TiB, "
"supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2)"
msgstr ""
"partage entre plateformes de données sur périphériques semblables à des "
"disques durs de grande capacité (&lt;8Tio, pris en charge par plus récent "
"que MS Windows95 OSR2)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported "
"natively on <ulink url=\"&mswindowsnt;\">MS Windows NT</ulink> and later "
"version, and supported by <ulink url=\"&ntfsdg;\">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink "
"url=\"&fuse;\">FUSE</ulink> on Linux)"
msgstr ""
"partage entre plateformes de données sur périphériques semblables à des "
"disques durs de grande capacité (pris en charge de manière native par <ulink "
"url=\"&mswindowsnt;\">MS Windows NT</ulink> et versions plus récentes; et "
"pris en charge par <ulink url=\"&ntfsdg;\">NTFS-3G</ulink> par "
"l’intermédiaire de <ulink url=\"&fuse;\">FUSE</ulink> sous Linux)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R"
msgstr "partage entre plateformes de données sur CD-R et DVD+/-R "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&udf;\">UDF</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&udf;\">UDF</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new)"
msgstr "écriture incrémentale de CD-R et de DVD+/-R (nouveau)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&minixfilesystem;\">MINIX filesystem</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&minixfilesystem;\">système de fichiers MINIX</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk"
msgstr ""
"enregistrement efficace en matière d’espace disque de fichiers de données "
"unix sur disquette"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&extcfilesystem;\">ext2 filesystem</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&extcfilesystem;\">système de fichiers ext2</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems"
msgstr "partage de données sur disque dur avec les anciens systèmes Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&extdfilesystem;\">ext3 filesystem</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&extdfilesystem;\">système de fichiers ext3</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&extefilesystem;\">ext4 filesystem</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&extefilesystem;\">système de fichiers ext4</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems"
msgstr "partage de données sur disque dur avec les systèmes Linux actuels"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks\"/> for "
"cross platform sharing of data using device level encryption."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <xref linkend=\"_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks\"/> "
"pour le partage de données entre plateformes en utilisant le chiffrement au "
"niveau du périphérique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The FAT filesystem is supported by almost all modern operating systems and "
"is quite useful for the data exchange purpose via removable hard disk like "
"media."
msgstr ""
"Le système de fichiers FAT est pris en charge par la plupart des systèmes "
"d’exploitation modernes et est assez utile pour l'échange des données par "
"l’intermédiaire de supports du type disque dur amovible."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When formatting removable hard disk like devices for cross platform sharing "
"of data with the FAT filesystem, the following should be safe choices."
msgstr ""
"Pour le formatage de périphériques de type disque dur amovible pour "
"l’échange de données entre plateformes avec un système de fichiers FAT, ce "
"qui suit peut être un choix sûr&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Partitioning them with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) into a single primary partition and to "
"mark it as the following."
msgstr ""
"les partitionner avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) en une seule partition primaire "
"et la marquer comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Type \"6\" for FAT16 for media smaller than 2GB."
msgstr ""
"type «&nbsp;6&nbsp;» pour FAT16 pour les supports faisant moins de 2Go."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Type \"c\" for FAT32 (LBA) for larger media."
msgstr "type «&nbsp;c&nbsp;» pour FAT32 (LBA) pour les supports plus gros."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Formatting the primary partition with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs."
"vfat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"formater la partition primaire avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.vfat</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Just its device name, e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>\" for FAT16"
msgstr ""
"simplement son nom de périphérique, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>/dev/sda1</"
"literal>&nbsp;», pour la FAT16"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The explicit option and its device name, e.g. \"<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</"
"literal>\" for FAT32"
msgstr ""
"L’option explicite et le nom de périphérique, par exemple  «&nbsp;<literal>-"
"F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>&nbsp;», pour la FAT32"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When using the FAT or ISO9660 filesystems for sharing data, the following "
"should be the safe considerations."
msgstr ""
"Lors de l’utilisation des systèmes de fichiers FAT ou ISO9660 pour le "
"partage de données ce qui suit sera une précaution sûre&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Archiving files into an archive file first using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to retain the long "
"filename, the symbolic link, the original Unix file permission and the owner "
"information."
msgstr ""
"Archiver d’abord les fichiers dans un fichier d’archive en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> afin de conserver les "
"noms de fichiers longs, les permissions de fichiers d’origine d’UNIX et les "
"informations de propriétaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Splitting the archive file into less than 2 GiB chunks with the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>split</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command to protect it from the file size limitation."
msgstr ""
"Découper le fichier d’archive en éléments de moins de 2 Gio à l’aide de la "
"commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>split</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> afin de le protéger contre les limitations de "
"taille de fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Encrypting the archive file to secure its contents from the unauthorized "
"access."
msgstr ""
"Chiffrer le fichier d’archive afin de sécuriser son contenu contre un accès "
"non autorisé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"For FAT filesystems by its design, the maximum file size is <literal>(2^32 - "
"1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. For some applications on the older 32 "
"bit OS, the maximum file size was even smaller <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = "
"(2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>.  Debian does not suffer the latter problem."
msgstr ""
"La taille maximum d’un fichier FAT, par conception, est de <literal>(2^32 - "
"1) octets = (4GiB - 1 octet)</literal>. Pour certaines applications sur le "
"système 32 bits plus ancien, la taille maximum était même plus faible "
"<literal>(2^31 - 1) octets = (2Gio - 1 octet)</literal>. Debian ne souffre "
"pas de ce dernier problème."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Microsoft itself does not recommend to use FAT for drives or partitions of "
"over 200 MB.  Microsoft highlights its short comings such as inefficient "
"disk space usage in their \"<ulink url=\"&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;"
"\">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>\".  Of course, we "
"should normally use the ext4 filesystem for Linux."
msgstr ""
"Microsoft lui-même ne recommande pas l’utilisation de FAT pour des disques "
"ou des partitions de plus de 200 Mo.  Microsoft met en avant ces limitations "
"comme une utilisation inefficace de l’espace disque dans ses «&nbsp;<ulink "
"url=\"&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;\">Informations générales sur les "
"systèmes de fichiers FAT, HPFS et NTFS</ulink>&nbsp;». Bien sûr, on peut "
"normalement utiliser le système de fichiers ext4 pour Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For more on filesystems and accessing filesystems, please read \"<ulink url="
"\"&filesystemshowto;\">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>\"."
msgstr ""
"Pour davantage d’informations sur les systèmes de fichiers et les accès aux "
"systèmes de fichiers, veuillez consulter «&nbsp;<ulink url="
"\"&filesystemshowto;\">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Sharing data via network"
msgstr "Partage de données au travers du réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When sharing data with other system via network, you should use common "
"service. Here are some hints."
msgstr ""
"Lors du partage de données avec d’autres systèmes au travers du réseau, vous "
"devrez utiliser un service commun. Voici quelques éléments&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of the network service to chose with the typical usage scenario"
msgstr ""
"Liste des services réseau à choisir avec le scénario typique d’utilisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "network service"
msgstr "service réseau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&smbcifs;\">SMB/CIFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with "
"<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&smbcifs;\">SMB/CIFS</ulink> système de fichiers monté avec "
"<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"sharing files via \"Microsoft Windows Network\", see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>smb.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url=\"&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;"
"\">The Official Samba 3.x.x HOWTO and Reference Guide</ulink> or the "
"<literal>samba-doc</literal> package"
msgstr ""
"partage de fichiers par l’intermédiaire de «&nbsp;Microsoft Windows "
"Network&nbsp;», consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smb.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> et <ulink url="
"\"&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;\">le HOWTO et guide de référence "
"officiel de Samba 3.x.x</ulink> ou le paquet <literal>samba-doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with the Linux "
"kernel"
msgstr ""
"système de fichiers monté au travers du réseau <ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</"
"ulink> avec le noyau Linux"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"sharing files via \"Unix/Linux Network\", see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exports</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url=\"&linuxnfshowto;\">Linux NFS-"
"HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"partager des fichiers par «&nbsp;UNIX/Linux Network&nbsp;», consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exports</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <ulink url=\"&linuxnfshowto;\">Linux NFS-HOWTO</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sharing file between the web server/client"
msgstr "partager des fichiers entre client et serveur web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&https;\">HTTPS</ulink> service"
msgstr "service <ulink url=\"&https;\">HTTPS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"sharing file between the web server/client with encrypted Secure Sockets "
"Layer (SSL) or <ulink url=\"&transportlayersecurity;\">Transport Layer "
"Security</ulink> (TLS)"
msgstr ""
"partager des fichiers entre le client et le serveur web avec un chiffrement "
"Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) ou <ulink url=\"&transportlayersecurity;"
"\">Transport Layer Security</ulink> (TLS)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink> service"
msgstr "service <ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sharing file between the FTP server/client"
msgstr "partager des fichiers entre serveur et client FTP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although these filesystems mounted over network and file transfer methods "
"over network are quite convenient for sharing data, these may be insecure.  "
"Their network connection must be secured by the following."
msgstr ""
"Bien que ces systèmes de fichiers montés au travers du réseau et les "
"méthodes de transfert au travers du réseau soient assez pratiques pour "
"partager des données, elles peuvent être non sûres. Leur connexion réseau "
"doit être sécurisée par ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Encrypt it with <ulink url=\"&ssltls;\">SSL/TLS</ulink>"
msgstr "chiffrez-la avec <ulink url=\"&ssltls;\">SSL/TLS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Tunnel it via <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink>"
msgstr "tunnelez-la par <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Tunnel it via <ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</ulink>"
msgstr "tunnelez-la par <ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Limit it behind the secure firewall"
msgstr "limitez-la derrière un pare-feu sûr"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"See also <xref linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_other_network_application_clients\"/>."
msgstr ""
"consultez aussi <xref linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/> et "
"<xref linkend=\"_other_network_application_clients\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Backup and recovery"
msgstr "Sauvegarde et restauration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"We all know that computers fail sometime or human errors cause system and "
"data damages.  Backup and recovery operations are the essential part of "
"successful system administration.  All possible failure modes hit you some "
"day."
msgstr ""
"Nous savons tous que les ordinateurs sont parfois victimes de pannes ou que "
"des erreurs humaines provoquent des dommages au système et aux données. Les "
"opérations de sauvegarde et de restauration sont les parties essentielles "
"d’une administration système réussie. Vous serez victime, un jour ou "
"l’autre, de tous les modes de défaillance possibles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Keep your backup system simple and backup your system often.  Having backup "
"data is more important than how technically good your backup method is."
msgstr ""
"Mettez en place un système de sauvegardes simple et faites une sauvegarde "
"fréquente de votre système. Avoir des données de sauvegarde est plus "
"important que la qualité technique de votre méthode de sauvegarde."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are 3 key factors which determine actual backup and recovery policy."
msgstr ""
"Il y a 3 facteurs-clé qui permettent de définir une méthode pratique de "
"sauvegarde et de restauration."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Knowing what to backup and recover."
msgstr "Ce qu’il faut sauvegarder et restaurer&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Data files directly created by you: data in \"<literal>~/</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"les fichiers que vous avez directement créés&nbsp;: données de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Data files created by applications used by you: data in \"<literal>/var/</"
"literal>\" (except \"<literal>/var/cache/</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/run/</"
"literal>\", and \"<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"les fichiers de données créés par les applications que vous utilisez&nbsp;: "
"données de «&nbsp;<literal>/var/</literal>&nbsp;» (sauf «&nbsp;<literal>/var/"
"cache/</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/var/run/</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>&nbsp;»)&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "System configuration files: data in \"<literal>/etc/</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"les fichiers de configuration du système&nbsp;: fichiers de «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Local softwares: data in \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" or \"<literal>/"
"opt/</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"logiciels locaux&nbsp;: données se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local/"
"</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>/opt/</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"System installation information: a memo in plain text on key steps "
"(partition, …)"
msgstr ""
"informations concernant l’installation du système&nbsp;: un mémo en texte "
"concernant les étapes-clés ((partition, …)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Proven set of data: confirmed by experimental recovery operations in advance"
msgstr ""
"un jeu de données testé&nbsp;: confirmé par des opérations de restauration "
"expérimentales réalisées à l’avance."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Knowing how to backup and recover."
msgstr "Comment sauvegarder et restaurer&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Secure storage of data: protection from overwrite and system failure"
msgstr ""
"entreposer les données de manière sûre&nbsp;: protection des données contre "
"la réécriture et les défaillances du système&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Frequent backup: scheduled backup"
msgstr "sauvegardes fréquentes&nbsp;! sauvegardes planifiées&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Redundant backup: data mirroring"
msgstr "sauvegardes redondantes&nbsp;: duplication (miroir) des données&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Fool proof process: easy single command backup"
msgstr "processus indéréglable&nbsp;: sauvegarde facile en une seule commande."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Assessing risks and costs involved."
msgstr "Risques et coûts&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Value of data when lost"
msgstr "valeur des données perdues&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Required resources for backup: human, hardware, software, …"
msgstr ""
"ressources nécessaires pour effectuer les sauvegardes&nbsp;: humaines, "
"matérielles, logicielles, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Failure mode and their possibility"
msgstr "mode de défaillance avec leur probabilité."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Do not back up the pseudo-filesystem contents found on <literal>/proc</"
"literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal>, and <literal>/"
"run</literal> (see <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_tmpfs\"/>).  Unless you know exactly what you are doing, they are huge "
"useless data."
msgstr ""
"Ne sauvegardez pas le contenu des pseudo systèmes de fichiers se trouvant "
"dans <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</"
"literal>, et <literal>/run</literal> (voir <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs"
"\"/> et <xref linkend=\"_tmpfs\"/>). À moins que vous ne sachiez exactement "
"ce que vous faites, ce ne sont que d’énormes quantités de données inutiles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"As for secure storage of data, data should be at least on different disk "
"partitions preferably on different disks and machines to withstand the "
"filesystem corruption.  Important data are best stored on a write-once media "
"such as CD/DVD-R to prevent overwrite accidents.  (See <xref linkend="
"\"_the_binary_data\"/> for how to write to the storage media from the shell "
"commandline.  GNOME desktop GUI environment gives you easy access via menu: "
"\"Places→CD/DVD Creator\".)"
msgstr ""
"Comme pour l’enregistrement sécurisé de données, les données doivent se "
"trouver de préférences sur différentes partitions de disque ou sur des "
"disques différents ou des machines différentes afin de résister à une "
"corruption du système de fichiers. Les données importantes seront, de "
"préférence écrites sur des supports à écriture unique tels que les CD/DVD-R "
"afin de prévenir l’écrasement accidentel des données (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_binary_data\"/> pour la manière d’écrire sur le support "
"d’enregistrement depuis la ligne de commandes de l’interpréteur. L’interface "
"graphique de l’environnement de bureau GNOME vous donne un accès facile "
"depuis le menu&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Places→CD/DVD Creator&nbsp;:»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"You may wish to stop some application daemons such as MTA (see <xref linkend="
"\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) while backing up data."
msgstr ""
"Il faudra peut-être arrêter certains démons d’applications comme le MTA "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) lors de la "
"sauvegarde des données."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"You should pay extra care to the backup and restoration of identity related "
"data files such as \"<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key</literal>\", \"<literal>~/.gnupg/*</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"
"\", \"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>"
"\", \"<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-"
"secrets</literal>\", and \"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\".  "
"Some of these data can not be regenerated by entering the same input string "
"to the system."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez prendre des précautions supplémentaires lors de la sauvegarde et "
"de la restauration des fichiers de données relatifs à l’identité comme "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>~/.gnupg/*</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/passwd</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;"
"<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/ppp/"
"pap-secrets</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Certaines de ces données ne peuvent pas être recréées en "
"entrant la même chaîne de caractères d’entrée sur le système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If you run a cron job as a user process, you must restore files in "
"\"<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>\" directory and restart "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>.  See <xref linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_regularly\"/> for "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous faites tourner une tâche programmée («&nbsp;cron&nbsp;» en tant que "
"processus d’utilisateur, vous devrez restaurer les fichiers de «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>&nbsp;» et redémarrer "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_regularly\"/> "
"pour <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Backup utility suites"
msgstr "Suites d’utilitaires de sauvegarde"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a select list of notable backup utility suites available on the "
"Debian system."
msgstr ""
"Voici une liste d’utilitaires de sauvegarde notables disponibles sur le "
"système Debian&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of backup suite utilities"
msgstr "Liste de suites d’utilitaires de sauvegarde"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"4.4 <ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for <ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="
"\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystems"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink> 4.4 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour les systèmes de fichiers <ulink url=\"&extc;"
"\">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&exte;"
"\">ext4</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"dump and restore with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsdump</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsrestore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for <ulink url=\"&xfs;\">XFS</ulink> filesystem on "
"GNU/Linux and <ulink url=\"&irix;\">IRIX</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"sauvegarder et restaurer avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsdump</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsrestore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour le système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&xfs;"
"\">XFS</ulink> sous GNU/Linux et <ulink url=\"&irix;\">IRIX</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"lightweight, extensible <emphasis role=\"strong\">meta-backup</emphasis> "
"system"
msgstr ""
"système de sauvegarde <emphasis role=\"strong\">meta-backup</emphasis> léger "
"et extensible"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "simple backup suite for GNOME desktop"
msgstr "suite de sauvegarde simple pour le bureau GNOME"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - common support files"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>&nbsp;: sauvegarde, restauration et "
"vérification par le réseau - fichiers communs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - client meta-package"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>&nbsp;: sauvegarde, restauration et "
"vérification par le réseau - métapaquet du client"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - text console"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>&nbsp;: sauvegarde, restauration et "
"vérification par le réseau - console en mode texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - server meta-package"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>&nbsp;: sauvegarde, restauration et "
"vérification par le réseau - métapaquet du serveur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network "
"Disk Archiver (Libs)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>&nbsp;: Advanced Maryland Automatic "
"Network Disk Archiver (Libs). (Archiveur de disque par le réseau de Maryland "
"avancé et automatique."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network "
"Disk Archiver (Client)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>&nbsp;: Advanced Maryland Automatic "
"Network Disk Archiver (Client)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network "
"Disk Archiver (Server)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>&nbsp;: Advanced Maryland Automatic "
"Network Disk Archiver (Serveur)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> is a high-performance, enterprise-"
"grade system for backing up PCs (disk based)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> est un système de hautes "
"performances pour effectuer la sauvegarde de PC au niveau de l’entreprise "
"(basé sur disques)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "command-line backup tool"
msgstr "outil de sauvegarde en ligne de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media (disk based)"
msgstr ""
"outil de sauvegarde et restauration de faible maintenance pour des supports "
"pouvant être montés (basé sur disque)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Backup tools have their specialized focuses."
msgstr "Les outils de sauvegarde ont chacun des objectifs particuliers."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&mondorescue;\">Mondo Rescue</ulink> is a backup system to "
"facilitate restoration of complete system quickly from backup CD/DVD etc. "
"without going through normal system installation processes."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&mondorescue;\">Mondo Rescue</ulink> est un système de "
"sauvegarde qui facilite la restauration rapide d’un système complet depuis "
"de CD/DVD etc. sans passer par le processus normal d’installation d’un "
"système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>sbackup</literal> and <literal>keep</literal> packages provide easy "
"GUI frontend for desktop users to make regular backups of user data. An "
"equivalent function can be realized by a simple script (<xref linkend="
"\"_an_example_script_for_the_system_backup\"/>) and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"<literal>sbackup</literal> et <literal>keep</literal> fournissent une "
"interface graphique facile pour les utilisateurs de bureau afin d’effectuer "
"des sauvegardes régulières des données de l’utilisateur. Une fonction "
"équivalente peut être réalisée par un simple script (<xref linkend="
"\"_an_example_script_for_the_system_backup\"/>) et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</"
"ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> are full featured "
"backup suite utilities which are focused on regular backups over network."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</"
"ulink> et <ulink url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> sont des suites de "
"sauvegardes ayant des fonctionnalités avancées qui sont orientées vers les "
"sauvegardes fréquentes au travers du réseau."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Basic tools described in <xref linkend=\"_archive_and_compression_tools\"/> "
"and <xref linkend=\"_copy_and_synchronization_tools\"/> can be used to "
"facilitate system backup via custom scripts.  Such script can be enhanced by "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Les outils de base décrits dans <xref linkend="
"\"_archive_and_compression_tools\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_copy_and_synchronization_tools\"/> peuvent être utilisés pour faciliter "
"la sauvegarde du système au moyen de scripts personnalisés. De tels scripts "
"peuvent être améliorés comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>obnam</literal> package enables incremental (remote) backups."
msgstr ""
"le paquet <literal>obnam</literal> permet les sauvegardes incrémentales "
"(distantes)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>rdiff-backup</literal> package enables incremental (remote) "
"backups."
msgstr ""
"le paquet <literal>rdiff-backup</literal> permet les sauvegardes "
"incrémentales (distantes)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>dump</literal> package helps to archive and restore the whole "
"filesystem incrementally and efficiently."
msgstr ""
"le paquet <literal>dump</literal> facilite l’archivage et la restauration "
"d’un système de fichiers entier de manière incrémentielle et efficace."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"See files in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/dump/</literal>\" and <ulink url="
"\"&isdumpreallydeprecated;\">\"Is dump really deprecated?\"</ulink> to learn "
"about the <literal>dump</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Consultez les fichiers dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/dump/</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&isdumpreallydeprecated;\">«&nbsp;Est-"
"ce que dump est vraiment obsolète&nbsp;?&nbsp;»</ulink> pour en savoir plus "
"sur le paquet <literal>dump</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "An example script for the system backup"
msgstr "Script d’exemple pour la sauvegarde du système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For a personal Debian desktop system running <literal>unstable</literal> "
"suite, I only need to protect personal and critical data.  I reinstall "
"system once a year anyway.  Thus I see no reason to backup the whole system "
"or to install a full featured backup utility."
msgstr ""
"Pour un système de bureau personnel Debian sur lequel tourne la version "
"<literal>unstable</literal>, je n’ai besoin de protéger que les données "
"personnelles et les données critiques. Je réinstalle cependant le système "
"une fois par an. Je ne vois donc aucune raison de sauvegarder l’ensemble du "
"système ou d’installer un utilitaire de sauvegarde ayant des fonctionnalités "
"avancées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I use a simple script to make a backup archive and burn it into CD/DVD using "
"GUI.  Here is an example script for this."
msgstr ""
"J’utilise un simple script pour réaliser des archives de sauvegarde et les "
"graver sur CD/DVD en utilisant une interface graphique. Voici un exemple de "
"script pour ce faire&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#!/bin/sh -e\n"
"# Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain\n"
"BUUID=1000; USER=osamu # UID and name of a user who accesses backup files\n"
"BUDIR=\"/var/backups\"\n"
"XDIR0=\".+/Mail|.+/Desktop\"\n"
"XDIR1=\".+/\\.thumbnails|.+/\\.?Trash|.+/\\.?[cC]ache|.+/\\.gvfs|.+/sessions\"\n"
"XDIR2=\".+/CVS|.+/\\.git|.+/\\.svn|.+/Downloads|.+/Archive|.+/Checkout|.+/tmp\"\n"
"XSFX=\".+\\.iso|.+\\.tgz|.+\\.tar\\.gz|.+\\.tar\\.bz2|.+\\.cpio|.+\\.tmp|.+\\.swp|.+~\"\n"
"SIZE=\"+99M\"\n"
"DATE=$(date --utc +\"%Y%m%d-%H%M\")\n"
"[ -d \"$BUDIR\" ] || mkdir -p \"BUDIR\"\n"
"umask 077\n"
"dpkg --get-selections \\* &gt; /var/lib/dpkg/dpkg-selections.list\n"
"debconf-get-selections &gt; /var/cache/debconf/debconf-selections\n"
"\n"
"{\n"
"find /etc /usr/local /opt /var/lib/dpkg/dpkg-selections.list \\\n"
"     /var/cache/debconf/debconf-selections -xdev -print0\n"
"find /home/$USER /root -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n"
"  -type d -regex \"$XDIR0|$XDIR1\" -prune -o -type f -regex \"$XSFX\" -prune -o \\\n"
"  -type f -size  \"$SIZE\" -prune -o -print0\n"
"find /home/$USER/Mail/Inbox /home/$USER/Mail/Outbox -print0\n"
"find /home/$USER/Desktop  -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n"
"  -type d -regex \"$XDIR2\" -prune -o -type f -regex \"$XSFX\" -prune -o \\\n"
"  -type f -size  \"$SIZE\" -prune -o -print0\n"
"} | cpio -ov --null -O $BUDIR/BU$DATE.cpio\n"
"chown $BUUID $BUDIR/BU$DATE.cpio\n"
"touch $BUDIR/backup.stamp"
msgstr ""
"#!/bin/sh -e\n"
"# Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain\n"
"BUUID=1000; USER=osamu # UID and name of a user who accesses backup files\n"
"BUDIR=\"/var/backups\"\n"
"XDIR0=\".+/Mail|.+/Desktop\"\n"
"XDIR1=\".+/\\.thumbnails|.+/\\.?Trash|.+/\\.?[cC]ache|.+/\\.gvfs|.+/sessions\"\n"
"XDIR2=\".+/CVS|.+/\\.git|.+/\\.svn|.+/Downloads|.+/Archive|.+/Checkout|.+/tmp\"\n"
"XSFX=\".+\\.iso|.+\\.tgz|.+\\.tar\\.gz|.+\\.tar\\.bz2|.+\\.cpio|.+\\.tmp|.+\\.swp|.+~\"\n"
"SIZE=\"+99M\"\n"
"DATE=$(date --utc +\"%Y%m%d-%H%M\")\n"
"[ -d \"$BUDIR\" ] || mkdir -p \"BUDIR\"\n"
"umask 077\n"
"dpkg --get-selections \\* &gt; /var/lib/dpkg/dpkg-selections.list\n"
"debconf-get-selections &gt; /var/cache/debconf/debconf-selections\n"
"\n"
"{\n"
"find /etc /usr/local /opt /var/lib/dpkg/dpkg-selections.list \\\n"
"     /var/cache/debconf/debconf-selections -xdev -print0\n"
"find /home/$USER /root -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n"
"  -type d -regex \"$XDIR0|$XDIR1\" -prune -o -type f -regex \"$XSFX\" -prune -o \\\n"
"  -type f -size  \"$SIZE\" -prune -o -print0\n"
"find /home/$USER/Mail/Inbox /home/$USER/Mail/Outbox -print0\n"
"find /home/$USER/Desktop  -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n"
"  -type d -regex \"$XDIR2\" -prune -o -type f -regex \"$XSFX\" -prune -o \\\n"
"  -type f -size  \"$SIZE\" -prune -o -print0\n"
"} | cpio -ov --null -O $BUDIR/BU$DATE.cpio\n"
"chown $BUUID $BUDIR/BU$DATE.cpio\n"
"touch $BUDIR/backup.stamp"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "This is meant to be a script example executed from root."
msgstr ""
"C’est destiné à être un script d’exemple exécuté avec le compte de "
"l’administrateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "I expect you to change and execute this as follows."
msgstr "Vous devrez le modifier et l’exécuter comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Edit this script to cover all your important data (see <xref linkend="
"\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> and <xref linkend="
"\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"éditez ce script afin de couvrir l’ensemble de vos données importantes "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> et <xref "
"linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Replace \"<literal>find … -print0</literal>\" with \"<literal>find … -newer "
"$BUDIR/backup.stamp -print0</literal>\" to make a incremental backup."
msgstr ""
"remplacez «&nbsp;<literal>find … -print0</literal>&nbsp;» par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>find … -newer $BUDIR/backup.stamp -print0</literal>&nbsp;» afin "
"d’effectuer des sauvegardes incrémentales&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Transfer backup files to the remote host using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or burn them to CD/DVD "
"for extra data security.  (I use GNOME desktop GUI for burning CD/DVD. See "
"<xref linkend=\"_shell_script_example_with_zenity\"/> for extra redundancy.)"
msgstr ""
"transférez les sauvegardes sur la machine distante en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou gravez-les sur CD/"
"DVD pour plus de sécurité (j’utilise l’interface graphique du bureau GNOME "
"pour graver les CD/DVD. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_shell_script_example_with_zenity\"/> pour une redondance supplémentaire)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Keep it simple!"
msgstr "Faites simple&nbsp;!"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can recover debconf configuration data with \"<literal>debconf-set-"
"selections debconf-selections</literal>\" and dpkg selection data with "
"\"<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez récupérer les données de configuration de debconf avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>&nbsp;» et les "
"données de sélection de dpkg avec «&nbsp;<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;"
"dpkg-selections.list</literal>\"."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "A copy script for the data backup"
msgstr "Un script de copie pour la sauvegarde des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the set of data under a directory tree, the copy with \"<literal>cp -a</"
"literal>\" provides the normal backup."
msgstr ""
"Pour les données se trouvant sous l’arborescence d’un répertoire, une copie "
"avec «&nbsp;<literal>cp -a</literal>&nbsp;» permet une sauvegarde normale."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For the set of large non-overwritten static data under a directory tree such "
"as the one under the \"<literal>/var/cache/apt/packages/</literal>\" "
"directory, hardlinks with \"<literal>cp -al</literal>\" provide an "
"alternative to the normal backup with efficient use of the disk space."
msgstr ""
"Pour un gros ensemble de données statiques ne devant pas être réécrites se "
"trouvant dans une arborescence de répertoires telle que celle se trouvant "
"sous le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>/var/cache/apt/packages/</"
"literal>&nbsp;», les liens physiques avec «&nbsp;<literal>cp -al</"
"literal>&nbsp;» fournissent une alternative à la sauvegarde normale avec une "
"utilisation efficace de l’espace disque."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a copy script, which I named as <literal>bkup</literal>, for the "
"data backup. This script copies all (non-VCS) files under the current "
"directory to the dated directory on the parent directory or on a remote host."
msgstr ""
"Voici un script de copie, que j’ai appelé <literal>bkup</literal>, destiné à "
"la sauvegarde de données. Ce script copie tous les fichiers (non-VCS) du "
"répertoire actuel vers le répertoire daté du répertoire parent ou sur une "
"machine distante."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#!/bin/sh -e\n"
"# Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain\n"
"fdot(){ find . -type d \\( -iname \".?*\" -o -iname \"CVS\" \\) -prune -o -print0;}\n"
"fall(){ find . -print0;}\n"
"mkdircd(){ mkdir -p \"$1\";chmod 700 \"$1\";cd \"$1\"&gt;/dev/null;}\n"
"FIND=\"fdot\";OPT=\"-a\";MODE=\"CPIOP\";HOST=\"localhost\";EXTP=\"$(hostname -f)\"\n"
"BKUP=\"$(basename $(pwd)).bkup\";TIME=\"$(date  +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)\";BU=\"$BKUP/$TIME\"\n"
"while getopts gcCsStrlLaAxe:h:T f; do case $f in\n"
"g)  MODE=\"GNUCP\";; # cp (GNU)\n"
"c)  MODE=\"CPIOP\";; # cpio -p\n"
"C)  MODE=\"CPIOI\";; # cpio -i\n"
"s)  MODE=\"CPIOSSH\";; # cpio/ssh\n"
"t)  MODE=\"TARSSH\";; # tar/ssh\n"
"r)  MODE=\"RSYNCSSH\";; # rsync/ssh\n"
"l)  OPT=\"-alv\";; # hardlink (GNU cp)\n"
"L)  OPT=\"-av\";;  # copy (GNU cp)\n"
"a)  FIND=\"fall\";; # find all\n"
"A)  FIND=\"fdot\";; # find non CVS/ .???/\n"
"x)  set -x;; # trace\n"
"e)  EXTP=\"${OPTARG}\";; # hostname -f\n"
"h)  HOST=\"${OPTARG}\";; # user@remotehost.example.com\n"
"T)  MODE=\"TEST\";; # test find mode\n"
"\\?) echo \"use -x for trace.\"\n"
"esac; done\n"
"shift $(expr $OPTIND - 1)\n"
"if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then\n"
"  for x in $@; do cp $OPT $x $x.$TIME; done\n"
"elif [ $MODE = GNUCP ]; then\n"
"  mkdir -p \"../$BU\";chmod 700 \"../$BU\";cp $OPT . \"../$BU/\"\n"
"elif [ $MODE = CPIOP ]; then\n"
"  mkdir -p \"../$BU\";chmod 700 \"../$BU\"\n"
"  $FIND|cpio --null --sparse -pvd ../$BU\n"
"elif [ $MODE = CPIOI ]; then\n"
"  $FIND|cpio -ov --null | ( mkdircd \"../$BU\"&amp;&amp;cpio -i )\n"
"elif [ $MODE = CPIOSSH ]; then\n"
"  $FIND|cpio -ov --null|ssh -C $HOST \"( mkdircd \\\"$EXTP/$BU\\\"&amp;&amp;cpio -i )\"\n"
"elif [ $MODE = TARSSH ]; then\n"
"  (tar cvf - . )|ssh -C $HOST \"( mkdircd \\\"$EXTP/$BU\\\"&amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )\"\n"
"elif [ $MODE = RSYNCSSH ]; then\n"
"  rsync -aHAXSv ./ \"${HOST}:${EXTP}-${BKUP}-${TIME}\"\n"
"else\n"
"  echo \"Any other idea to backup?\"\n"
"  $FIND |xargs -0 -n 1 echo\n"
"fi"
msgstr ""
"#!/bin/sh -e\n"
"# Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain\n"
"fdot(){ find . -type d \\( -iname \".?*\" -o -iname \"CVS\" \\) -prune -o -print0;}\n"
"fall(){ find . -print0;}\n"
"mkdircd(){ mkdir -p \"$1\";chmod 700 \"$1\";cd \"$1\"&gt;/dev/null;}\n"
"FIND=\"fdot\";OPT=\"-a\";MODE=\"CPIOP\";HOST=\"localhost\";EXTP=\"$(hostname -f)\"\n"
"BKUP=\"$(basename $(pwd)).bkup\";TIME=\"$(date  +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)\";BU=\"$BKUP/$TIME\"\n"
"while getopts gcCsStrlLaAxe:h:T f; do case $f in\n"
"g)  MODE=\"GNUCP\";; # cp (GNU)\n"
"c)  MODE=\"CPIOP\";; # cpio -p\n"
"C)  MODE=\"CPIOI\";; # cpio -i\n"
"s)  MODE=\"CPIOSSH\";; # cpio/ssh\n"
"t)  MODE=\"TARSSH\";; # tar/ssh\n"
"r)  MODE=\"RSYNCSSH\";; # rsync/ssh\n"
"l)  OPT=\"-alv\";; # lien physique (GNU cp)\n"
"L)  OPT=\"-av\";;  # copier (GNU cp)\n"
"a)  FIND=\"fall\";; # tout rechercher\n"
"A)  FIND=\"fdot\";; # rechercher ce qui n'est pas CVS/ .???/\n"
"x)  set -x;; # trace\n"
"e)  EXTP=\"${OPTARG}\";; # hostname -f\n"
"h)  HOST=\"${OPTARG}\";; # utilisateur@remotehost.example.com\n"
"T)  MODE=\"TEST\";; # tester le mode de recherche\n"
"\\?) echo \"utiliser -x pour une trace.\"\n"
"esac; done\n"
"shift $(expr $OPTIND - 1)\n"
"if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then\n"
"  for x in $@; do cp $OPT $x $x.$TIME; done\n"
"elif [ $MODE = GNUCP ]; then\n"
"  mkdir -p \"../$BU\";chmod 700 \"../$BU\";cp $OPT . \"../$BU/\"\n"
"elif [ $MODE = CPIOP ]; then\n"
"  mkdir -p \"../$BU\";chmod 700 \"../$BU\"\n"
"  $FIND|cpio --null --sparse -pvd ../$BU\n"
"elif [ $MODE = CPIOI ]; then\n"
"  $FIND|cpio -ov --null | ( mkdircd \"../$BU\"&amp;&amp;cpio -i )\n"
"elif [ $MODE = CPIOSSH ]; then\n"
"  $FIND|cpio -ov --null|ssh -C $HOST \"( mkdircd \\\"$EXTP/$BU\\\"&amp;&amp;cpio -i )\"\n"
"elif [ $MODE = TARSSH ]; then\n"
"  (tar cvf - . )|ssh -C $HOST \"( mkdircd \\\"$EXTP/$BU\\\"&amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )\"\n"
"elif [ $MODE = RSYNCSSH ]; then\n"
"  rsync -aHAXSv ./ \"${HOST}:${EXTP}-${BKUP}-${TIME}\"\n"
"else\n"
"  echo \"Une autre idée à sauvegarder ?\"\n"
"  $FIND |xargs -0 -n 1 echo\n"
"fi"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is meant to be command examples.  Please read script and edit it by "
"yourself before using it."
msgstr ""
"C’est destiné à être un exemple de commandes. Veuillez lire le script et le "
"modifier vous-même avant de l’utiliser."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"I keep this <literal>bkup</literal> in my \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/</"
"literal>\" directory.  I issue this <literal>bkup</literal> command without "
"any option in the working directory whenever I need a temporary snapshot "
"backup."
msgstr ""
"J’ai installé ce <literal>bkup</literal> dans mon répertoire «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/local/bin/</literal>&nbsp;». J’utilise cette commande "
"<literal>bkup</literal>, sans aucune option, depuis mon répertoire de "
"travail lorsque j’ai besoin d’un instantané temporaire de sauvegarde."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For making snapshot history of a source file tree or a configuration file "
"tree, it is easier and space efficient to use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (see <xref linkend=\"_git_for_recording_configuration_history"
"\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Pour faire un instantané historique d’une arborescence de fichiers sources "
"ou d’une arborescence de fichiers de configuration, il est plus facile et "
"efficace d’utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_git_for_recording_configuration_history\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Data security infrastructure"
msgstr "Infrastructure de sécurité des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The data security infrastructure is provided by the combination of data "
"encryption tool, message digest tool, and signature tool."
msgstr ""
"L’infrastructure de sécurité des données est fournie par la combinaison d’un "
"outil de chiffrement des données, d’un outil de condensé de messages et d’un "
"outil de signature."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of data security infrastructure tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils d’une infrastructure de sécurité des données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP "
"encryption and signing tool"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - outil de "
"signature et de chiffrement OpenPGP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU Privacy Guard documentation"
msgstr "documentation de GNU Privacy Guard"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpgv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpgv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU Privacy Guard - signature verification tool"
msgstr "GNU Privacy Guard - outil de vérification de signature"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>paperkey</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>paperkey</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys"
msgstr "extraire seulement l’information secrète de clés secrètes OpenPGP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for <ulink url=\"&dmcrypto;\">dm-crypto</ulink> block device "
"encryption supporting <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour périphérique en mode bloc <ulink url=\"&dmcrypto;\">dm-"
"crypto</ulink> prenant en charge le chiffrement <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">ecryptfs</ulink> stacked filesystem "
"encryption"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour le chiffrement de systèmes de fichiers empilés <ulink url="
"\"&ecryptfs;\">ecryptfs</ulink> "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>md5sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>md5sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compute and check MD5 message digest"
msgstr "calculer et vérifier un condensé MD5 de message"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sha1sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sha1sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compute and check SHA1 message digest"
msgstr "calculer et vérifier un condensé SHA1 de message"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>openssl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>openssl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"compute message digest with \"<literal>openssl dgst</literal>\" (OpenSSL)"
msgstr ""
"calculer un condensé de message avec «&nbsp;<literal>openssl dgst</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (OpenSSL)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/> on <ulink url=\"&dmcrypto;"
"\">dm-crypto</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">ecryptfs</ulink> which "
"implement automatic data encryption infrastructure via Linux kernel modules."
msgstr ""
"Consultez la <xref linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/> sur <ulink url="
"\"&dmcrypto;\">dm-crypto</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">ecryptfs</"
"ulink> qui implémente l’infrastructure de chiffrement automatique des "
"données par l’intermédiaire de modules du noyau de Linux."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Key management for GnuPG"
msgstr "Gestion de clés pour GnuPG"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands "
"for the basic key management."
msgstr ""
"Voici les commandes de <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</"
"ulink> pour la gestion de base des clés&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management"
msgstr "Liste des commandes de GNU Privacy Guard pour la gestion des clés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --gen-key</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --gen-key</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "generate a new key"
msgstr "générer une nouvelle clé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --gen-revoke ID_de_mon_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "generate revoke key for my_user_ID"
msgstr "générer une clé de révocation pour ID_de_mon_utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --edit-key user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --edit-key ID_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "edit key interactively, \"help\" for help"
msgstr ""
"éditer la clé de manière interactive, «&nbsp;help&nbsp;» pour obtenir de "
"l’aide"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file --export</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier --export</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "export all keys to file"
msgstr "exporter toutes les clés vers fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --import file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --import fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "import all keys from file"
msgstr "importer toutes les clés depuis fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --send-keys user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --send-keys ID_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "send key of user_ID to keyserver"
msgstr "envoyer la clé  de ID_utilisateur vers le serveur de clés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --recv-keys user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --recv-keys ID_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "recv. key of user_ID from keyserver"
msgstr "recevoir la clé de ID_utilisateur du serveur de clés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --list-keys user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --list-keys ID_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list keys of user_ID"
msgstr "afficher la liste des clés de ID_utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --list-sigs user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --list-sigs ID_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "list sig. of user_ID"
msgstr "afficher la liste des signatures de ID_utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --check-sigs user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --check-sigs ID_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "check sig. of user_ID"
msgstr "vérifier la signature de ID_utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --fingerprint user_ID</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --fingerprint ID_utilisateur</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "check fingerprint of user_ID"
msgstr "vérifier l’empreinte de ID_utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --refresh-keys</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --refresh-keys</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "update local keyring"
msgstr "mettre à jour le porte-clé local"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here is the meaning of the trust code."
msgstr "Voici la signification du code de confiance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of the meaning of the trust code"
msgstr "Liste de la signification des codes de confiance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "code"
msgstr "code"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description of trust"
msgstr "description de la confiance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "no owner trust assigned / not yet calculated"
msgstr "pas de confiance d’utilisateur assignée/pas encore calculée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "trust calculation failed"
msgstr "échec du calcul de la confiance"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "not enough information for calculation"
msgstr "pas assez d’informations pour le calcul"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>n</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>n</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "never trust this key"
msgstr "ne jamais faire confiance à cette clé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>m</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>m</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "marginally trusted"
msgstr "confiance marginale"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>f</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>f</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "fully trusted"
msgstr "confiance complète"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ultimately trusted"
msgstr "confiance ultime"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following uploads my key \"<literal>1DD8D791</literal>\" to the popular "
"keyserver \"<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit permet d’envoyer ma clé «&nbsp;<literal>1DD8D791</"
"literal>&nbsp;» vers le serveur de clé populaire «&nbsp;<literal>hkp://keys."
"gnupg.net</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --send-keys 1DD8D791"
msgstr "$ gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --send-keys 1DD8D791"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A good default keyserver set up in \"<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>"
"\" (or old location \"<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>\") contains the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Une bonne configuration de serveur de clés dans «&nbsp;<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg."
"conf</literal>&nbsp;» (ou à l’ancien emplacement «&nbsp;<literal>~/.gnupg/"
"options</literal>&nbsp;») contient ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net"
msgstr "keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The following obtains unknown keys from the keyserver."
msgstr "Ce qui suit obtient les clés inconnues du serveur de clés&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ gpg --list-sigs --with-colons | grep '^sig.*\\[User ID not found\\]' |\\\n"
"  cut -d ':' -f 5| sort | uniq | xargs gpg --recv-keys"
msgstr ""
"$ gpg --list-sigs --with-colons | grep '^sig.*\\[User ID not found\\]' |\\\n"
"  cut -d ':' -f 5| sort | uniq | xargs gpg --recv-keys"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There was a bug in <ulink url=\"&openpgppublickeyserver;\">OpenPGP Public "
"Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) which corrupted key with more than 2 "
"sub-keys.  The newer <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) package can "
"handle these corrupted subkeys.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> under \"<literal>--"
"repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""
"Il y avait un bogue dans <ulink url=\"&openpgppublickeyserver;\">OpenPGP "
"Public Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) qui corrompait les clés ayant "
"plus de 2 sous-clés. Le paquet du serveur <literal>gnupg</literal> "
"(&gt;1.2.1-2) peut gérer ces sous-clés corrompues. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sous l’option «&nbsp;<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Using GnuPG on files"
msgstr "Utilisation de GnuPG sur des fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here are examples for using <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy "
"Guard</ulink> commands on files."
msgstr ""
"Voici des exemples d’utilisation des commandes de <ulink url="
"\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> sur des fichiers&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files"
msgstr "Liste des commandes de GNU Privacy Guard sur des fichiers"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -a -s file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -a -s fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sign file into <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> armored file.asc"
msgstr ""
"signer «&nbsp;fichier&nbsp;» dans un fichier <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</"
"ulink> blindé fichier.asc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --armor --sign file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --armor --sign fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --clearsign fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "clear-sign message"
msgstr "signer un fichier en clair"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail foo@example.org</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --clearsign fichier|mail truc@example.org</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mail a clear-signed message to <literal>foo@example.org</literal>"
msgstr ""
"envoyer un message signé en clair à <literal>truc@example.org</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped patchfile</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped fichier_rustine</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "clear-sign patchfile"
msgstr "signer en clair un fichier_rustine"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --verify file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --verify fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "verify clear-signed file"
msgstr "vérifier fichier signé en texte clair"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file.sig -b file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier.sig -b fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "create detached signature"
msgstr "créer une signature détachée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file.sig --detach-sig file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier.sig --detach-sig fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg --verify file.sig file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg --verify fichier.sig fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "verify file with file.sig"
msgstr "vérifier un fichier avec fichier.sig"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier_chiffré.gpg -r nom -e fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg"
msgstr ""
"chiffrement par clé publique destiné au «&nbsp;nom&nbsp;» depuis le «&nbsp;"
"fichier&nbsp;» vers «&nbsp;fichier_chiffré.gpg&nbsp;» binaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<literal>gpg -o fichier_chiffré.gpg --recipient nom --encrypt fichier</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier_chiffré.asc -a -r nom -e fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"public-key encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url=\"&ascii;"
"\">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc"
msgstr ""
"chiffrement par clé publique destiné au «&nbsp;nom&nbsp;» depuis le «&nbsp;"
"fichier&nbsp;» vers le fichier <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> blindé "
"«&nbsp;fichier_chiffré.asc&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier_chiffré.gpg -c fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg"
msgstr ""
"chiffrement symétrique depuis «&nbsp;fichier&nbsp;» vers «&nbsp;"
"fichier_chiffré.gpg&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier_chiffré.gpg --symmetric fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier_chiffré.asc -a -c fichier</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"symmetric encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url=\"&ascii;"
"\">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc"
msgstr ""
"chiffrement symétrique prévu destiné au «&nbsp;nom&nbsp;» depuis le «&nbsp;"
"fichier&nbsp;» vers le fichier <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> blindé "
"«&nbsp;fichier_chiffré.asc&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier -d fichier_crypt.gpg -r nom</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "decryption"
msgstr "déchiffrement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gpg -o fichier --decrypt fichier_chiffré.gpg</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Using GnuPG with Mutt"
msgstr "Utiliser GnuPG avec Mutt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Add the following to \"<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>\" to keep a slow GnuPG "
"from automatically starting, while allowing it to be used by typing "
"\"<literal>S</literal>\" at the index menu."
msgstr ""
"Ajoutez ce qui suit à «&nbsp;<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>&nbsp;» afin "
"d’éviter que GnuPG qui est lent ne démarre automatiquement, tout en "
"permettant son utilisation en entrant «&nbsp;<literal>S</literal>&nbsp;» "
"depuis l’index du menu&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"macro index S \":toggle pgp_verify_sig\\n\"\n"
"set pgp_verify_sig=no"
msgstr ""
"macro index S \":toggle pgp_verify_sig\\n\"\n"
"set pgp_verify_sig=no"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Using GnuPG with Vim"
msgstr "Utiliser GnuPG avec Vim"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>gnupg</literal> plugin let you run GnuPG transparently for "
"files with extension \"<literal>.gpg</literal>\", \"<literal>.asc</literal>"
"\", and \"<literal>.ppg</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le greffon <literal>gnupg</literal> vous permet de lancer GnuPG de manière "
"transparente pour les fichiers ayant l’extension «&nbsp;<literal>.gpg</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>.asc</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>."
"ppg</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# aptitude install vim-scripts vim-addon-manager\n"
"$ vim-addons install gnupg"
msgstr ""
"# aptitude install vim-scripts vim-addon-manager\n"
"$ vim-addons install gnupg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The MD5 sum"
msgstr "La somme de contrôle MD5"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>md5sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> provides utility to make a digest file using the method in "
"<ulink url=\"&rfcbdcb;\">rfc1321</ulink> and verifying each file with it."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>md5sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> fournit un utilitaire permettant de créer un fichier de résumé "
"en utilisant la méthode se trouvant dans <ulink url=\"&rfcbdcb;\">rfc1321</"
"ulink> et en l’utilisant pour vérifier chaque fichier qu’il contient."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ md5sum foo bar &gt;baz.md5\n"
"$ cat baz.md5\n"
"d3b07384d113edec49eaa6238ad5ff00  foo\n"
"c157a79031e1c40f85931829bc5fc552  bar\n"
"$ md5sum -c baz.md5\n"
"foo: OK\n"
"bar: OK"
msgstr ""
"$ md5sum toto titi &gt;tutu.md5\n"
"$ cat tut.md5\n"
"d3b07384d113edec49eaa6238ad5ff00  toto\n"
"c157a79031e1c40f85931829bc5fc552  titi\n"
"$ md5sum -c tutu.md5\n"
"toto: OK\n"
"titi: OK"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The computation for the <ulink url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</ulink> sum is less CPU "
"intensive than the one for the cryptographic signature by <ulink url="
"\"&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;\">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Usually, only "
"the top level digest file is cryptographically signed to ensure data "
"integrity."
msgstr ""
"Le calcule de somme de contrôle <ulink url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</ulink> consomme "
"moins de ressources processeur que celles utilisées pour le chiffrement des "
"signatures en utilisant <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;\">GNU Privacy "
"Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Habituellement, pour s’assurer de l’intégrité des "
"données, seul le résumé de plus haut niveau est signé par chiffrement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Source code merge tools"
msgstr "Outils pour fusionner le code source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are many merge tools for the source code.  Following commands caught "
"my eyes."
msgstr ""
"Il existe de nombreux outils pour fusionner du code source. Les commandes "
"qui suivent ont attiré mon attention&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of source code merge tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils destinés à fusionner du code source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compare files line by line"
msgstr "comparer des fichiers ligne à ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compare and merges three files line by line"
msgstr "comparer et fusionner trois fichiers ligne par ligne"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vimdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vimdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compare 2 files side by side in vim"
msgstr "comparer deux fichiers côte à côte dans vim"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>patch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>patch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "apply a diff file to an original"
msgstr "appliquer un fichier de différences («&nbsp;diff&nbsp;») à un original"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "manage series of patches for Debian package"
msgstr "gérer une série de rustines (patch) pour les paquets Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diffstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diffstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "produce a histogram of changes by the diff"
msgstr ""
"afficher un histogramme des modifications apportées par le fichier de "
"différences"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>combinediff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>combinediff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches"
msgstr ""
"créer une rustine (patch) cumulative à partir de deux rustines incrémentales"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dehtmldiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dehtmldiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract a diff from an HTML page"
msgstr "extraire un fichier de différences d’une page HTML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>filterdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>filterdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract or excludes diffs from a diff file"
msgstr "extraire ou exclure des différences d’un fichier de différences"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fixcvsdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fixcvsdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"fix diff files created by CVS that <citerefentry><refentrytitle>patch</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> mis-interprets"
msgstr ""
"corriger les fichiers de différences créés par CVS que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>patch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> interprète mal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>flipdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>flipdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "exchange the order of two patches"
msgstr "échanger l’ordre de deux rustines"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grepdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grepdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex"
msgstr ""
"afficher quels sont les fichiers modifiés par une rustine correspondant un "
"une expression rationnelle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>interdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>interdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show differences between two unified diff files"
msgstr "afficher les différences entre deux fichiers de différence unifiés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "show which files are modified by a patch"
msgstr "afficher quels sont les fichiers modifiés par une rustine"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>recountdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>recountdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs"
msgstr ""
"recalculer les nombres et les décalages dans un contexte unifié de fichiers "
"de différences"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rediff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rediff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff"
msgstr ""
"corriger les décalages et les nombres d’un fichier de différences édité "
"manuellement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>splitdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>splitdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "separate out incremental patches"
msgstr "séparer les rustines incrémentales"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>unwrapdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>unwrapdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "demangle patches that have been word-wrapped"
msgstr "réparer les correctifs dont les mots ont été coupés"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wiggle</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wiggle</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "apply rejected patches"
msgstr "appliquer les rustines rejetées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>quilt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>quilt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "manage series of patches"
msgstr "gérer une série de rustines"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>meld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>meld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compare and merge files (GTK)"
msgstr "comparer et fusionner des fichiers (GTK)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dirdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dirdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display differences and merge changes between directory trees"
msgstr ""
"afficher les différences et fusionner les modifications entre deux arbres de "
"répertoires"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>docdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>docdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "compare two files word by word / char by char"
msgstr "comparer deux fichiers mot par mot ou caractère par caractère"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>imediff2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>imediff2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "interactive full screen 2-way merge tool"
msgstr "outil en plein écran pour fusionner dans les deux sens"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>makepatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>makepatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "generate extended patch files"
msgstr "créer des fichiers de rustines étendus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>applypatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>applypatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "apply extended patch files"
msgstr "appliquer des fichiers de rustines étendus"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wdiff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display word differences between text files"
msgstr "afficher les différences de mots entre deux fichiers texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Extracting differences for source files"
msgstr "Extraire des différences pour des fichiers sources"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following procedures extract differences between two source files and "
"create unified diff files \"<literal>file.patch0</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>file.patch1</literal>\" depending on the file location."
msgstr ""
"La procédure suivante vous permet d'extraire les différences entre deux "
"fichiers sources et créer un fichier de différences unifié «&nbsp;"
"<literal>fichier.patch0</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>fichier.patch1</"
"literal>&nbsp;» selon l’emplacement du fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ diff -u file.old file.new &gt; file.patch0\n"
"$ diff -u old/file new/file &gt; file.patch1"
msgstr ""
"$ diff -u fichier.ancien fichier.nouveau &gt; fichier.patch0\n"
"$ diff -u ancien/fichier nouveau/fichier &gt; fichier.patch1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Merging updates for source files"
msgstr "Fusionner les mises à jour des fichiers source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The diff file (alternatively called patch file) is used to send a program "
"update.  The receiving party applies this update to another file by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier de différences («&nbsp;diff&nbsp;» (encore appelé fichier «&nbsp;"
"patch&nbsp;» ou rustine) est utilisé pour envoyer une mise à jour de "
"programme. Celui qui reçoit applique cette mise à jour à un autre fichier de "
"la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ patch -p0 file &lt; file.patch0\n"
"$ patch -p1 file &lt; file.patch1"
msgstr ""
"$ patch -p0 fichier &lt; fichier.patch0\n"
"$ patch -p1 fichier &lt; fichier.patch1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Updating via 3-way-merge"
msgstr "Mise à jour par fusion de 3 sources"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have three versions of a source code, you can perform 3-way-merge "
"effectively using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez trois versions d’un code source, vous pouvez effectuer de "
"manière efficace une fusion des trois en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ diff3 -m file.mine file.old file.yours &gt; file"
msgstr "$ diff3 -m fichier.mien fichier.ancien fichier.votre &gt; fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Version control systems"
msgstr "Systèmes de contrôle de version"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a summary of the <ulink url=\"&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;\">version "
"control systems (VCS)</ulink> on the Debian system."
msgstr ""
"Voici un résumé des <ulink url=\"&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;\">systèmes de "
"contrôle de version (VCS)</ulink> sur le système Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If you are new to VCS systems, you should start learning with <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">Git</emphasis>, which is growing fast in popularity."
msgstr ""
"Si vous débutez avec les systèmes VCS, vous devriez commencer votre "
"apprentissage avec <emphasis role=\"strong\">Git</emphasis>, dont la "
"popularité croît rapidement."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of version control system tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils pour les systèmes de contrôle de version"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "VCS type"
msgstr "type du VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cssc;\">CSSC</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cssc;\">CSSC</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "local"
msgstr "local"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "clone of the <ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">Unix SCCS</ulink> (deprecated)"
msgstr "clone de <ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">SCCS UNIX</ulink> (obsolète)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rcs;\">RCS</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&rcs;\">RCS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">Unix SCCS</ulink> done right\""
msgstr "« <ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">SCCS UNIX</ulink> en mieux »"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cvs;\">CVS</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cvs;\">CVS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remote"
msgstr "distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "previous standard remote VCS"
msgstr "standard précédent de VCS distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&subversion;\">Subversion</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&subversion;\">Subversion</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"CVS done right\", the new de facto standard remote VCS"
msgstr "« CVS en mieux », de fait le nouveau standard de VCS distant "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "distributed"
msgstr "distribué"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "fast DVCS in C (used by the Linux kernel and others)"
msgstr "DVCS rapide en C (utilisé par le noyau de Linux et d’autres)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&mercurial;\">Mercurial</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&mercurial;\">Mercurial</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DVCS in Python and some C"
msgstr "DVCS en Python avec un peu de C"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&bazaar;\">Bazaar</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&bazaar;\">Bazaar</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"DVCS influenced by <literal>tla</literal> written in Python (used by <ulink "
"url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"DVCS influencé par <literal>tla</literal> écrit en Python (utilisé par "
"<ulink url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&darcs;\">Darcs</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&darcs;\">Darcs</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow)"
msgstr "DVCS avec une algèbre intelligente des rustines (lent)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnuarch;\">GNU arch</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&gnuarch;\">GNU arch</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (Historic)"
msgstr "DVCS principalement de Tom Lord (Historique)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&monotone;\">Monotone</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&monotone;\">Monotone</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DVCS in C++"
msgstr "DVCS en C++"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "CVS, …"
msgstr "CVS, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree"
msgstr ""
"Interface graphique d’affichage d’une arborescence de dépôt VCS (CVS, "
"Subversion, RCS) "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Git"
msgstr "Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GUI display of VCS (Git) repository tree"
msgstr "Interface graphique d’affichage d’une arborescence de dépôt VCS (Git)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"VCS is sometimes known as revision control system (RCS), or software "
"configuration management (SCM)."
msgstr ""
"VCS est parfois appelé système de contrôle de révision (RCS), ou gestion de "
"configuration logicielle (SCM)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Distributed VCS such as Git is the tool of choice these days.  CVS and "
"Subversion may still be useful to join some existing open source program "
"activities."
msgstr ""
"Un VCS distribué comme Git est, de nos jours, l’outil de choix. CVS et "
"Subversion peuvent continuer à être utiles pour se joindre à certaines "
"activités existantes sur les logiciels libres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian provides free VCS services via <ulink url=\"&debianaliothservice;"
"\">Debian Alioth service</ulink>.  It supports practically all VCSs. Its "
"documentation can be found at <ulink url=\"&httpwikidebianorgalioth;"
"\">http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth</ulink> ."
msgstr ""
"Debian fournit des services de VCS libres avec le <ulink url="
"\"&debianaliothservice;\">service Debian Alioth</ulink>. Il prend en charge "
"pratiquement tous les VCS. Sa documentation se trouve sur <ulink url="
"\"&httpwikidebianorgalioth;\">http://wiki.debian.org/fr/Alioth</ulink> ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "There are few basics for creating a shared access VCS archive."
msgstr ""
"Il existe quelques bases pour la création d’un accès à une archive VCS."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>umask 002</literal>\" (see <xref linkend="
"\"_control_of_permissions_for_newly_created_files_umask\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"Utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>umask 002</literal>&nbsp;»  (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_control_of_permissions_for_newly_created_files_umask\"/>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Make all VCS archive files belonging to a pertinent group"
msgstr "Rattacher tous les fichiers d’archives VCS à un groupe pertinent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Enable set group ID on all VCS archive directories (BSD-like file creation "
"scheme, see <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)"
msgstr ""
"Activer l’identifiant de groupe de tous les répertoires d’archive VCS "
"(schéma de création de fichiers semblable à BSD), consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Make user sharing the VCS archive belonging to the group"
msgstr "Rattacher au groupe l’utilisateur partageant l’archive VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Comparison of VCS commands"
msgstr "Comparaison de commandes VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is an oversimplified comparison of native VCS commands to provide the "
"big picture. The typical command sequence may require options and arguments."
msgstr ""
"Voici une comparaison très simplifiée des commandes natives de VCS destinées "
"à donner une vue d’ensemble. La séquence de commandes typique peut demander "
"des options et des paramètres."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "Comparison of native VCS commands"
msgstr "Comparaison des commandes natives de VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "CVS"
msgstr "CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Subversion"
msgstr "Subversion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git init</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git init</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs init</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs init</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn create</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn create</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "create the (local) repository"
msgstr "créer le dépôt (local)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs login</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs login</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "login to the remote repository"
msgstr "se connecter au dépôt distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git clone</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git clone</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs co</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs co</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn co</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn co</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "check out the remote repository as the working tree"
msgstr "vérifiez le dépôt distant comme arborescence de travail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git pull</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git pull</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs up</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs up</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn up</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn up</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "update the working tree by merging the remote repository"
msgstr "mettre à jour l’arborescence de travail depuis le dépôt distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git add .</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git add .</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs add</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs add</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn add</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn add</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "add file(s) in the working tree to the VCS"
msgstr "ajouter des fichiers de l’arborescence de travail vers le VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git rm</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git rm</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs rm</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs rm</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn rm</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn rm</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove file(s) in working tree from the VCS"
msgstr "supprimer du VCS des fichiers de l’arborescence de travail "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs ci</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs ci</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn ci</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn ci</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "commit changes to the remote repository"
msgstr "déposer des modifications au dépôt distant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git commit -a</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git commit -a</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "commit changes to the local repository"
msgstr "déposer des modifications sur le dépôt local"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git push</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git push</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "update the remote repository by the local repository"
msgstr "mettre à jour le dépôt distant à l’aide du dépôt local"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git status</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git status</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs status</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs status</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn status</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn status</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display the working tree status from the VCS"
msgstr "afficher l’état de l’arborescence de travail d’après le VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git diff</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git diff</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>cvs diff</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>cvs diff</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>svn diff</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>svn diff</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "diff &lt;reference_repository&gt; &lt;working_tree&gt;"
msgstr "diff &lt;dépôt_de_référence&gt; &lt;arborescence_de_travail&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>git repack -a -d; git prune</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>git repack -a -d; git prune</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "repack the local repository into single pack"
msgstr "réempaqueter le dépôt local en un seul paquet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>gitk</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>gitk</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>tkcvs</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>tkcvs</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GUI display of VCS repository tree"
msgstr "Interface graphique d’affichage de l’arborescence d’un dépôt VCS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"Invoking a <literal>git</literal> subcommand directly as \"<literal>git-xyz</"
"literal>\" from the command line has been deprecated since early 2006."
msgstr ""
"L’appel d’une sous-commande <literal>git</literal> directement avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>git-xyz</literal>&nbsp;» depuis la ligne de commandes est devenu "
"obsolète depuis début 2006."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"If there is a executable file <literal>git-foo</literal> in the path "
"specified by <literal>$PATH</literal>, entring \"<literal>git foo</literal>"
"\" without hyphen to the command line invokes this <literal>git-foo</"
"literal>.  This is a feature of the <literal>git</literal> command."
msgstr ""
"S'il existe un fichier exécutable « <literal>git-foo</literal> » dans le "
"chemin spécifié par « <literal>$PATH</literal> » alors entrer la commande "
"« <literal>git foo</literal> » sans guillemets appellera ce « <literal>git-"
"foo</literal> ». C'est une fonctionnalité de la commande « <literal>git</"
"literal> »."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"GUI tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tkcvs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> really help you with tracking revision history of files.  The "
"web interface provided by many public archives for browsing their "
"repositories is also quite useful, too."
msgstr ""
"Des outils avec interface graphique comme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tkcvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> vous seront d’une aide "
"appréciable pour le suivi de l’historique de révision des fichiers. "
"L’interface Web fournie par de nombreuses archives publiques pour parcourir "
"leurs dépôts est assez utile aussi."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Git can work directly with different VCS repositories such as ones provided "
"by CVS and Subversion, and provides the local repository for local changes "
"with <literal>git-cvs</literal> and <literal>git-svn</literal> packages.  "
"See <ulink url=\"&gitforcvsusers;\">git for CVS users</ulink>, and <xref "
"linkend=\"_git_for_the_subversion_repository\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Git peut travailler directement avec différents dépôts VCS tels que ceux "
"proposés par CVS et Subversion et il fournit un dépôt local pour les "
"modifications locales à l’aide des paquets <literal>git-cvs</literal> et "
"<literal>git-svn</literal>. Consultez <ulink url=\"&gitforcvsusers;\">git "
"pour les utilisateurs de CVS</ulink> et <xref linkend="
"\"_git_for_the_subversion_repository\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Git has commands which have no equivalents in CVS and Subversion: \"fetch\", "
"\"rebase\", \"cherry-pick\", …"
msgstr ""
"Git possède des commandes qui n’ont pas d’équivalent dans CVS ni "
"Subversion&nbsp;: «&nbsp;fetch&nbsp;», «&nbsp;rebase&nbsp;», «&nbsp;cherry-"
"pick&nbsp;», …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Git can do everything for both local and remote source code management.  "
"This means that you can record the source code changes without needing "
"network connectivity to the remote repository."
msgstr ""
"Git peut tout faire pour la gestion du code source soit local ou distant. "
"Cela signifie que vous pouvez enregistrer les modifications de code source "
"sans avoir besoin d’une connexion réseau avec le dépôt distant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Configuration of Git client"
msgstr "Configuration du client Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may wish to set several global configuration in \"<literal>~/.gitconfig</"
"literal>\" such as your name and email address used by Git by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pourrez définir certains éléments de configuration globaux, comme votre "
"nom et votre adresse de courriel utilisée par Git, dans «&nbsp;<literal>~/."
"gitconfig</literal>&nbsp;» de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ git config --global user.name \"Name Surname\"\n"
"$ git config --global user.email yourname@example.com"
msgstr ""
"$ git config --global nom.utilisateur \"Prénom Nom\"\n"
"$ git config --global nom-utilisateur.email votre-nom@example.com"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are too used to CVS or Subversion commands, you may wish to set "
"several command aliases by the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez l’habitude d’utiliser les commandes de CVS ou de Subversion, "
"vous pourrez définir certains alias de commandes comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ git config --global alias.ci \"commit -a\"\n"
"$ git config --global alias.co checkout"
msgstr ""
"$ git config --global alias.ci \"commit -a\"\n"
"$ git config --global alias.co checkout"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can check your global configuration by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez vérifier votre configuration globale de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ git config --global --list"
msgstr "$ git config --global --list"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Git references"
msgstr "Références de Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&manpagegitb;\">manpage: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/"
"doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&manpagegitb;\">page de manuel&nbsp;: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/"
"usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitusersmanual;\">Git User's Manual</ulink> (<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitusersmanual;\">Manuel de l’utilisateur de Git</ulink> "
"(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&atutorialintroductiontogit;\">A tutorial introduction to git</"
"ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&atutorialintroductiontogit;\">Un tutoriel d’introduction à "
"git</ulink> «&nbsp;A tutorial introduction to git&nbsp;» (<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;\">A tutorial introduction to "
"git: part two</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</"
"literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;\">Un tutoriel d’introduction "
"à git&nbsp;: deuxième partie</ulink> «&nbsp;A tutorial introduction to git: "
"part two&nbsp;» (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</"
"literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;\">Everyday GIT With 20 Commands "
"Or So</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/everyday.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;\">Utilisation de tous les jours "
"de GIT en 20 commandes</ulink> «&nbsp;Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or "
"So&nbsp;» (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/everyday.html</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitforcvsusers;\">git for CVS users</ulink> (<literal>/usr/"
"share/doc/git-doc/gitcvs-migration.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitforcvsusers;\">git pour les utilisateurs de CVS</ulink> "
"«&nbsp;git for CVS users&nbsp;» (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gitcvs-"
"migration.html</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"This also describes how to set up server like CVS and extract old data from "
"CVS into Git."
msgstr ""
"Cette documentation décrit aussi comment configurer un serveur tel que CVS "
"et extraire d’anciennes données de CVS vers Git."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&othergitresourcevailableontheweb;\">Other git resources "
"available on the web</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&othergitresourcevailableontheweb;\">Autres ressources git "
"disponibles sur le web</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gitsvncrashcourse;\">Git - SVN Crash Course</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitsvncrashcourse;\">Git - Cours pour les familiers de "
"Subversion</ulink> « SVN Crash Course »"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitmagic;\">Git Magic</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"gitmagic/html/index.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitmagic;\">La magie de Git</ulink> «&nbsp;Git "
"Magic&nbsp;» (<literal>/usr/share/doc/gitmagic/html/index.html</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-gui</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands make using "
"Git very easy."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-gui</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> rendent très facile l’utilisation de Git."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not use the tag string with spaces in it even if some tools such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> allow you to use it.  It may choke some other <literal>git</"
"literal> commands."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas utiliser d’espaces dans la chaîne de balise même si certains outils "
"comme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> vous permettent de le faire. Cela peut perturber "
"d’autres commandes de <literal>git</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Git commands"
msgstr "Commandes de Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Even if your upstream uses different VCS, it may be a good idea to use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for local activity since you can manage your local copy of "
"source tree without the network connection to the upstream.  Here are some "
"packages and commands used with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Même si votre source amont utilise un VCS différent, c’est une bonne idée "
"d’utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour l’activité locale parce qu’il vous permet de "
"gérer votre copie locale de l’arborescence des sources sans connexion réseau "
"amont. Voici quelques paquets et commandes utilisés avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of git related packages and commands"
msgstr "Liste des paquets et des commandes relatifs à git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "official documentation for Git"
msgstr "Documentation officielle de git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"Git Magic\", easier to understand guide for Git"
msgstr "«&nbsp;Git Magic&nbsp;», le guide le plus facile à comprendre pour Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system"
msgstr "Git, système de contrôle de version rapide, évolutif et distribué"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GUI Git repository browser with history"
msgstr "Interface graphique de navigateur de dépôt Git avec historique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-gui</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-gui</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GUI for Git (No history)"
msgstr "Interface graphique pour Git (pas d’historique)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-svnimport</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-svnimport</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "import the data out of Subversion into Git"
msgstr "importer des données venant de Subversion dans Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "provide bidirectional operation between the Subversion and Git"
msgstr "fournit un fonctionnement bidirectionnel entre Subversion et Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cvsimport</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cvsimport</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "import the data out of CVS into Git"
msgstr "importer des données venant de CVS dans Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cvsexportcommit</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cvsexportcommit</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "export a commit to a CVS checkout from Git"
msgstr ""
"exporter une proposition («&nbsp;commit&nbsp;») récupéré de Git vers un CVS "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cvsserver</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cvsserver</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "CVS server emulator for Git"
msgstr "émulateur de serveur CVS pour Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-send-email</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-send-email</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "send a collection of patches as email from the Git"
msgstr "envoyer une série de rustines sous forme de courriel à partir de Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>stg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>stg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "quilt on top of git (Python)"
msgstr "quilt par-dessus git (Python)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-buildpackage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-buildpackage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "automate the Debian packaging with the Git"
msgstr "automatise la mise en paquet Debian avec Git"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>guilt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>guilt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "quilt on top of git (SH/AWK/SED/…)"
msgstr "quilt par-dessus git (SH/AWK/SED/…)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"With <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, you work on a local branch with many commits and "
"use something like \"<literal>git rebase -i master</literal>\" to reorganize "
"change history later. This enables you to make clean change history.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-rebase</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cherry-pick</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, vous travaillez sur une branche locale avec de "
"nombreuses commit et vous utilisez quelque chose comme «&nbsp;<literal>git "
"rebase -i master</literal>&nbsp;» pour réorganiser plus tard l’historique "
"des modifications. Cela vous permet de faire des modifications propres de "
"l’historique. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-rebase</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cherry-pick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"When you want to go back to a clean working directory without loosing the "
"current state of the working directory, you can use \"<literal>git stash</"
"literal>\".  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-stash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Si vous désirez retrouver un répertoire propre sans perdre l’état actuel du "
"répertoire de travail, vous pouvez utiliser «&nbsp;<literal>git stash</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-stash</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Git for the Subversion repository"
msgstr "Git pour le dépôt Subversion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can check out a Subversion repository at \"<literal>svn+ssh://svn."
"example.org/project/module/trunk</literal>\" to a local Git repository at "
"\"<literal>./dest</literal>\" and commit back to the Subversion repository.  "
"E.g.:"
msgstr ""
"Un dépôt Subversion en « <literal>svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project/module/"
"trunk</literal> » peut être extrait vers un dépôt Git local en « <literal>./"
"dest</literal> » puis renvoyé vers le dépôt subversion. Par exemple :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ git svn clone -s -rHEAD svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project dest\n"
"$ cd dest\n"
"... make changes\n"
"$ git commit -a\n"
"... keep working locally with git\n"
"$ git svn dcommit"
msgstr ""
"$ git svn clone -s -rHEAD svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project dest\n"
"$ cd dest\n"
"... effectuer des modifications\n"
"$ git commit -a\n"
"... travailler encore avec git\n"
"$ git svn dcommit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The use of \"<literal>-rHEAD</literal>\" enables us to avoid cloning entire "
"historical contents from the Subversion repository."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de «&nbsp;<literal>rHEAD</literal>&nbsp;» nous permet d’éviter "
"de devoir cloner l’ensemble du contenu de l’historique du dépôt Subversion."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Git for recording configuration history"
msgstr "Git pour l’enregistrement de l’historique de la configuration"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can manually record chronological history of configuration using <ulink "
"url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink> tools.  Here is a simple example for your practice "
"to record \"<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>\" contents."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez enregistrer vous-même un historique chronologique de la "
"configuration en utilisant les outils <ulink url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink>. "
"Voici un exemple simple, pour vous exercer, d’enregistrement du contenu de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd /etc/apt/\n"
"$ sudo git init\n"
"$ sudo chmod 700 .git\n"
"$ sudo git add .\n"
"$ sudo git commit -a"
msgstr ""
"$ cd /etc/apt/\n"
"$ sudo git init\n"
"$ sudo chmod 700 .git\n"
"$ sudo git add .\n"
"$ sudo git commit -a"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Commit configuration with description."
msgstr "Dépôt («&nbsp;commit&nbsp;») d’une configuration avec sa description"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Make modification to the configuration files."
msgstr "Effectuez les modifications dans les fichiers de configuration."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd /etc/apt/\n"
"$ sudo git commit -a"
msgstr ""
"$ cd /etc/apt/\n"
"$ sudo git commit -a"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Commit configuration with description and continue your life."
msgstr ""
"Déposez («&nbsp;commit&nbsp;») la configuration avec sa description et "
"retournez à vos occupations habituelles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd /etc/apt/\n"
"$ sudo gitk --all"
msgstr ""
"$ cd /etc/apt/\n"
"$ sudo gitk --all"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You have full configuration history with you."
msgstr "Vous avez avec vous l’historique complet de la configuration."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is needed to work with any file permissions of configuration "
"data.  For user configuration data, you may skip <literal>sudo</literal>."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> est nécessaire pour travailler avec n’importe quelles "
"permissions sur les données de configuration. Pour les données de "
"configuration de l’utilisateur, <literal>sudo</literal> peut être omis."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>chmod 700 .git</literal>\" command in the above example is "
"needed to protect archive data from unauthorized read access."
msgstr ""
"La commande «&nbsp;<literal>chmod 700 .git</literal>&nbsp;» de l’exemple ci-"
"dessus est nécessaire pour protéger les données de l’archive d’un accès en "
"écriture non autorisé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For more complete setup for recording configuration history, please look for "
"the <literal>etckeeper</literal> package: <xref linkend="
"\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Pour une configuration plus complète de l’enregistrement de l’historique de "
"configuration, voyez le paquet <literal>etckeeper</literal> package&nbsp;: "
"<xref linkend=\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvs/html-cvsclient</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvs/html-cvsclient</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvs/html-info</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvs/html-info</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvsbook</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvsbook</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>info cvs</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>info cvs</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Configuration of CVS repository"
msgstr "Configuration du dépôt CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following configuration allows commits to the CVS repository only by a "
"member of the \"<literal>src</literal>\" group, and administration of CVS "
"only by a member of the \"<literal>staff</literal>\" group, thus reducing "
"the chance of shooting oneself."
msgstr ""
"La configuration suivante permet de ne faire des dépôts («&nbsp;"
"commit&nbsp;») vers le dépôt du CVS que par les membres du groupe «&nbsp;"
"<literal>src</literal>&nbsp;» et l’administration du CVS que par un membre "
"du groupe «&nbsp;<literal>staff</literal>&nbsp;», réduisant ainsi la chance "
"de se détruire soi-même."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /var/lib; umask 002; mkdir cvs\n"
"# export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project\n"
"# cd $CVSROOT\n"
"# chown root:src .\n"
"# chmod 2775 .\n"
"# cvs -d $CVSROOT init\n"
"# cd CVSROOT\n"
"# chown -R root:staff .\n"
"# chmod 2775 .\n"
"# touch val-tags\n"
"# chmod 664 history val-tags\n"
"# chown root:src history val-tags"
msgstr ""
"# cd /var/lib; umask 002; mkdir cvs\n"
"# export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/projet\n"
"# cd $CVSROOT\n"
"# chown root:src .\n"
"# chmod 2775 .\n"
"# cvs -d $CVSROOT init\n"
"# cd CVSROOT\n"
"# chown -R root:staff .\n"
"# chmod 2775 .\n"
"# touch val-tags\n"
"# chmod 664 history val-tags\n"
"# chown root:src history val-tags"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You may restrict creation of new project by changing the owner of \"<literal>"
"$CVSROOT</literal>\" directory to \"<literal>root:staff</literal>\" and its "
"permission to \"<literal>3775</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez restreindre la création d’un nouveau projet en modifiant le "
"propriétaire du répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"«&nbsp;<literal>root:staff</literal>&nbsp;» et ses permissions à «&nbsp;"
"<literal>3775</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Local access to CVS"
msgstr "Accès local à CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The default CVS repository is pointed by \"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\".  "
"The following sets up \"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\" for the local access."
msgstr ""
"La variable «&nbsp;<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>&nbsp;» pointe vers le dépôt "
"par défaut. Ce qui suit définit «&nbsp;<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour l’accès local&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project"
msgstr "$ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Remote access to CVS with pserver"
msgstr "Accès distant à CVS avec pserver"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many public CVS servers provide read-only remote access to them with account "
"name \"<literal>anonymous</literal>\" via pserver service.  For example, "
"Debian web site contents are maintained by <ulink url=\"&webwmlproject;"
"\">webwml project</ulink> via CVS at Debian alioth service.  The following "
"sets up \"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\" for the remote access to this CVS "
"repository."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux serveurs CVS d’accès public fournissent un accès distant en "
"lecture avec le nom de compte «&nbsp;<literal>anonymous</literal>&nbsp;» par "
"l’intermédiaire du service pserver. Par exemple, le contenu du site web "
"Debian est maintenu par l’intermédiaire du <ulink url=\"&webwmlproject;"
"\">projet webwml</ulink> sous le CVS du service alioth de Debian. Ce qui "
"suit permet de configurer «&nbsp;<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>&nbsp;» pour un "
"accès distant à ce dépôt CVS&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ export CVSROOT=:pserver:anonymous@anonscm.debian.org:/cvs/webwml\n"
"$ cvs login"
msgstr ""
"$ export CVSROOT=:pserver:anonymous@anonscm.debian.org:/cvs/webwml\n"
"$ cvs login"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Since pserver is prone to eavesdropping attack and insecure, write access is "
"usually disable by server administrators."
msgstr ""
"Comme pserver est sujet à des attaques d’espionnage et peu sûr, l’accès en "
"écriture est habituellement désactivé par les administrateurs du serveur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Remote access to CVS with ssh"
msgstr "Accès distant à CVS avec ssh"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following sets up \"<literal>$CVS_RSH</literal>\" and \"<literal>"
"$CVSROOT</literal>\" for the remote access to the CVS repository by <ulink "
"url=\"&webwmlproject;\">webwml project</ulink> with SSH."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit définit «&nbsp;<literal>$CVS_RSH</literal>&nbsp;» et »&nbsp;"
"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>&nbsp;» pour l’accès distant avec SSH au dépôt "
"CVS du <ulink url=\"&webwmlproject;\">projet webwml</ulink>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ export CVS_RSH=ssh\n"
"$ export CVSROOT=:ext:account@cvs.alioth.debian.org:/cvs/webwml"
msgstr ""
"$ export CVS_RSH=ssh\n"
"$ export CVSROOT=:ext:account@cvs.alioth.debian.org:/cvs/webwml"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can also use public key authentication for SSH which eliminates the "
"remote password prompt."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi utiliser une clé publique d’authentification pour SSH, ce "
"qui élimine l’invite à distance pour l’entrée du mot de passe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Importing a new source to CVS"
msgstr "Importer une nouvelle source dans CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create a new local source tree location at \"<literal>~/path/to/module1</"
"literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Créez un nouvel emplacement d’arborescence locale des sources dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>~/chemin/vers/module1</literal>&nbsp;» par la commande "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ mkdir -p ~/path/to/module1; cd ~/path/to/module1"
msgstr "$ mkdir -p ~/chemin/vers/module1; cd ~/chemin/vers/module1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Populate a new local source tree under \"<literal>~/path/to/module1</literal>"
"\" with files."
msgstr ""
"Mettez des fichiers dans la nouvelles arborescence locale de sources se "
"trouvant en «&nbsp;<literal>~/chemin/vers/module1</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Import it to CVS with the following parameters."
msgstr "Importez-les vers CVS avec les paramètres suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Module name: \"<literal>module1</literal>\""
msgstr "Module name&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>module1</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Vendor tag: \"<literal>Main-branch</literal>\" (tag for the entire branch)"
msgstr ""
"Vendor tag: «&nbsp;<literal>Branche-principale</literal>&nbsp;» (étiquette "
"pour toute la branche)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Release tag: \"<literal>Release-initial</literal>\" (tag for a specific "
"release)"
msgstr ""
"Release tag: «&nbsp;<literal>Version-initiale</literal>&nbsp;» (étiquette "
"pour une version spécifique)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd ~/path/to/module1\n"
"$ cvs import -m \"Start module1\" module1 Main-branch Release-initial\n"
"$ rm -Rf . # optional"
msgstr ""
"$ cd ~/chemin/vers/module1\n"
"$ cvs import -m \"Start module1\" module1 Branche-principale Version-initiale\n"
"$ rm -Rf . # optionnel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "File permissions in CVS repository"
msgstr "Permissions des fichiers du dépôt CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"CVS does not overwrite the current repository file but replaces it with "
"another one.  Thus, write permission to the repository directory is "
"critical.  For every new module for \"<literal>module1</literal>\" in "
"repository at \"<literal>/srv/cvs/project</literal>\", run the following to "
"ensure this condition if needed."
msgstr ""
"CVS n’écrase pas un fichier du dépôt actuel mais le remplace par un autre. "
"La permission en écriture vers le répertoire du dépôt est donc critique. "
"Lancez ce qui suit, pour chaque nouveau module de «&nbsp;<literal>module1</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans le dépôt à «&nbsp;<literal>/srv/cvs/projet</"
"literal>&nbsp;», afin de vous assurer, si nécessaire, que cette condition "
"est remplie&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /srv/cvs/project\n"
"# chown -R root:src module1\n"
"# chmod -R ug+rwX   module1\n"
"# chmod    2775     module1"
msgstr ""
"# cd /srv/cvs/projet\n"
"# chown -R root:src module1\n"
"# chmod -R ug+rwX   module1\n"
"# chmod    2775     module1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Work flow of CVS"
msgstr "Flux de travail avec CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Here is an example of typical work flow using CVS."
msgstr "Voici un exemple de flux de travail typique utilisant CVS."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Check all available modules from CVS project pointed by \"<literal>$CVSROOT</"
"literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vérifiez tous les modules disponibles du projet CVS pointé par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cvs rls\n"
"CVSROOT\n"
"module1\n"
"module2\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ cvs rls\n"
"CVSROOT\n"
"module1\n"
"module2\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Checkout \"<literal>module1</literal>\" to its default directory "
"\"<literal>./module1</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Récupérez le «&nbsp;<literal>module1</literal>&nbsp;» depuis son répertoire "
"par défaut «&nbsp;<literal>./module1</literal>&nbsp;» de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd ~/path/to\n"
"$ cvs co module1\n"
"$ cd module1"
msgstr ""
"$ cd ~/path/to\n"
"$ cvs co module1\n"
"$ cd module1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Make changes to the content as needed."
msgstr "Effectuez les modifications de contenu au besoin."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Check changes by making \"<literal>diff -u [repository] [local]</literal>\" "
"equivalent by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vérifiez les modifications par un équivalent de «&nbsp;<literal>diff -u "
"[repository] [local]</literal>&nbsp;» de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs diff -u"
msgstr "$ cvs diff -u"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You find that you broke some file \"<literal>file_to_undo</literal>\" "
"severely but other files are fine."
msgstr ""
"Vous-vous apercevez que vous avez cassé sévèrement un fichier appelé «&nbsp;"
"<literal>fichier_à_restaurer</literal>&nbsp;» mais que les autres fichiers "
"sont corrects."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Overwrite \"<literal>file_to_undo</literal>\" file with the clean copy from "
"CVS by the following."
msgstr ""
"Écrasez le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>fichier_à_restaurer</literal>&nbsp;» avec "
"une copie propre venant du CVS de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs up -C file_to_undo"
msgstr "$ cvs up -C fichier_à_restaurer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Save the updated local source tree to CVS by the following."
msgstr "Enregistrez l’arborescence source locale vers le CVS comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"Describe change\""
msgstr "$ cvs ci -m \"Décrire les modifications\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create and add \"<literal>file_to_add</literal>\" file to CVS by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Créez et ajoutez le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>fichier_à_ajouter</"
"literal>&nbsp;» au CVS comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ vi file_to_add\n"
"$ cvs add file_to_add\n"
"$ cvs ci -m \"Added file_to_add\""
msgstr ""
"$ vi fichier_à_ajouter\n"
"$ cvs add fichier_à_ajouter\n"
"$ cvs ci -m \"Ajout de fichier_à_ajouter\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Merge the latest version from CVS by the following."
msgstr "Fusionnez la dernière version depuis le CVS comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs up -d"
msgstr "$ cvs up -d"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Watch out for lines starting with \"<literal>C filename</literal>\" which "
"indicates conflicting changes."
msgstr ""
"Recherchez les lignes commençant par «&nbsp;<literal>C filename</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui indiquent des modifications en conflit."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Look for unmodified code in \"<literal>.#filename.version</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Recherchez du code non modifié dans «&nbsp;<literal>.#nom_fichier.version</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Search for \"<literal>&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</literal>\" in files for conflicting "
"changes."
msgstr ""
"Recherchez «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» dans les "
"fichiers qui indiquent des conflits de modifications."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Edit files to fix conflicts as needed."
msgstr "Au besoin, éditez les fichiers pour résoudre les conflits."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Add a release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Ajoutez l’étiquette de version («&nbsp;release tag«&nbsp;») «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Version-1</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cvs ci -m \"last commit for Release-1\"\n"
"$ cvs tag Release-1"
msgstr ""
"$ cvs ci -m \"dernière proposition pour Version-1\"\n"
"$ cvs tag Version-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Edit further."
msgstr "Poursuivez l’édition."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Remove the release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Supprimez l’étiquette de version «&nbsp;<literal>Version-1</literal> &nbsp;» "
"comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs tag -d Release-1"
msgstr "$ cvs tag -d Version-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Check in changes to CVS by the following."
msgstr "Vérifiez les modifications du CVS comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"real last commit for Release-1\""
msgstr "$ cvs ci -m \"vraiment la dernière proposition pour Version-1\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Re-add the release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" to updated CVS HEAD "
"of main by the following."
msgstr ""
"Ajoutez de nouveau, de la manière suivante, l’étiquette «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Version-1</literal>&nbsp;» à HEAD de «&nbsp;main&nbsp;» du CVS mis "
"à jour&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs tag Release-1"
msgstr "$ cvs tag Version-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create a branch with a sticky branch tag \"<literal>Release-initial-"
"bugfixes</literal>\" from the original version pointed by the tag "
"\"<literal>Release-initial</literal>\" and check it out to \"<literal>~/path/"
"to/old</literal>\" directory by the following."
msgstr ""
"Créez une branche avec une étiquette de branche «&nbsp;collante&nbsp;» "
"<literal>Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues</literal>&nbsp;» depuis la "
"version d’origine pointée par l’étiquette «&nbsp;<literal>Version-initiale</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et exportez-la vers le répertoire <literal>~/chemin/vers/"
"ancien</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cvs rtag -b -r Release-initial Release-initial-bugfixes module1\n"
"$ cd ~/path/to\n"
"$ cvs co -r Release-initial-bugfixes -d old module1\n"
"$ cd old"
msgstr ""
"$ cvs rtag -b -r Version-initiale Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues module1\n"
"$ cd ~/chemin/vers\n"
"$ cvs co -r Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues -d ancien module1\n"
"$ cd ancien"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>-D 2005-12-20</literal>\" (<ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</"
"ulink> date format) instead of \"<literal>-r Release-initial</literal>\" to "
"specify particular date as the branch point."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez &nbsp;<literal>-D 2005-12-20</literal>&nbsp;» (format de date "
"<ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</ulink>) plutôt que «&nbsp;<literal>-r "
"Version-initiale</literal>&nbsp;» pour indiquer une date particulière comme "
"point de branche."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Work on this local source tree having the sticky tag \"<literal>Release-"
"initial-bugfixes</literal>\" which is based on the original version."
msgstr ""
"Travaillez sur cette arborescence locale possédant l’étiquette «&nbsp;"
"collante&nbsp;» «&nbsp;<literal>Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui est basée sur la version d’origine."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Work on this branch by yourself … until someone else joins to this "
"\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" branch."
msgstr ""
"Travaillez vous-même sur cette branche… jusqu’à ce que quelqu’un d’autre "
"rejoigne cette branche «&nbsp;<literal>Version-initiale-corrections-de-"
"bogues</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Sync with files modified by others on this branch while creating new "
"directories as needed by the following."
msgstr ""
"Synchronisez les fichiers modifiés par d’autres sur cette branche, en créant "
"de nouveaux répertoires si nécessaire, de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"checked into this branch\""
msgstr "$ cvs ci -m \"checked into this branch\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Update the local tree by HEAD of main while removing sticky tag (\"<literal>-"
"A</literal>\") and without keyword expansion (\"<literal>-kk</literal>\") by "
"the following."
msgstr ""
"Mettez à jour l’arborescence locale depuis HEAD de main en supprimant "
"l’étiquette collante («&nbsp;sticky tag&nbsp;») («&nbsp;<literal>-A</"
"literal>&nbsp;») et sans expansion de mots-clés («&nbsp;<literal>-kk</"
"literal>&nbsp;») comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs up -d -kk -A"
msgstr "$ cvs up -d -kk -A"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Update the local tree (content = HEAD of main) by merging from the "
"\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" branch and without keyword "
"expansion by the following."
msgstr ""
"Mettez à jour l’arborescence locale (contenu = HEAD de main) en fusionnant "
"depuis la branche «&nbsp;<literal>Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et sans expansion des mots-clés en faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs up -d -kk -j Release-initial-bugfixes"
msgstr "$ cvs up -d -kk -j Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Fix conflicts with editor."
msgstr "Corrigez les conflits avec l’éditeur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"merged Release-initial-bugfixes\""
msgstr "$ cvs ci -m \"Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues fusionnée\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Make archive by the following."
msgstr "Réalisez une archive de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd ..\n"
"$ mv old old-module1-bugfixes\n"
"$ tar -cvzf old-module1-bugfixes.tar.gz old-module1-bugfixes\n"
"$ rm -rf old-module1-bugfixes"
msgstr ""
"$ cd ..\n"
"$ mv ancien ancien-module1-corrections_bogues\n"
"$ tar -cvzf ancien-module1-corrections_bogues.tar.gz ancien-module1-corrections_bogues\n"
"$ rm -rf ancien-module1-corrections_bogues"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>cvs up</literal>\" command can take \"<literal>-d</literal>\" "
"option to create new directories and \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option to "
"prune empty directories."
msgstr ""
"La commande «&nbsp;<literal>cvs up</literal>&nbsp;» peut prendre l’option "
"«&nbsp;<literal>-d</literal>&nbsp;» pour créer de nouveaux répertoires et "
"l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-P</literal>&nbsp;» pour supprimer les répertoires "
"vides."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can checkout only a sub directory of \"<literal>module1</literal>\" by "
"providing its name as \"<literal>cvs co module1/subdir</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez ne vérifier qu’un sous-répertoire de «&nbsp;<literal>module1</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en indiquant son nom comme, par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>cvs "
"co module1/sous-répertoire</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"Notable options for CVS commands (use as first argument(s) to "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"Options importantes des commandes CVS (à utiliser comme premier(s) "
"paramètre(s) à <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "option"
msgstr "option"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-n</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-n</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "dry run, no effect"
msgstr "simulation, pas d’effet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-t</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-t</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display messages showing steps of cvs activity"
msgstr "afficher les messages montrant les étapes des actions de cvs"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Latest files from CVS"
msgstr "Derniers fichiers venant du CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"To get the latest files from CVS, use \"<literal>tomorrow</literal>\" by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Pour obtenir les derniers fichiers du CVS, utilisez «&nbsp;"
"<literal>tomorrow</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ cvs ex -D tomorrow module_name"
msgstr "$ cvs ex -D tomorrow nom_module"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Administration of CVS"
msgstr "Administration de CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Add module alias \"<literal>mx</literal>\" to a CVS project (local server) "
"by the following."
msgstr ""
"Ajoutez l’alias «&nbsp;<literal>mx</literal>&nbsp;» à un projet CVS (serveur "
"local) de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project\n"
"$ cvs co CVSROOT/modules\n"
"$ cd CVSROOT\n"
"$ echo \"mx -a module1\" &gt;&gt;modules\n"
"$ cvs ci -m \"Now mx is an alias for module1\"\n"
"$ cvs release -d ."
msgstr ""
"$ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/projet\n"
"$ cvs co CVSROOT/modules\n"
"$ cd CVSROOT\n"
"$ echo \"mx -a module1\" &gt;&gt;modules\n"
"$ cvs ci -m \"mx est maintenant un alias de module1\"\n"
"$ cvs release -d ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Now, you can check out \"<literal>module1</literal>\" (alias: \"<literal>mx</"
"literal>\") from CVS to \"<literal>new</literal>\" directory by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez maintenant vérifier «&nbsp;<literal>module1</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (alias&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>mx</literal>&nbsp;») depuis le "
"CVS vers le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>new</literal>&nbsp;» de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cvs co -d new mx\n"
"$ cd new"
msgstr ""
"$ cvs co -d nouveau mx\n"
"$ cd nouveau"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"In order to perform above procedure, you should have appropriate file "
"permissions."
msgstr ""
"Afin de pouvoir effectuer la procédure précédente, vous devrez avoir les "
"permissions d’accès aux fichiers appropriées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Execution bit for CVS checkout"
msgstr "Bit d’exécution pour la vérification («&nbsp;checkout&nbsp;») du CVS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you checkout files from CVS, their execution permission bit is retained."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous vérifiez des fichiers du CVS, leur bit d’autorisation en "
"exécution est conservé."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Whenever you see execution permission problems in a checked out file, e.g. "
"\"<literal>filename</literal>\", change its permission in the corresponding "
"CVS repository by the following to fix it."
msgstr ""
"Si vous rencontrez des problèmes de droits d’exécution avec un fichier "
"récupéré, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>nom_fichier</literal>&nbsp;», modifiez-"
"en les permissions dans le répertoire correspondant du dépôt CVS par ce qui "
"suit afin de corriger ce problème&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# chmod ugo-x filename"
msgstr "# chmod ugo-x nom_de_fichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Subversion is a <emphasis role=\"strong\">recent-generation</emphasis> "
"version control system replacing older CVS.  It has most of CVS's features "
"except tags and branches."
msgstr ""
"Subversion est un système de contrôle de version de <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">génération récente</emphasis> qui remplace l’ancien CVS. Il en possède la "
"plupart des fonctionnalités à l’exception des étiquettes et des branches."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to install <literal>subversion</literal>, <literal>libapache2-svn</"
"literal> and <literal>subversion-tools</literal> packages to set up a "
"Subversion server."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez installer les paquets <literal>subversion</literal>, "
"<literal>libapache2-svn</literal> et <literal>subversion-tools</literal> "
"pour mettre en place un serveur Subversion."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Configuration of Subversion repository"
msgstr "Configuration du dépôt Subversion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Currently, the <literal>subversion</literal> package does not set up a "
"repository, so one must set it up manually.  One possible location for a "
"repository is in \"<literal>/srv/svn/project</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Actuellement, le paquet <literal>subversion</literal> ne configure pas le "
"dépôt, on doit donc le faire manuellement. Un emplacement possible pour le "
"dépôt se trouve en «&nbsp;<literal>/srv/svn/projet</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Create a directory by the following."
msgstr "Créez un répertoire de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mkdir -p        /srv/svn/project"
msgstr "# mkdir -p        /srv/svn/projet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Create the repository database by the following."
msgstr "Créez la base de données du dépôt comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# svnadmin create /srv/svn/project"
msgstr "# svnadmin create /srv/svn/projet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Access to Subversion via Apache2 server"
msgstr "Accès à Subversion par l’intermédiaire d’un serveur Apache2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you only access Subversion repository via Apache2 server, you just need "
"to make the repository only writable by the WWW server by the following."
msgstr ""
"Si vous n’avez accès au dépôt de Subversion que par un serveur Apache2, il "
"vous suffira de ne rendre le dépôt accessible en écriture que par le serveur "
"WWW de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# chown -R www-data:www-data /srv/svn/project"
msgstr "# chown -R www-data:www-data /srv/svn/projet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Add (or uncomment) the following in \"<literal>/etc/apache2/mods-available/"
"dav_svn.conf</literal>\" to allow access to the repository via user "
"authentication."
msgstr ""
"Ajouter (ou décommenter) ce qui suit dans «&nbsp;<literal>/etc/apache2/mods-"
"available/dav_svn.conf</literal>&nbsp;» afin de permettre l’accès au dépôt "
"avec une authentification de l’utilisateur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"&lt;Location /project&gt;\n"
"  DAV svn\n"
"  SVNPath /srv/svn/project\n"
"  AuthType Basic\n"
"  AuthName \"Subversion repository\"\n"
"  AuthUserFile /etc/subversion/passwd\n"
"&lt;LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT&gt;\n"
"    Require valid-user\n"
"&lt;/LimitExcept&gt;\n"
"&lt;/Location&gt;"
msgstr ""
"&lt;Location /projet&gt;\n"
"  DAV svn\n"
"  SVNPath /srv/svn/projet\n"
"  AuthType Basic\n"
"  AuthName \"Dépôt subversion\"\n"
"  AuthUserFile /etc/subversion/passwd\n"
"&lt;LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT&gt;\n"
"    Require valid-user\n"
"&lt;/LimitExcept&gt;\n"
"&lt;/Location&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Create a user authentication file with the command by the following."
msgstr ""
"Créer un fichier d’authentification des utilisateurs avec la commande "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# htpasswd2 -c /etc/subversion/passwd some-username"
msgstr "# htpasswd2 -c /etc/subversion/passwd nom_utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Restart Apache2."
msgstr "Redémarrez Apache2."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Your new Subversion repository is accessible at URL \"<literal>http://"
"localhost/project</literal>\" and \"<literal>http://example.com/project</"
"literal>\" from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (assuming your URL of "
"web server is \"<literal>http://example.com/</literal>\")."
msgstr ""
"Votre nouveau dépôt Subversion est accessible à l’URL «&nbsp;<literal>http://"
"localhost/projet</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>http://example.com/"
"projet</literal>&nbsp;» depuis <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (en supposant que "
"l’URL du serveur web est «&nbsp;<literal>http://example.com/</"
"literal>&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Local access to Subversion by group"
msgstr "Accès local à Subversion par un groupe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following sets up Subversion repository for the local access by a group, "
"e.g. <literal>project</literal>."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit configure le dépôt Subversion pour un accès local par un groupe, "
"<literal>projet</literal>, par exemple&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# chmod  2775     /srv/svn/project\n"
"# chown -R root:src /srv/svn/project\n"
"# chmod -R ug+rwX   /srv/svn/project"
msgstr ""
"# chmod  2775     /srv/svn/projet\n"
"# chown -R root:src /srv/svn/projet\n"
"# chmod -R ug+rwX   /srv/svn/projet"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Your new Subversion repository is group accessible at URL \"<literal>file:///"
"localhost/srv/svn/project</literal>\" or \"<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</"
"literal>\" from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for local users "
"belonging to <literal>project</literal> group.  You must run commands, such "
"as <literal>svn</literal>, <literal>svnserve</literal>, <literal>svnlook</"
"literal>, and <literal>svnadmin</literal> under \"<literal>umask 002</"
"literal>\" to ensure group access."
msgstr ""
"Votre nouveau dépôt Subversion est accessible aux utilisateurs locaux "
"appartenant au groupe <literal>projet</literal>à l’URL «&nbsp;"
"<literal>file:///localhost/srv/svn/projet</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>file:///srv/svn/projet</literal>&nbsp;» depuis "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> . Vous devrez lancer des commandes comme <literal>svn</"
"literal>, <literal>svnserve</literal>, <literal>svnlook</literal> et "
"<literal>svnadmin</literal> avec «&nbsp;<literal>umask 002</literal>&nbsp;» "
"afin de permettre l’accès au groupe."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Remote access to Subversion via SSH"
msgstr "Accès distant à Subversion avec SSH"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A group accessible Subversion repository is at URL \"<literal>example.com:/"
"srv/svn/project</literal>\" for SSH, you can access it from "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> at URL \"<literal>svn+ssh://example.com:/srv/svn/project</"
"literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Un dépôt Subversion accessible à un groupe se trouve pour SSH à l’URL «&nbsp;"
"<literal>example.com:/srv/svn/projet</literal>&nbsp;», vous pouvez y accéder "
"avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> à l’URL «&nbsp;<literal>svn+ssh://example.com:/srv/"
"svn/projet</literal>\"."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Subversion directory structure"
msgstr "Structure de répertoires de Subversion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many projects uses directory tree similar to the following for Subversion to "
"compensate its lack of branches and tags."
msgstr ""
"Afin de compenser le manque de branches et d’étiquettes, de nombreux projets "
"utilisent une arborescence de répertoires semblable à la suivante pour "
"Subversion&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"  ----- module1\n"
"    |   |-- branches\n"
"    |   |-- tags\n"
"    |   |   |-- release-1.0\n"
"    |   |   `-- release-2.0\n"
"    |   |\n"
"    |   `-- trunk\n"
"    |       |-- file1\n"
"    |       |-- file2\n"
"    |       `-- file3\n"
"    |\n"
"    `-- module2"
msgstr ""
"  ----- module1\n"
"    |   |-- branches\n"
"    |   |-- tags\n"
"    |   |   |-- version-1.0\n"
"    |   |   `-- version-2.0\n"
"    |   |\n"
"    |   `-- trunk\n"
"    |       |-- fichier1\n"
"    |       |-- fichier2\n"
"    |       `-- fichier3\n"
"    |\n"
"    `-- module2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You must use \"<literal>svn copy …</literal>\" command to mark branches and "
"tags.  This ensures Subversion to record modification history of files "
"properly and saves storage spaces."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez utiliser la commande «&nbsp;<literal>svn copy …</literal>&nbsp;» "
"pour marquer les branches et les étiquettes. Cela permet de s’assurer que "
"Subversion enregistre correctement l’historique de modification des fichiers "
"et économise l’espace disque."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Importing a new source to Subversion"
msgstr "Importer une nouvelle source vers Subversion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Import it to Subversion with the following parameters."
msgstr "Importez-le dans Subversion avec les paramètres suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Subversion site URL: \"<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"URL du site Subversion&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>file:///srv/svn/projet</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Subversion directory: \"<literal>module1/trunk</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Répertoire de Subversion&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>module1/trunk</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Subversion tag: \"<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"Étiquette de Subversion&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>module1/tags/Version-"
"initiale</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd ~/path/to/module1\n"
"$ svn import file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk -m \"Start module1\"\n"
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial"
msgstr ""
"$ cd ~/chemin/vers/module1\n"
"$ svn import file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk -m \"Lancement module1\"\n"
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/tags/Version-initiale"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ svn import ~/path/to/module1 file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk -m \"Start module1\"\n"
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial"
msgstr ""
"$ svn import ~/chemin/vers/module1 file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk -m \"Lancement module1\"\n"
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/tags/Version-initiale"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can replace URLs such as \"<literal>file:///…</literal>\" by any other "
"URL formats such as \"<literal>http://…</literal>\" and \"<literal>svn+ssh://"
"…</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez remplacer des formats d’URL comme «&nbsp;<literal>file:///…</"
"literal>&nbsp;» par d’autres formats d’URL comme «&nbsp;<literal> http://…</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>svn+ssh://…</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Work flow of Subversion"
msgstr "Flux de travail avec Subversion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is an example of typical work flow using Subversion with its native "
"client."
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple typique de flux de travail utilisant Subversion avec son "
"client natif."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Client commands offered by the <literal>git-svn</literal> package may offer "
"alternative work flow of Subversion using the <literal>git</literal> "
"command.  See <xref linkend=\"_git_for_the_subversion_repository\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes du client proposées par le paquet <literal>git-svn</literal> "
"peuvent proposer un mode d’utilisation de remplacement pour Subversion en "
"utilisant la commande <literal>git</literal>. Consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_git_for_the_subversion_repository\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Check all available modules from Subversion project pointed by URL "
"\"<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vérifiez de la manière suivante tous les modules disponibles depuis le "
"projet pointé par l’URL «&nbsp;<literal>file:///srv/svn/projet</"
"literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ svn list file:///srv/svn/project\n"
"module1\n"
"module2\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
"$ svn list file:///srv/svn/projet\n"
"module1\n"
"module2\n"
"..."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Checkout \"<literal>module1/trunk</literal>\" to a directory "
"\"<literal>module1</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Récupérez «&nbsp;<literal>module1/trunk</literal>&nbsp;» dans un répertoire "
"«&nbsp;<literal>module1</literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd ~/path/to\n"
"$ svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk module1\n"
"$ cd module1"
msgstr ""
"$ cd ~/chemin/vers\n"
"$ svn co file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk module1\n"
"$ cd module1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn diff"
msgstr "$ svn diff"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Overwrite \"<literal>file_to_undo</literal>\" file with the clean copy from "
"Subversion by the following."
msgstr ""
"Écrasez le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>fichier_a_annuler</literal>&nbsp;» avec "
"une nouvelle copie propre depuis Subversion comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn revert file_to_undo"
msgstr "$ svn revert fichier_a_annuler"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Save the updated local source tree to Subversion by the following."
msgstr ""
"Enregistrez l’arbre local des sources mis à jour vers Subversion comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn ci -m \"Describe change\""
msgstr "$ svn ci -m \"Décrire les modifications\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create and add \"<literal>file_to_add</literal>\" file to Subversion by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Créez et ajoutez le fichier «&nbsp;<literal>fichier_a_ajouter</"
"literal>&nbsp;» dans Subversion comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ vi file_to_add\n"
"$ svn add file_to_add\n"
"$ svn ci -m \"Added file_to_add\""
msgstr ""
"$ vi fichier_a_ajouter\n"
"$ svn add fichier_a_ajouter\n"
"$ svn ci -m \"fichier_a_ajouter ajouté\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Merge the latest version from Subversion by the following."
msgstr "Fusionnez la dernière version depuis Subversion comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn up"
msgstr "$ svn up"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Look for unmodified code in, e.g., \"<literal>filename.r6</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>filename.r9</literal>\", and \"<literal>filename.mine</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Recherchez le code non modifié, par exemple «&nbsp;<literal>nom_fichier.r6</"
"literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>nom_fichier.r9</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>nom_fichier.mien</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ svn ci -m \"last commit for Release-1\"\n"
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1"
msgstr ""
"$ svn ci -m \"dernier «&nbsp;commit&nbsp;» pour la Release-1\"\n"
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/tags/Release-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn rm file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1"
msgstr "$ svn rm file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/tags/Release-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Check in changes to Subversion by the following."
msgstr "Récupérez les modifications depuis Subversion comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn ci -m \"real last commit for Release-1\""
msgstr "$ svn ci -m \"vraiment le dernier commit pour Release-1\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Re-add the release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" from updated "
"Subversion HEAD of trunk by the following."
msgstr ""
"Ajoutez de nouveau la balise «&nbsp;<literal>Version-1</literal>&nbsp;» "
"depuis la version mise à jour de HEAD de trunk de Subversion comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1"
msgstr "$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/tags/Version-1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Create a branch with a path \"<literal>module1/branches/Release-initial-"
"bugfixes</literal>\" from the original version pointed by the path "
"\"<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>\" and check it out to "
"\"<literal>~/path/to/old</literal>\" directory by the following."
msgstr ""
"Créez une branche dont le chemin est «&nbsp;<literal>module1/branches/"
"Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>&nbsp;» depuis la version initiale pointée "
"par le chemin «&nbsp;<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>&nbsp;» "
"et récupérez-le vers le répertoire «&nbsp;<literal>~/chemin/vers/ancien</"
"literal>&nbsp;» comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes\n"
"$ cd ~/path/to\n"
"$ svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes old\n"
"$ cd old"
msgstr ""
"$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/tags/Version-initiale file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/branches/Version-initale-corrections-de-bogues\n"
"$ cd ~/chemin/vers\n"
"$ svn co file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/branches/Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues ancien\n"
"$ cd ancien"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>module1/trunk@{2005-12-20}</literal>\" (<ulink url=\"&isoigab;"
"\">ISO 8601</ulink> date format) instead of \"<literal>module1/tags/Release-"
"initial</literal>\" to specify particular date as the branch point."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>module1/trunk@{2005-12-20}</literal>&nbsp;» (format "
"de date <ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</ulink>) plutôt que «&nbsp;"
"<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>&nbsp;» pour indiquer une "
"date particulière comme point de branche."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Work on this local source tree pointing to branch \"<literal>Release-initial-"
"bugfixes</literal>\" which is based on the original version."
msgstr ""
"Travaillez sur cet arbre de sources local pointant vers la branche «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues</literal>&nbsp;» qui est "
"basée sur la version initiale."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Sync with files modified by others on this branch by the following."
msgstr ""
"Effectuez la synchronisation avec les fichiers de cette branche modifiés par "
"d’autres comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn ci -m \"checked into this branch\""
msgstr "$ svn ci -m \"récupérés dans cette branche\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Update the local tree with HEAD of trunk by the following."
msgstr ""
"Mettez à jour l’arborescence local avec HEAD de trunk de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn switch file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk"
msgstr "$ svn switch file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Update the local tree (content = HEAD of trunk) by merging from the "
"\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" branch by the following."
msgstr ""
"Mettez à jour l’arborescence locale (contenu = HEAD de trunk) en fusionnant "
"depuis la branche «&nbsp;<literal>Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues</"
"literal>&nbsp;» par ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn merge file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes"
msgstr "$ svn merge file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/branches/Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ svn ci -m \"merged Release-initial-bugfixes\""
msgstr "$ svn ci -m \"Version-initiale-corrections-de-bogues fusionnée\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"You can checkout only a sub directory of \"<literal>module1</literal>\" by "
"providing its name as \"<literal>svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/"
"trunk/subdir module1/subdir</literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez ne vérifier («&nbsp;checkout&nbsp;») qu’un sous-répertoire de "
"«&nbsp;<literal>module1</literal>&nbsp;» en indiquant son nom comme, par "
"exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>svn co file:///srv/svn/projet/module1/trunk/sous-"
"répertoire module1/sous-répertoire</literal>&nbsp;», etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"Notable options for Subversion commands (use as first argument(s) to "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>)"
msgstr ""
"Options importantes des commandes de Subversion (à utiliser comme premier(s) "
"paramètre(s) de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>--dry-run</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>--dry-run</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-v</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-v</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display detail messages of svn activity"
msgstr "affichage détaillé des messages d’activité de Subversion"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Data conversion"
msgstr "Conversion de données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are "
"described."
msgstr ""
"Description des outils et astuces pour convertir différents formats de "
"données sur un système Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data "
"formats are limited."
msgstr ""
"Les outils basés sur des standards sont de très bonne qualité mais la prise "
"en charge des formats propriétaires est limitée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Text data conversion tools"
msgstr "Outils de conversion de données textuelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes."
msgstr ""
"Mes yeux ont été attirés par les paquets suivants de conversions de données "
"textuelles&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of text data conversion tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de conversion de texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "keyword"
msgstr "mot clé"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "charset"
msgstr "jeu de caractères"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"text encoding converter between locales by "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (fundamental)"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de codage de texte entre différents paramètres linguistiques à "
"l’aide d’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (fondamental)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "charset+eol"
msgstr "charset+eol"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and "
"features)"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de codage de texte entre différents paramètres linguistiques "
"(flexible avec plus d’alias et de fonctionnalités)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text encoding converter between locales (fancy)"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de codage de texte entre différents paramètres linguistiques "
"(le luxe)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "character set translator for Japanese"
msgstr "jeux de caractères pour le japonais"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "character set translator"
msgstr "jeu de caractères du traducteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent"
msgstr "remplacer les lettres accentuées par leur équivalent accentué"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "eol"
msgstr "eol (fin de ligne)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"text format converter between DOS and Unix: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de format de texte entre DOS et UNIX&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de format de texte entre Macintosh et UNIX&nbsp;:"
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Converting a text file with iconv"
msgstr "Convertir un fichier texte avec iconv"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is provided as a part of the <literal>libc6</literal> package "
"and it is always available on practically all Unix-like systems to convert "
"the encoding of characters."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> fait partie du paquet <literal>libc6</literal> et est toujours "
"disponible sur pratiquement tous les systèmes de type Unix pour permettre la "
"conversion des codages de caractères."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can convert encodings of a text file with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez convertir les codages de caractères d’un fichier texte par "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> en effectuant ce qui suite&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ iconv -f encoding1 -t encoding2 input.txt &gt;output.txt"
msgstr "$ iconv -f codage1 -t codage2 entrée.txt &gt;sortie.txt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore \"<literal>-</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>_</literal>\" for matching.  Supported encodings can be checked "
"by the \"<literal>iconv -l</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""
"La valeur des codages n’est pas sensible à la casse et ignore «&nbsp;"
"<literal>- </literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>_</literal>&nbsp;» pour la "
"correspondance. On peut vérifier quels sont les codages pris en charge à "
"l’aide de la commande «&nbsp;<literal>iconv -l</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of encoding values and their usage"
msgstr "Liste de valeurs de codage et leur utilisation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "encoding value"
msgstr "valeur de codage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">American Standard Code for "
"Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">American Standard Code for "
"Information Interchange</ulink> (Code américain standard pour l’échange "
"d’informations), code sur 7 bits sans caractère accentué"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "current multilingual standard for all modern OSs"
msgstr ""
"norme actuelle multi-langues pour tous les systèmes d’exploitation modernes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters"
msgstr ""
"ancienne norme pour les langues d’Europe de l’ouest, ASCII + lettres "
"accentuées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjc;\">ISO-8859-2</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjc;\">ISO-8859-2</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters"
msgstr ""
"ancienne norme pour les langues d’Europe de l’est, ASCII + lettres accentuées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjbf;\">ISO-8859-15</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjbf;\">ISO-8859-15</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"old standard for western European languages, <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;"
"\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign"
msgstr ""
"ancienne norme pour les langues d’Europe de l’ouest, <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;"
"\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> avec le signe euro"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European "
"languages, <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant"
msgstr ""
"page de code 850, caractères de DOS Microsoft avec graphiques pour les "
"langues de l’Europe de l’est, variante de <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;"
"\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</"
"ulink> variant for Japanese"
msgstr ""
"page de code 932, variante style Microsoft Windows de <ulink url=\"&shiftjis;"
"\">Shift-JIS</ulink> pour le japonais"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjdg;\">CP936</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cpjdg;\">CP936</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&gbcdbc;\">GB2312</"
"ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gbk;\">GBK</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&gbbiada;"
"\">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese"
msgstr ""
"page de code 936, variante style Microsoft Windows de <ulink url=\"&gbcdbc;"
"\">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gbk;\">GBK</ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&gbbiada;"
"\">GB18030</ulink> pour le chinois simplifié"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjej;\">CP949</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cpjej;\">CP949</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&euckr;\">EUC-KR</ulink> "
"or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean"
msgstr ""
"page de code 949, variante style Microsoft Windows de <ulink url=\"&euckr;"
"\">EUC-KR</ulink> de «&nbsp; Unified Hangul Code&nbsp;» pour le coréen"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjfa;\">CP950</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cpjfa;\">CP950</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&bigf;\">Big5</ulink> "
"variant for Traditional Chinese"
msgstr ""
"page de code 950, variante style Microsoft Windows de <ulink url=\"&bigf;"
"\">Big5</ulink> pour le chinois traditionnel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfb;\">CP1251</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfb;\">CP1251</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet"
msgstr ""
"page de code 1251, encodage de style Microsoft Windows pour l’alphabet "
"cyrillique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfc;\">CP1252</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfc;\">CP1252</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&isoiifjbf;"
"\">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European languages"
msgstr ""
"page de code 1252, variante style Microsoft Windows de <ulink url="
"\"&isoiifjbf;\">ISO-8859-15</ulink> pour les langues d’Europe de l’ouest"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&koiir;\">KOI8-R</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&koiir;\">KOI8-R</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet"
msgstr "ancienne norme UNIX de russe pour l’alphabet cyrillique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isocaccjp;\">ISO-2022-JP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isocaccjp;\">ISO-2022-JP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes"
msgstr ""
"codage standard du courrier électronique japonais n’utilisant que des codes "
"à 7 bits"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink "
"url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"ancien code UNIX de japonais sur 8 bits et complètement différent de <ulink "
"url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>"
msgstr "<ulink url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink url=\"&cpjdc;"
"\">CP932</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"norme JIS X 0208 Annexe 1 pour le japonais (consultez <ulink url=\"&cpjdc;"
"\">CP932</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used "
"as locale values (<xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Certains codages ne sont pris en compte que pour la conversion de données et "
"ne sont pas utilisés en tant que valeur de paramètre linguistique (<xref "
"linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink url=\"&ascii;"
"\">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&isoiifj;\">ISO-8859</ulink> character "
"sets, the <ulink url=\"&characterencoding;\">character encoding</ulink> "
"means almost the same thing as the character set."
msgstr ""
"Pour les jeux de caractères qui tiennent dans un seul octet tels que les "
"jeux de caractères <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> et <ulink url="
"\"&isoiifj;\">ISO-8859</ulink>, le <ulink url=\"&characterencoding;\">codage "
"des caractères</ulink> signifie à peu près la même chose que le jeu de "
"caractères."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For character sets with many characters such as <ulink url=\"&jisxacbd;"
"\">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink url="
"\"&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;\">Universal Character Set (UCS, "
"Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many "
"encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data."
msgstr ""
"Pour les jeux de caractères ayant de nombreux caractères tels que <ulink url="
"\"&jisxacbd;\">JIS X 0213</ulink> pour le japonais ou <ulink url="
"\"&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;\">Universal Character Set (UCS, "
"Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> (jeu de caractère universel) pour pratiquement "
"toutes les langues, il y a de nombreux schémas de codage pour les insérer "
"dans les séquences d’octets de données."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&euc;\">EUC</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;\">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X 0202)</"
"ulink> for Japanese"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&euc;\">EUC</ulink> et <ulink url="
"\"&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;\">ISO/IEC 2022 (connu aussi en tant que  "
"JIS X 0202)</ulink> pour le japonais"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&utfbgucsc;\">UTF-16/"
"UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&utfbgucsc;\">UTF-16/"
"UCS-2</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> pour "
"l’Unicode"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and "
"the character encoding."
msgstr ""
"Pour ceux-ci, il y a une différence claire entre le jeu de caractères et le "
"codage des caractères."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&codepage;\">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to "
"the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&codepage;\">Page de code</ulink> est utilisée comme synonyme "
"de table de codage de caractères pour certaines d’entre-elles spécifiques au "
"fournisseur."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 "
"bit characters.  But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old "
"Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS "
"encoding format to UTF-8 format, use \"<literal>CP932</literal>\" as the "
"encoding name instead of \"<literal>shift-JIS</literal>\" to get the "
"expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → \"<literal>\\</literal>\" and "
"<literal>0x7E</literal> → \"<literal>~</literal>\".  Otherwise, these are "
"converted to wrong characters."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez remarquer que la plupart des systèmes de codage partagent le même "
"code avec ASCII pour les caractères sur 7 bits. Mais il y a quelques "
"exceptions, lors de la conversion de programmes C et des données d’URL "
"anciens en japonais depuis ce qui est parfois appelé format de codage shift-"
"JIS vers le format UTF-8, utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>CP932</literal>&nbsp;» "
"comme nom de codage plutôt que «&nbsp;<literal>shift-JIS</literal>&nbsp;» "
"afin d’obtenir le résultat attendu&nbsp;: <literal>0x5C</literal> → «&nbsp;"
"<literal>\\</literal>&nbsp;» et <literal>0x7E</literal> → «&nbsp;<literal>~</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Sinon, ils seront convertis vers les mauvais caractères."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>recode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> may be used too and offers more than the combined "
"functionality of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  For more, see "
"\"<literal>info recode</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"On peut aussi utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>recode</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui offre plus de "
"fonctionnalités que celles combinées de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Pour plus de détails, "
"consultez «&nbsp;<literal>info recode</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv"
msgstr "Vérifier que les fichiers sont codés en UTF-8 avec iconv"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez vérifier si un fichier texte est codé en UTF-8 à l’aide "
"d’<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> en effectuant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt &gt;/dev/null || echo \"non-UTF-8 found\""
msgstr "$ iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt &gt;/dev/null || echo \"Trouvé non-UTF-8\""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>--verbose</literal>\" option in the above example to find the "
"first non-UTF-8 character."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez l’option «&nbsp;<literal>--verbose</literal>&nbsp;» dans les "
"exemples ci-dessus pour trouver le premier caractère non UTF-8."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Converting file names with iconv"
msgstr "Convertir les noms de fichiers avec iconv"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones "
"created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory."
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple de script pour convertir le codage des noms de fichiers, "
"dans un seul répertoire, depuis celui créé par un ancien système "
"d’exploitation vers celui d’un système d’exploitation moderne en UTF-8."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#!/bin/sh\n"
"ENCDN=iso-8859-1\n"
"for x in *;\n"
" do\n"
" mv \"$x\" \"$(echo \"$x\" | iconv -f $ENCDN -t utf-8)\"\n"
"done"
msgstr ""
"#!/bin/sh\n"
"ENCDN=iso-8859-1\n"
"for x in *;\n"
" do\n"
" mv \"$x\" \"$(echo \"$x\" | iconv -f $ENCDN -t utf-8)\"\n"
"done"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>$ENCDN</literal>\" variable specifies the original encoding "
"used for file names under older OS as in <xref linkend=\"list-of-encoding-"
"values\"/>."
msgstr ""
"La variable «&nbsp;<literal>$ENCDN</literal>&nbsp;» spécifie l'encodage "
"d'origine des noms de fichier sous d'anciens OS de la même façon que dans "
"<xref linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a "
"disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> option (see <xref linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>) and copy "
"its entire contents to another filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with "
"\"<literal>cp -a</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""
"Pour les cas plus compliqués, veuillez monter le système de fichiers (par "
"exemple une partition d’un disque dur) contenant de tels noms de fichiers "
"avec le codage correct comme option de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref "
"linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>) et copier son contenu complet vers un "
"autre système de fichiers monté en UTF-8 avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>cp "
"-a</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "EOL conversion"
msgstr "Convertir les fins de ligne (EOL)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent "
"on the platform."
msgstr ""
"Le format de fichier texte, particulièrement le code de fin de ligne (EOL), "
"dépend de la plateforme."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of EOL styles for different platforms"
msgstr "Liste des styles d’EOL pour différentes plateformes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "platform"
msgstr "plateforme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "EOL code"
msgstr "code pour EOL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "control"
msgstr "contrôle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "decimal"
msgstr "décimal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "hexadecimal"
msgstr "hexadécimal"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Debian (unix)"
msgstr "Debian (unix)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "LF"
msgstr "LF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^J</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^J</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "10"
msgstr "10"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "0A"
msgstr "0A"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MSDOS and Windows"
msgstr "MSDOS et Windows"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "CR-LF"
msgstr "CR-LF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^M^J</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^M^J</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "13 10"
msgstr "13 10"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "0D 0A"
msgstr "0D 0A"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Apple's Macintosh"
msgstr "Apple Macintosh "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "CR"
msgstr "CR"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>^M</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>^M</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "13"
msgstr "13"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "0D"
msgstr "0D"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The EOL format conversion programs, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, are quite handy.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>recode</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is also useful."
msgstr ""
"Les programmes de conversion du format des fins de lignes (EOL), "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sont assez pratiques. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle> recode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut aussi être utile."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the "
"<literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL "
"code.  So the above rule is just a general rule."
msgstr ""
"Certaines données sur un système Debian, telles que les données de la page "
"wiki du paquet <literal>python-moinmoin</literal>, utilisent le CR-LF du "
"style MSDOS comme code de fin de ligne (EOL). La règle précédente n’est donc "
"que générale."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, "
"<literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL "
"transparently."
msgstr ""
"La plupart des éditeurs (par exemple <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</"
"literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>…) peuvent prendre en compte de manière "
"transparente les fichiers ayant une fin de ligne (EOL) de style MSDOS."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The use of \"<literal>sed -e '/\\r$/!s/$/\\r/'</literal>\" instead of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is better when you want to unify the EOL style to the MSDOS "
"style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style.  (e.g., after merging 2 MSDOS "
"style files with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.)  This is because "
"<literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de «&nbsp;<literal>sed -e '/\\r$/!s/$/\\r/'</literal>&nbsp;» "
"en remplacement de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est préférable lorsque "
"vous désirez unifier le style de caractère de fin de ligne vers le style "
"MSDOS depuis un style mixte MSDOS et UNIX (par exemple, après avoir fusionné "
"deux fichiers de style MSDOS avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Cela parce que "
"<literal>todos</literal> ajoute un retour charriot (CR) à toutes les lignes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "TAB conversion"
msgstr "Convertir les tabulations (TAB)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes."
msgstr ""
"Il y a quelques programmes spécialisés dans la conversion des codes de "
"tabulations."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid ""
"List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and "
"<literal>coreutils</literal> packages"
msgstr ""
"Liste des commande de conversion de TAB des paquets <literal>bsdmainutils</"
"literal> et <literal>coreutils</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>bsdmainutils</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>bsdmainutils</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>coreutils</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>coreutils</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "expand tab to spaces"
msgstr "étendre les tabulations en espaces"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>col -x</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>col -x</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>expand</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>expand</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "unexpand tab from spaces"
msgstr "convertir les espaces en tabulation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>col -h</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>col -h</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>unexpand</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>unexpand</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>indent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> from the <literal>indent</literal> package completely "
"reformats whitespaces in the C program."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>indent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> du paquet <literal>indent</literal> reformate complètement les "
"espaces dans un programme en C."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> "
"can be used for TAB conversion, too.  For example with <literal>vim</"
"literal>, you can expand TAB with \"<literal>:set expandtab</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>:%retab</literal>\" command sequence.  You can revert this with "
"\"<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>\" and \"<literal>:%retab!</literal>\" "
"command sequence."
msgstr ""
"Des programmes d’édition tels que <literal>vim</literal> et <literal>emacs</"
"literal> peuvent aussi être utilisés pour la conversion des tabulations. Par "
"exemple avec <literal>vim</literal>, vous pouvez étendre les tabulation avec "
"la séquence de commandes «&nbsp;<literal>:set expandtab</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>:%retab</literal>&nbsp;». Vous pouvez revenir en arrière de "
"cette conversion par la séquence de commandes «&nbsp;<literal>:set "
"noexpandtab</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>:%retab!</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Editors with auto-conversion"
msgstr "Éditeurs avec conversion automatique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are "
"quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats.  "
"You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable "
"console for the best compatibility."
msgstr ""
"Les éditeurs de textes modernes et intelligents comme le programme "
"<literal>vim</literal> sont assez habiles et prennent assez bien en compte "
"les systèmes de codage de caractères et tous les formats de fichiers. Vous "
"devriez utiliser ces éditeurs avec les paramètres linguistiques UTF-8 dans "
"une console compatible avec UTF-8 pour une meilleure compatibilité."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An old western European Unix text file, \"<literal>u-file.txt</literal>\", "
"stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with "
"<literal>vim</literal> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Un ancien fichier texte UNIX d’Europe de l’Ouest, «&nbsp;<literal>u-file."
"txt</literal>&nbsp;» enregistré dans le codage latin1 (iso-8859-1) peut être "
"édité avec <literal>vim</literal> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ vim u-file.txt"
msgstr "$ vim u-file.txt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in "
"<literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, "
"assumes it to be latin1."
msgstr ""
"C’est possible car le mécanisme d’autodétection du codage du fichier dans "
"<literal>vim</literal> suppose d’abord que le codage est UTF-8 et, s’il "
"échoue, suppose qu’il est latin1."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An old Polish Unix text file, \"<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>\", stored in "
"the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> "
"by the following."
msgstr ""
"Un ancien fichier texte en polonais, «&nbsp;<literal>pu-file.txt</"
"literal>&nbsp;», enregistré avec le codage latin2 (iso-8859-2) peut être "
"édité avec <literal>vim</literal> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ vim '+e ++enc=latin2 pu-file.txt'"
msgstr "$ vim '+e ++enc=latin2 pu-file.txt'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An old Japanese unix text file, \"<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>\", stored "
"in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Un ancien fichier texte UNIX en japonais, «&nbsp;<literal>ju-file.txt</"
"literal>&nbsp;», enregistré avec le codage eucJP peut être édité avec "
"<literal>vim</literal> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ vim '+e ++enc=eucJP ju-file.txt'"
msgstr "$ vim '+e ++enc=eucJP ju-file.txt'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, \"<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>\", "
"stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be "
"edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Un ancien fichier MS-Windows en japonais, «&nbsp;<literal>jw-file.txt</"
"literal>&nbsp;», enregistré dans le codage appelé shift-JIS (plus "
"précisément&nbsp;: CP932) peut être édité avec <literal>vim</literal> de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ vim '+e ++enc=CP932 ++ff=dos jw-file.txt'"
msgstr "$ vim '+e ++enc=CP932 ++ff=dos jw-file.txt'"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When a file is opened with \"<literal>++enc</literal>\" and \"<literal>++ff</"
"literal>\" options, \"<literal>:w</literal>\" in the Vim command line stores "
"it in the original format and overwrite the original file.  You can also "
"specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim command line, e.g., "
"\"<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’un fichier est ouvert avec les options  «&nbsp;<literal>++enc</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>++ff</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>:"
"w</literal>&nbsp;» sur la ligne de commandes de Vim l’enregistre dans son "
"format d’origine et écrase le fichier d’origine. Vous pouvez aussi indiquer "
"le format d’enregistrement et le nom du fichier sur la ligne de commandes de "
"Vim, par exemple, «&nbsp;<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 nouveau.txt</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Please refer to the mbyte.txt \"multi-byte text support\" in <literal>vim</"
"literal> on-line help and <xref linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/> for "
"locale values used with \"<literal>++enc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez vous rapporter à mbyte.txt «&nbsp;multi-byte text support&nbsp;» "
"dans l’aide en ligne de <literal>vim</literal> et <xref linkend=\"list-of-"
"encoding-values\"/> pour les valeurs de paramètres linguistiques utilisés "
"avec «&nbsp;<literal>++enc</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent "
"functions."
msgstr ""
"La famille de programmes <literal>emacs</literal> peut effectuer des "
"fonctions équivalentes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Plain text extraction"
msgstr "Extraire du texte brut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following reads a web page into a text file.  This is very useful when "
"copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> on the web page."
msgstr ""
"Ce qui suit permet de lire une page web sous forme de fichier texte. C’est "
"très utile pour copier des informations de configuration depuis le Web ou "
"pour appliquer des outils textuels de base d’UNIX comme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> à la page web ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ w3m -dump http://www.remote-site.com/help-info.html &gt;textfile"
msgstr "$ w3m -dump http://www.site-distant.com/help-info.html &gt;fichier-texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"De la même manière, vous pouvez extraire des données en texte brut vers "
"d’autres formats en utilisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools to extract plain text data"
msgstr "Liste d’outils pour extraite des données en texte brut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "html→text"
msgstr "html→texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>w3m -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur HTML vers texte avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>w3m -dump</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1)"
msgstr "convertisseur avancé HTML vers texte (ISO 8859-1)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>lynx -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur HTML vers texte avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>lynx -dump</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>elinks -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur HTML vers texte avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>elinks -dump</"
"literal>&nbsp;» "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>links -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur HTML vers texte avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>links -dump</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>links2 -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur HTML vers texte avec la commande «&nbsp;<literal>links2 -dump</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MSWord→text,ps"
msgstr "MSWord→texte,ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert MSWord files to plain text or ps"
msgstr "convertir des fichiers MSWord en texte brut ou en ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MSWord→text,TeX"
msgstr "MSWord→texte,TeX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX"
msgstr "convertir les fichier MSWord en texte brut ou en TeX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ps/pdf→text"
msgstr "ps/pdf→texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "extract text from PostScript and PDF files"
msgstr "extraire du texte depuis des fichiers PostScript et PDF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove the markup tags from an HTML file"
msgstr "supprimer les balise d’un fichier HTML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "odt→text"
msgstr "odt→texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from OpenDocument Text to text"
msgstr "convertisseur du texte OpenDocument vers texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Highlighting and formatting plain text data"
msgstr "Mettre en évidence et formater des données en texte brut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can highlight and format plain text data by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez mettre en évidence et formater des données en texte brut de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools to highlight plain text data"
msgstr "Liste des outils pour mettre en évidence des données de texte brut"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "highlight"
msgstr "mise en évidence"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with \"<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/"
"syntax/html.vim</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"MACRO Vim pour convertir du code source en HTML avec «&nbsp;<literal>:source "
"$VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "c→html"
msgstr "c→html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language)"
msgstr "convertisseur pour les programmes C vers latex et HTML (langage C)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert many source codes to TeX (C language)"
msgstr "convertit de nombreux codes sources en TeX (langage C)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape "
"sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++)"
msgstr ""
"convertit de nombreux codes source vers des fichiers HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, "
"Texinfo, séquences d’échappement en couleur ANSI et DocBook files avec mise "
"en évidence (C++)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files "
"with highlight (C++)"
msgstr ""
"convertit de nombreux codes sources en fichiers HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX "
"ou XSL-FO avec mise en évidence (C++)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text→color"
msgstr "texte→couleur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "generic colouriser for everything (Python)"
msgstr "coloriseur générique pour n’importe quoi (Python)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text→html"
msgstr "texte→html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text to HTML converter (Perl)"
msgstr "convertisseur de texte vers HTML (Perl)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl)"
msgstr "formateur de documents textes Markdown vers (X)HTML (Perl)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text→any"
msgstr "texte→tout format"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Python)"
msgstr "formateur de documents textes AsciiDoc vers XML/HTML (Python)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "general markup converter (Haskell)"
msgstr "Marqueur de conversion global (Haskell)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python)"
msgstr "formateur de documents ReStructured Text vers XML (Python)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"document conversion from text to HTML, SGML, LaTeX, man page, MoinMoin, "
"Magic Point and PageMaker (Python)"
msgstr ""
"conversion de documents de texte vers HTML, SGML, LaTeX, page de manuel, "
"MoinMoin, Magic Point et PageMaker (Python)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "universal document - text processing utility (C language)"
msgstr "document universel - utilitaire de traitement de texte (language C)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "document converter from structured plain text to other formats (m4)"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de documents depuis un texte brut structuré vers d’autres "
"formats (m4)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "document converter from ReStructured Text to html (Python)"
msgstr "convertisseur de documents depuis ReStructured Text vers html (Python)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"free form\" document preparation system (Perl)"
msgstr "système de préparation de document de «&nbsp;forme libre&nbsp;» (Perl)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "pre-document language and tools to process it (C language)"
msgstr "langage de pré-document et outils pour le manipuler"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "simple document parser (Perl)"
msgstr "analyseur simple de documents (Perl)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "document structuring, publishing and search framework (Ruby)"
msgstr ""
"infrastructure de structuration, de publication et de recherche de documents "
"(Ruby)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "XML data"
msgstr "Données XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;\">The Extensible Markup "
"Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing "
"structured information."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;\">Le langage de balisage "
"extensible («&nbsp;The Extensible Markup Language (XML)&nbsp;»</ulink> est "
"un langage de balisage de documents dont les informations sont structurées."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"See introductory information at <ulink url=\"&xmlcom;\">XML.COM</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Consultez une introduction sur <ulink url=\"&xmlcom;\">XML.COM</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxml;\">\"What is XML?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&whatisxml;\">«&nbsp;Qu’est-ce qu’XML&nbsp;?&nbsp;»</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxslt;\">\"What Is XSLT?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&whatisxslt;\">«&nbsp;Qu’est-ce qu’XSLT&nbsp;?&nbsp;»</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxslfo;\">\"What Is XSL-FO?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&whatisxslfo;\">«&nbsp;Qu’est-ce qu’XSL-FO&nbsp;?&nbsp;»</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxlink;\">\"What Is XLink?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&whatisxlink;\">«&nbsp;Qu’est-ce qu’XLink&nbsp;?&nbsp;»</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic hints for XML"
msgstr "Conseils de base pour XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url=\"&html;\">HTML</ulink>.  It enables "
"us to manage multiple formats of output for a document.  One easy XML system "
"is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here."
msgstr ""
"Le texte en XML ressemble un peu à <ulink url=\"&html;\">HTML</ulink>. Il "
"vous permet de gérer de nombreux formats de sortie pour un document. Un "
"système XML facile est le paquet <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> qui est "
"utilisé ici."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following."
msgstr ""
"Chaque fichier XML commence par la déclaration XML standard suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "&lt;?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?&gt;"
msgstr "&lt;?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following."
msgstr ""
"La syntaxe de base d’un élément XML est balisée de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "&lt;name attribute=\"value\"&gt;content&lt;/name&gt;"
msgstr "&lt;name attribute=\"value\"&gt;contenu&lt;/nom&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form."
msgstr ""
"Un élément XML dont le contenu est vide est balisé de la façon raccourcie "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "&lt;name attribute=\"value\"/&gt;"
msgstr "&lt;name attribute=\"value\"/&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>attribute=\"value\"</literal>\" in the above examples are "
"optional."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>attribute=\"value\"</literal>&nbsp;» dans les exemples ci-"
"dessus est optionnel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The comment section in XML is marked up as the following."
msgstr "L’action commentaire en XML est balisée comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "&lt;!-- comment --&gt;"
msgstr "&lt;!-- comment --&gt;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content "
"using predefined entities for following characters."
msgstr ""
"En plus d’ajouter des balises, XML demande des conversions mineures de "
"contenu en utilisant des entités prédéfinies pour les caractères "
"suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of predefined entities for XML"
msgstr "Liste des entités XML prédéfinies"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "predefined entity"
msgstr "entité prédéfinie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "character to be converted into"
msgstr "caractère devant être converti"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&amp;quot;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&amp;quot;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\"</literal> : quote"
msgstr "<literal>\"</literal>&nbsp;: double apostrophe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&amp;apos;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&amp;apos;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>'</literal> : apostrophe"
msgstr "<literal>'</literal>&nbsp;: apostrophe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&amp;lt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&amp;lt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;</literal> : less-than"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;</literal>&nbsp;: inférieur à"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&amp;gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&amp;gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&gt;</literal> : greater-than"
msgstr "<literal>&gt;</literal>&nbsp;: supérieur à"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&amp;amp;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&amp;amp;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&amp;</literal> : ampersand"
msgstr "<literal>&amp;</literal>&nbsp;: esperluette"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>&lt;</literal>\" or \"<literal>&amp;</literal>\" can not be used "
"in attributes or elements."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>&lt;</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>&amp;</"
"literal>&nbsp;» ne peuvent pas être utilisés dans des attributs ni des "
"éléments."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"When SGML style user defined entities, e.g. \"<literal>&amp;some-tag:</"
"literal>\", are used, the first definition wins over others.  The entity "
"definition is expressed in \"<literal>&lt;!ENTITY some-tag \"entity value"
"\"&gt;</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Lorsqu’on utilise des entités définies par l’utilisateur de style SGML, par "
"exemple «&nbsp;<literal>&amp;some-tag:</literal>&nbsp;», la première "
"définition prend le pas sur les suivantes. La définition de l’entité est "
"exprimée par «&nbsp;<literal>&lt;!ENTITY une-balise \"valeur entité\"&gt;</"
"literal>\"."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag "
"name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another "
"XML is trivial task using <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;"
"\">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Tant que le balisage XML est fait de manière cohérente avec un jeu "
"particulier de nom de balises (soit certaines données comme valeur de "
"contenu ou d’attribut), la conversion vers un autre XML est une tâche "
"triviale en utilisant <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;"
"\">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "XML processing"
msgstr "Traitement XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink url="
"\"&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;\">the Extensible Stylesheet Language "
"(XSL)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Il existe de nombreux outils pour traiter les fichiers XML tels que<ulink "
"url=\"&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;\">le langage extensible de feuilles "
"de style («&nbsp;the Extensible Stylesheet Language XSL&nbsp;«)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any "
"format using <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;\">Extensible "
"Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"En gros, une fois créé un fichier XML correctement formaté, vous pouvez le "
"convertir vers n’importe quel format en utilisant le <ulink url="
"\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;\">langage extensible de transformation "
"des feuilles de style (XSLT)</ulink> («&nbsp;Extensible Stylesheet Language "
"Transformations &nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;\">Extensible Stylesheet "
"Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution "
"for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is new to the Debian "
"<literal>main</literal> archive due to its dependence to the <ulink url="
"\"&javaprograminglanguage;\">Java programing language</ulink>. So the LaTeX "
"code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system is used "
"to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;\">Langage extensible de "
"feuilles de style pour le formatage des objets (XSL-FO)</ulink> («&nbsp;"
"Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Objects &nbsp;» est censé être "
"la solution au formatage. Le paquet <literal>fop</literal> est nouveau dans "
"l’archive <literal>main</literal> de Debian du fait de ses dépendances vers "
"le <ulink url=\"&javaprograminglanguage;\"> langage de programmation Java</"
"ulink>. Le code LaTeX est donc habituellement créé depuis XML en utilisant "
"XSLT, et le système LaTeX est utilisé pour créer des fichiers imprimables "
"comme DVI, PostScript et PDF."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of XML tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "xml"
msgstr "xml"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook"
msgstr "Définition de type de document XML (DTD) pour DocBook"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "xslt"
msgstr "xslt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.)"
msgstr ""
"processeur en ligne de commandes XSLT (XML→ XML, HTML, texte brut, etc.)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "xml/xslt"
msgstr "xml/xslt"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with "
"XSLT"
msgstr ""
"feuilles de style XSL pour le traitement de DocBook XML vers divers formats "
"de sortie avec XSLT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "XML-to-any converter with XSLT"
msgstr "convertisseur XML-vers-tout avec XSLT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DocBook XML to .epub converter"
msgstr "Convertisseur Docbook XML vers .epub"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT"
msgstr ""
"convertir les fichiers Docbook en documents DVI, PostScript, PDF avec XSLT"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "xml/xsl-fo"
msgstr "xml/xsl-fo"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert Docbook XML files to PDF"
msgstr "convertir les fichiers Docbook XML en PDF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since XML is subset of <ulink url=\"&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;"
"\">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed "
"by the extensive tools available for SGML, such as <ulink url="
"\"&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;\">Document Style Semantics and "
"Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Comme XML est un sous-ensemble du <ulink url="
"\"&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;\">Langage généralisé de balisage (&nbsp;"
"Standard Generalized Markup Language SGML&nbsp;»)</ulink>, il peut être "
"traité par les nombreux outils disponibles pour SGML, comme <ulink url="
"\"&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;\">Document Style Semantics and "
"Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of DSSSL tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils DSSSL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "dsssl"
msgstr "dsssl"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest)"
msgstr "processeur DSSSL à la norme ISO/IEC 10179:1996 DSSSL (le plus récent)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (1.3.x series)"
msgstr "processeur DSSSL à la norme ISO/IEC 10179:1996 DSSSL (séries 1.3.x)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "James Clark's original DSSSL processor (1.2.x series)"
msgstr "processeur DSSSL original de James Clark (séries 1.2.x)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "xml/dsssl"
msgstr "xml/dsssl"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with "
"DSSSL"
msgstr ""
"feuilles de style DSSSL pour le traitement des DocBook XML vers divers "
"formats de sortie avec DSSSL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, "
"RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires pour les fichiers DocBook y compris la conversion avec DSSSL "
"vers d’autres formats (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) avec des commandes "
"<literal>docbook2*</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "SGML/dsssl"
msgstr "SGML/dsssl"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from SGML and XML using DSSSL stylesheets"
msgstr "convertisseur depuis SGML et XML utilisant les feuilles de style DSSSL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes "
"handy to read <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly "
"since it renders decently on X."
msgstr ""
"<literal>yelp</literal> de <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> est parfois "
"pratique pour lire les fichiers XML <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink> "
"directement car il effectue un rendu propre sous X."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The XML data extraction"
msgstr "Extraire des données XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez extraire des données HTML ou XML depuis d’autres formats en "
"utilisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of XML data extraction tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils d’extraction de données XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MSWord→any"
msgstr "MSWord→n’importe quoi"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc."
msgstr "convertisseur de document depuis Microsoft Word vers HTML, LaTeX, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "texi→html"
msgstr "texi→html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from Texinfo to HTML"
msgstr "convertisseur de Texinfo vers HTML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "manpage→html"
msgstr "manpage→html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support)"
msgstr "convertisseur de page de manuel en HTML (prise en charge de CGI)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tex↔html"
msgstr "tex↔html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter between (La)TeX and HTML"
msgstr "convertisseur entre  (La)TeX et HTML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "rtf→html"
msgstr "rtf→html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "document converter from RTF to HTML, etc"
msgstr "convertisseur de documents de RTF vers HTML, etc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "info→html"
msgstr "info→html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support)"
msgstr "convertisseur depuis GNU info vers HTML (prise en charge de CGI)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "sxw→xml"
msgstr "sxw→xml"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from OpenOffice.org SXW documents to DocBook XML"
msgstr "convertisseur de documents OpenOffice.org SXW en DocBook XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "WordPerfect→any"
msgstr "WordPerfect→any"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML"
msgstr "fichiers WordPerfect 5.0 et 5.1 vers TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML et HTML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "troff→xml"
msgstr "troff→xml"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from troff to DocBook XML"
msgstr "convertisseur de troff vers DocBook XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance "
"of well formed XML.  XHTML can be processed by XML tools."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez convertir les fichiers HTML non-XML en XHTML qui est une "
"instance XML correctement formatée. XHTML peut être traité par les outils "
"XML."

# Je reprends la trad. de fr.wikipedia.org.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of XML pretty print tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils d’impression élégante du XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "xml↔html↔xhtml"
msgstr "xml↔html↔xhtml"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"command line XML tool with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (syntax check, "
"reformat, lint, …)"
msgstr ""
"outil XML en ligne de commandes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vérification de la "
"syntaxe, reformatage, décomposition…)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "HTML syntax checker and reformatter"
msgstr "vérificateur de syntaxe et reformateur HTML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data "
"based on the mark-up context etc."
msgstr ""
"Une fois qu’un fichier XML propre est créé, vous pouvez utiliser la "
"technologie XSLT pour extraire des données dans le contexte de balisage, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Type setting"
msgstr "Composition "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Unix <ulink url=\"&troff;\">troff</ulink> program originally developed "
"by AT&amp;T can be used for simple typesetting.  It is usually used to "
"create manpages."
msgstr ""
"Le programme UNIX <ulink url=\"&troff;\">troff</ulink>, développé à "
"l’origine par AT&amp;T, peut être utilisé pour une composition simple. Il "
"est habituellement utilisé pour créer des pages de manuel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is a very powerful "
"type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink url=\"&latex;"
"\">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a high-level "
"access to the power of TeX."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink>, créé par Donald Knuth, est un outil très "
"puissant de composition et c’est le standard de fait. <ulink url=\"&latex;"
"\">LaTeX</ulink>, écrit à l’origine par Leslie Lamport permet un accès de "
"haut niveau à la puissance de TeX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of type setting tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de typographie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "(La)TeX"
msgstr "(La)TeX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing"
msgstr "système TeX pour la composition, l’aperçu et l’impression"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "troff"
msgstr "troff"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU troff text-formatting system"
msgstr "système de formatage de texte GNU troff"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "roff typesetting"
msgstr "Composition roff"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Traditionally, <ulink url=\"&roff;\">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text "
"processing system.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>roff</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grotty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>troff</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mdoc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_man</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_ms</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_me</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, and \"<literal>info groff</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Traditionnellement, <ulink url=\"&roff;\">roff</ulink> est le système de "
"traitement de texte principal sous UNIX. Consultez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>roff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grotty</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>troff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mdoc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_man</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_ms</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_me</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, et «&nbsp;"
"<literal>info groff</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on \"<literal>-me</"
"literal>\" <ulink url=\"&macro;\">macro</ulink> in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/"
"groff/</literal>\" by installing the <literal>groff</literal> package."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez lire ou imprimer un bon didacticiel et document de référence sur "
"la <ulink url=\"&macro;\">macro</ulink> «&nbsp;<literal>-me</literal>&nbsp;» "
"dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>&nbsp;» en installant le "
"paquet <literal>groff</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>\" produces plain text output with "
"<ulink url=\"&ansiescapecode;\">ANSI escape code</ulink>.  If you wish to "
"get manpage like output with many \"^H\" and \"_\", use "
"\"<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>\" instead."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>&nbsp;» produit une sortie en "
"texte brut avec du <ulink url=\"&ansiescapecode;\">code d’échappement ANSI</"
"ulink>. Si vous désirez obtenir une sortie semblable à une page de manuel "
"avec de nombreux «&nbsp;^H&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;_&nbsp;», utilisez plutôt «&nbsp;"
"<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"To remove \"^H\" and \"_\" from a text file generated by <literal>groff</"
"literal>, filter it by \"<literal>col -b -x</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Pour supprimer les «&nbsp;^H&nbsp;» et les «&nbsp;_&nbsp;» d’un fichier "
"texte issu de <literal>groff</literal>, filtrez le par «&nbsp;<literal>col -"
"b -x</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "TeX/LaTeX"
msgstr "TeX/LaTeX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a "
"complete TeX system.  The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a "
"decent selection of the <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink> packages "
"which should suffice for the most common tasks."
msgstr ""
"La distribution logicielle <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink> offre "
"un système TeX complet. Le métapaquet <literal>texlive</literal> fournit une "
"bonne sélection de paquets de <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink>  qui "
"devraient suffire aux tâches les plus courantes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are many references available for <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink> and "
"<ulink url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"De nombreuses références sont disponibles pour <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</"
"ulink> et <ulink url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;\">The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-"
"teTeX Local Guide</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;\">The teTeX HOWTO&nbsp;: le "
"guide local de teTeX sous Linux</ulink>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>latex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>latex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"The TeXbook\", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;The TeXbook&nbsp;», par Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"LaTeX - A Document Preparation System\", by Leslie Lamport, (Addison-"
"Wesley)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;LaTeX - A Document Preparation System&nbsp;», par Leslie Lamport, "
"(Addison-Wesley)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"The LaTeX Companion\", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;The LaTeX Companion&nbsp;», par Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, "
"(Addison-Wesley)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is the most powerful typesetting environment.  Many <ulink url=\"&sgml;"
"\">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text processor.  "
"<ulink url=\"&lyx;\">Lyx</ulink> provided by the <literal>lyx</literal> "
"package and <ulink url=\"&gnutexmacs;\">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the "
"<literal>texmacs</literal> package offer nice <ulink url=\"&wysiwyg;"
"\">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</"
"ulink> while many use <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url="
"\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> as the choice for the source editor."
msgstr ""
"C’est l’environnement de composition typographique le plus puissant. De "
"nombreux processeurs <ulink url=\"&sgml;\">SGML</ulink> l’utilisent comme "
"processeur de texte en «&nbsp;backend&nbsp;». <ulink url=\"&lyx;\">Lyx</"
"ulink> qu’on trouvera dans le paquet <literal>lyx</literal> et <ulink url="
"\"&gnutexmacs;\">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> qui provient du paquet "
"<literal>texmacs</literal> offrent un environnement d’édition agréable en "
"mode <ulink url=\"&wysiwyg;\">WYSIWYG</ulink> pour <ulink url=\"&latex;"
"\">LaTeX</ulink> bien que nombreux sont ceux qui choisissent d’utiliser "
"<ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> "
"pour éditer les sources."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are many online resources available."
msgstr "De nombreuses ressources sont disponibles en ligne&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 (\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-"
"base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>\") (<literal>texlive-doc-base</"
"literal> package)"
msgstr ""
"The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 (&nbsp;<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-"
"doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>&nbsp;») (paquet "
"<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal>)&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;\">A Simple Guide to Latex/Lyx</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;\">Un guide simple pour Latex et Lyx</"
"ulink> («&nbsp;A Simple Guide to Latex/Lyx&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&wordprocessingusinglatex;\">Word Processing Using LaTeX</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&wordprocessingusinglatex;\">Traitement de texte avec LaTeX</"
"ulink> («&nbsp;Word Processing Using LaTeX&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&localuserguidetotetexlatex;\">Local User Guide to teTeX/LaTeX</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&localuserguidetotetexlatex;\">Guide local de l’utilisateur de "
"teTeX et LaTeX</ulink> («&nbsp;Local User Guide to teTeX/LaTeX&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors.  You must "
"increase pool size in \"<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>\" (or more "
"appropriately edit \"<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>\" and "
"run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-texmf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>) to fix this."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque les documents deviennent plus importants, TeX cause parfois des "
"erreurs. Vous devez augmenter la taille de l’espace dans «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>&nbsp;» (ou, de manière plus rigoureuse, éditez "
"«&nbsp;<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>&nbsp;» et lancez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-texmf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>) afin de corriger cela."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The TeX source of \"The TeXbook\" is available at <ulink url="
"\"&httptugctanorgteisttextexbooktex;\">http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/"
"systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex</ulink>. This file contains most of the "
"required macros.  I heard that you can process this document with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> after commenting lines 7 to 10 and adding \"<literal>\\input "
"manmac \\proofmodefalse</literal>\". It's strongly recommended to buy this "
"book (and all other books from Donald E. Knuth) instead of using the online "
"version but the source is a great example of TeX input!"
msgstr ""
"Les sources au format TeX de « The TeXbook » sont disponibles à l'adresse "
"<ulink url=\"&httptugctanorgteisttextexbooktex;\">http://tug.ctan.org/tex-"
"archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex</ulink>.\n"
"Ce fichier contient la plupart des macros nécessaires. J’ai entendu dire que "
"vous pouvez traiter ce document avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tex</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> après avoir commenté "
"les lignes 7 à 10 et ajouté «&nbsp;<literal>\\input manmac \\proofmodefalse</"
"literal>&nbsp;». Je recommande vivement l’achat de ce livre (et de tous les "
"autres livres de Donald E. Knuth) plutôt que d’utiliser la version en ligne "
"mais la version source est un très bon exemple d’utilisation de TeX&nbsp;!"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Pretty print a manual page"
msgstr "Imprimer convenablement une page de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following "
"commands."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez imprimer convenablement une page de manuel en PostScript en "
"utilisant l’une des commandes suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ man -Tps some_manpage | lpr"
msgstr "$ man -Tps une_page_de_manuel  lpr"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ man -Tps some_manpage | mpage -2 | lpr"
msgstr "$ man -Tps une_page_de_manuel | mpage -2 | lpr"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The second example prints 2 pages on one sheet."
msgstr "Le deuxième exemple imprime deux pages par feuille."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Creating a manual page"
msgstr "Créer une page de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink url=\"&troff;"
"\">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper packages to create "
"it."
msgstr ""
"Bien que l’écriture d’une page de manuel (manpage) dans le format <ulink url="
"\"&troff;\">troff</ulink> brut soit possible, il existe quelques paquets "
"facilitant cette tâche&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of packages to help creating the manpage"
msgstr "Liste de paquets facilitant la création de pages de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "SGML→manpage"
msgstr "SGML→manpage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros"
msgstr "macros de conversion de DocBook SGML vers roff man"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text→manpage"
msgstr "text→manpage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "automatic manpage generator from --help"
msgstr "générateur automatique d’une pages de manuel depuis --help"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "info→manpage"
msgstr "info→manpage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from GNU info to POD or man pages"
msgstr "convertisseur depuis GNU info vers POD ou page de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert flat ASCII text to man page format"
msgstr "convertir du texte brut ASCII au format d’une page de manuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Printable data"
msgstr "Données imprimables"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Printable data is expressed in the <ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</"
"ulink> format on the Debian system.  <ulink url="
"\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</"
"ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for non-PostScript "
"printers."
msgstr ""
"Sur un système Debian, les données imprimables sont définies dans le format "
"<ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink>. <ulink url="
"\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS)</"
"ulink> utilise Ghostscript en tant que programme de tramage «&nbsp;"
"rasterisation&nbsp;» pour les imprimantes non-PostScript."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Ghostscript"
msgstr "Ghostscript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;"
"\">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> "
"interpreter which generates raster image."
msgstr ""
"Le cœur de la manipulation des données imprimables est l’interpréteur <ulink "
"url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;"
"\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> qui génère une image tramée («&nbsp;raster "
"image&nbsp;»)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The latest upstream Ghostscript from Artifex was re-licensed from AFPL to "
"GPL and merged all the latest ESP version changes such as CUPS related ones "
"at 8.60 release as unified release."
msgstr ""
"La licence de la dernière version amont de Ghostscript par Artifex a été "
"modifiée d’AFPL vers GPL et fusionnée avec les dernières modifications de "
"version d’ESP telles que celles relatives à CUPS version 8.60 sous forme "
"d’une version unifiée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters"
msgstr "Liste des interpréteurs Ghostscript PostScript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;\">The GPL Ghostscript "
"PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;\">L’interpréteur "
"GPLGhostscript PostScript/PDF</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support"
msgstr ""
"interpréteur GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF - prise en charge de l’affichage "
"X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PDF rendering library forked from the xpdf PDF viewer"
msgstr "bibliothèque de rendu PDF dérivée du visualisateur PDF xpdf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library)"
msgstr "bibliothèque de rendu PDF (bibliothèque partagée basée sur GLib)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url=\"&cjk;\">CJK</ulink> "
"support: Adobe-*)"
msgstr ""
"CMaps pour PDF la bibliothèque de rendu (pour la prise en charge de <ulink "
"url=\"&cjk;\">CJK</ulink>&nbsp;: Adobe-*)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>gs -h</literal>\" can display the configuration of Ghostscript."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>gs -h</literal>&nbsp;» permet d’afficher la configuration de "
"Ghostscript."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Merge two PS or PDF files"
msgstr "Fusionner deux fichiers PS ou PDF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can merge two <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or "
"<ulink url=\"&portabledocumentformatpdf;\">Portable Document Format (PDF)</"
"ulink> files using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> of Ghostscript."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez fusionner deux fichiers <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript "
"(PS)</ulink> ou <ulink url=\"&portabledocumentformatpdf;\">Portable Document "
"Format (PDF)</ulink> en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> de Ghostscript."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=bla.ps -f foo1.ps foo2.ps\n"
"$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=bla.pdf -f foo1.pdf foo2.pdf"
msgstr ""
"$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pswrite -sFichierSortie=blabla.ps -f toto1.ps toto2.ps\n"
"$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sFichierSortie=blabla.pdf -f toto1.pdf toto2.pdf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&pdf;\">PDF</ulink>, which is a widely used cross-platform "
"printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink url=\"&ps;\">PS</"
"ulink> format with few additional features and extensions."
msgstr ""
"Le format <ulink url=\"&pdf;\">PDF</ulink> qui est un format imprimable "
"multi-plateformes largement utilisé, est essentiellement un format <ulink "
"url=\"&ps;\">PS</ulink> compressé avec quelques fonctionnalités et "
"extensions supplémentaires ."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"For command line, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>psmerge</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and other commands "
"from the <literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating "
"PostScript documents.  Commands in the <literal>pdfjam</literal> package "
"work similarly for manipulating PDF documents. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdftk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> from the <literal>pdftk</literal> package is useful for "
"manipulating PDF documents, too."
msgstr ""
"En ligne de commandes, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>psmerge</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et d’autres commandes "
"du paquet <literal>psutils</literal> sont utiles pour manipuler des "
"documents PostScript. Les commandes issues du paquet <literal>pdfjam</"
"literal> fonctionnent de manière similaire pour la manipulation de documents "
"PDF. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdftk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> issu du paquet <literal>pdftk</literal> est aussi "
"utile pour la manipulation de documents PDF."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Printable data utilities"
msgstr "Utilitaires pour les données imprimables"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets suivants fournissant des utilitaires pour les données "
"imprimables ont attiré mon attention&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of printable data utilities"
msgstr "Liste des utilitaires pour les données imprimables"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "pdf→ps,text,…"
msgstr "pdf→ps,text,…"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, "
"<literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, "
"<literal>pdffonts</literal>"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires PDF&nbsp;:: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</"
"literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, "
"<literal>pdffonts</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ps→ps"
msgstr "ps→ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PostScript document conversion tools"
msgstr "outils de conversion de document PostScript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "create large posters out of PostScript pages"
msgstr "créer des posters de grande dimension à partir de pages PostScript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text→ps, html, rtf"
msgstr "text→ps, html, rtf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print"
msgstr "convertir du text ASCII en PostScript, HTML, RTF ou Pretty-Print"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text→ps"
msgstr "text→ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer"
msgstr ""
"Convertisseur de «&nbsp;N’importe quoi vers PostScript&nbsp;» et imprimeur "
"élégant"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "pdf→pdf"
msgstr "pdf→pdf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal>"
msgstr "outil de conversion de documents PDF&nbsp;: <literal>pdftk</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "text,ps→ps"
msgstr "text,ps→ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "print multiple pages per sheet"
msgstr "imprimer plusieurs pages par feuille"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "html→ps"
msgstr "html→ps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from HTML to PostScript"
msgstr "convertisseur de HTML vers PostScript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"PDF document conversion tools: <literal>pdf90</literal>, <literal>pdfjoin</"
"literal>, and <literal>pdfnup</literal>"
msgstr ""
"outils de conversion de documents PDF&nbsp;: <literal>pdf90</literal>, "
"<literal>pdfjoin</literal> et <literal>pdfnup</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "html→latex"
msgstr "html→latex"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from html to latex"
msgstr "convertisseur de html vers latex"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "latex→rtf"
msgstr "latex→rtf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word"
msgstr ""
"convertir des documents de LaTeX en RTF qui peuvent être lus par MS Word"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ps→eps"
msgstr "ps→eps"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)"
msgstr "convertisseur de PostScript vers EPS (PostScript encapsulé)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de texte vers PostScript avec la prise en charge du codage "
"japonais"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PostScript utilities"
msgstr "Utilitaires PostScript"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and "
"Verilog) to PostScript. (C language)"
msgstr ""
"imprime élégamment de nombreux codes source (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, "
"Pike, Sh, et Verilog) vers PostScript. (langage C)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ps→svg"
msgstr "ps→svg"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"converter from PDF to <ulink url=\"&scalablevectorgraphics;\">Scalable "
"vector graphics</ulink> format"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de PDF vers le format <ulink url=\"&scalablevectorgraphics;"
"\">Scalable vector graphics</ulink> («&nbsp;SVG&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ps→ipe"
msgstr "ps→ipe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from PDF to IPE's XML format"
msgstr "convertisseur de PDF vers le format IPE d’XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Printing with CUPS"
msgstr "Imprimer avec CUPS"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Both <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands offered by "
"<ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common Unix Printing System "
"(CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data."
msgstr ""
"Les commandes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> proposées par le "
"<ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common UNIX Printing System "
"(CUPS)</ulink> fournissent toutes deux des options de personnalisation des "
"données imprimables."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following "
"commands."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez imprimer 3 copies d’un fichier en utilisant une des commandes "
"suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ lp -n 3 -o Collate=True filename"
msgstr "$ lp -n 3 -o Collate=True NomFichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ lpr -#3 -o Collate=True filename"
msgstr "$ lpr -#3 -o Collate=True NomFichier"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as "
"\"<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>\", \"<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>"
"\", \"<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>\", \"<literal>-o scaling=200</"
"literal>\", \"<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>\", etc., documented "
"at <ulink url=\"&commandlineprintingandoptions;\">Command-Line Printing and "
"Options</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez personnaliser davantage le fonctionnement de l’imprimante en "
"utilisant des options d’impression telles que «&nbsp;<literal>-o number-"
"up=2</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>&nbsp;», "
"«&nbsp;<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>-o "
"scaling=200</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</"
"literal>&nbsp;», etc., documentées sur <ulink url="
"\"&commandlineprintingandoptions;\"> Impression et options en ligne de "
"commande</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The mail data conversion"
msgstr "La conversion de données de courrier électronique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets suivants, destinés à la conversion de données de courrier "
"électronique, ont attiré mon attention&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of packages to help mail data conversion"
msgstr ""
"Liste de paquets facilitant la conversion de données de courrier électronique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "mail"
msgstr "mail"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>unshar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>uuencode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uudecode</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>unshar</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>uuencode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uudecode</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "MIME"
msgstr "MIME"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"encoding and decoding of <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> messages: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"encoder et décoder des messages <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink>&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ms-tnef"
msgstr "ms-tnef"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"unpacking <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> attachments of type "
"\"application/ms-tnef\" which is a Microsoft only format"
msgstr ""
"dépaqueter des attachements <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> de type "
"«&nbsp;application/ms-tnef&nbsp;» qui est un format propre à Microsoft"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink url=\"&uuencode;"
"\">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&xxencode;\">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&basege;\">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&quotedprintable;\">quoted "
"printable</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&binhex;\">BinHex</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"encodeur et décodeur pour les formats suivants&nbsp;: <ulink url=\"&uuencode;"
"\">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&xxencode;\">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&basege;\">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&quotedprintable;\">quoted "
"printable</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&binhex;\">BinHex</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PST"
msgstr "PST"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"convert Microsoft <ulink url=\"&outlookpstfiles;\">Outlook PST files</ulink> "
"to <ulink url=\"&mbox;\">mbox</ulink> format"
msgstr ""
"convertir les <ulink url=\"&outlookpstfiles;\">fichiers Outlook PST files</"
"ulink> de Microsoft vers le format <ulink url=\"&mbox;\">mbox</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&internetmessageaccessprotocol;\">Internet Message Access "
"Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server (see <xref linkend="
"\"_pop3_imap4_server\"/>) may be used to move mails out from proprietary "
"mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to use IMAP4 "
"server too."
msgstr ""
"Le serveur de <ulink url=\"&internetmessageaccessprotocol;\">protocole "
"Internet d’accès au messages</ulink> («&nbsp;d’Internet Message Access "
"Protocol&nbsp;») version 4 (IMAP4) (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_pop3_imap4_server\"/>) peut être utilisé pour déplacer des courriels "
"depuis des systèmes de courriels propriétaires si le  logiciel de courriel "
"client peut aussi être configuré pour utiliser le serveur IMAP4."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Mail data basics"
msgstr "Bases concernant les données de courrier électronique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Mail (<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to series "
"of 7 bit data.  So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit "
"format with the <ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;"
"\">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of "
"the charset (see <xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Les données (<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink>) de courrier électronique "
"doivent être limitées à des séries de données de 7 bits. Les données "
"binaires et les données textuelles sur 8 bits sont codées dans un format sur "
"7 bits avec <ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose "
"Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> et la sélection du jeu de caractères "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink url="
"\"&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;\">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>.  See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mbox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> package)."
msgstr ""
"Le format standard d’enregistrement du courrier électronique est «&nbsp;"
"mbox&nbsp;» selon la <ulink url=\"&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;\">RFC2822 (RFC822 "
"mise à jour)</ulink>. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mbox</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> (fourni par le paquet "
"<literal>mutt</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For European languages, \"<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-"
"printable</literal>\" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for mail "
"since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded in "
"UTF-8, \"<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>\" is "
"likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data."
msgstr ""
"Pour les langues européennes, on utilise habituellement pour le courriel "
"«&nbsp;<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>&nbsp;» "
"avec le jeu de caractères ISO-8859-1 car il n’y a pas beaucoup de caractères "
"de 8 bits. Si le texte européen est codé en UTF-8, on préférera utiliser "
"«&nbsp;<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>&nbsp;» "
"car ce sont essentiellement des données sur 7 bits."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For Japanese, traditionally \"<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; "
"charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>\" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 "
"bits.  But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without "
"proper declaration.  If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink url="
"\"&basege;\">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many 8 "
"bit data.  The situation of other Asian languages is similar."
msgstr ""
"Pour le japonais, «&nbsp;<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-"
"JP</literal>&nbsp;» est habituellement utilisé pour le courriel afin de "
"conserver le texte sur 7 bits. Mais les anciens systèmes Microsoft peuvent "
"envoyer des données de courriel en Shift-JIS sans le déclarer proprement. Si "
"le texte japonais est codé en UTF-8, on utilisera de préférence <ulink url="
"\"&basege;\">Base64</ulink> car il comporte de nombreuses données sur 8 "
"bits. La situation des autres langues asiatiques est similaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software "
"which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by "
"running your own IMAP4 server (see <xref linkend=\"_pop3_imap4_server\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Pour les données de courriel non-UNIX accessibles par un logiciel client ne "
"venant pas de Debian, il est possible de dialoguer avec le serveur IMAP4, il "
"vous faudra peut-être les déplacer en lançant votre propre serveur IMAP4 "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"_pop3_imap4_server\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the "
"good first step.  The versatile client program such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> may be handy for this."
msgstr ""
"Si vous utilisez d’autres formats d’enregistrement de courriel, les mettre "
"dans le format mbox est une bonne première étape. Un programme client souple "
"comme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> peut être pratique pour le faire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can split mailbox contents to each message using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>formail</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez éclater le contenu d’une boîte à lettre en messages séparés en "
"utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>formail</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each mail message can be unpacked using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or "
"other specialized tools) to obtain the MIME encoded contents."
msgstr ""
"Chaque message de courrier électronique peut être dépaqueté en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> qui provient du paquet <literal>mpack</literal> "
"(ou d’autres outils spécialisés) afin d’en obtenir le contenu codé en MIME."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Graphic data tools"
msgstr "Outils de données graphiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The following packages for the graphic data conversion, editing, and "
"organization tools caught my eyes."
msgstr ""
"Les paquets suivants contenant des outils pour la conversion, l’édition et "
"l’organisation de données graphiques ont attiré mon attention&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of graphic data tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils pour les données graphiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image(bitmap)"
msgstr "image (bitmap)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU Image Manipulation Program"
msgstr ""
"Programme de manipulation d’images GNU (&nbsp;GNU Image Manipulation "
"Program&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image manipulation programs"
msgstr "programmes de manipulation d’images"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image manipulation programs (fork of <literal>imagemagick</literal>)"
msgstr ""
"programmes de manipulation d’images (dérivés d’<literal>imagemagick</"
"literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GTK+-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)"
msgstr ""
"Interface graphique X11 de SANE basée sur GTK+ (Scanner Access Now Easy)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "graphics conversion tools"
msgstr "outils de conversion graphique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "png↔ico(bitmap)"
msgstr "png↔ico (bitmap)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"convert <ulink url=\"&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;\">MS Windows icons "
"and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&faviconico;"
"\">favicon.ico</ulink>)"
msgstr ""
"convertit les <ulink url=\"&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;\">icônes et "
"curseurs de MS Windows de et vers des formats PNG</ulink> (<ulink url="
"\"&faviconico;\">favicon.ico</ulink>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ps/pdf/SVG/…"
msgstr "ps/pdf/SVG/…"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<ulink url=\"&scribus;\">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor"
msgstr "éditeur DTP <ulink url=\"&scribus;\">Scribus</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image(vector)"
msgstr "image (vectorielle)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "LibreOffice office suite - drawing"
msgstr "suite de bureautique LibreOffice - dessin"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&svgscalablevectorgraphics;\">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</"
"ulink> editor"
msgstr ""
"éditeur <ulink url=\"&svgscalablevectorgraphics;\">SVG (Scalable Vector "
"Graphics)</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "diagram editor (GNOME)"
msgstr "éditeur de diagrammes (GNOME)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "diagram editor (Gtk)"
msgstr "éditeur de diagrammes (Gtk)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11"
msgstr "Outil de génération interactive de figures sous X11"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ps/pdf→image(vector)"
msgstr "ps/pdf→image (vectorielle)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG)"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de fichiers PostScript et PDF en graphiques vectoriels "
"éditables (SVG)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Windows/image(vector)"
msgstr "Windows/image (vectorielle)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Windows metafile (vector graphic data) conversion tools"
msgstr ""
"outils de conversion de métafichiers Windows (données graphiques "
"vectorielles)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "fig→sxd(vector)"
msgstr "fig→sxd (vectorielle)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format"
msgstr "conversion de fichiers XFig dans le format OpenOffice.org Draw"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image→image"
msgstr "image→image"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url=\"&ocr;\">OCR</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"outil de post-traitement pour des pages numérisées pour <ulink url=\"&ocr;"
"\">OCR</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image→text"
msgstr "image→texte"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"free <ulink url=\"&ocr;\">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial "
"OCR engine"
msgstr ""
"logiciel <ulink url=\"&ocr;\">OCR</ulink> libre basé sur le moteur "
"commercial OCR de HP"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text"
msgstr ""
"moteur de données OCR&nbsp;: fichier de langue de tesseract-ocr pour le "
"texte en anglais"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "free OCR software"
msgstr "logiciel OCR libre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image(Exif)"
msgstr "image (Exif)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Eye of GNOME graphics viewer program"
msgstr "Programme de visualisation d’images « Eye of Gnome » (l’œil de Gnome)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image viewer and browser (GNOME)"
msgstr "visionneuse et gestionnaire de photos (GNOME)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image viewer using GTK+"
msgstr "Visualiseur d’images utilisant GTK+"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "digital photo organizer (GNOME)"
msgstr "gestionnaire de photos numériques (GNOME)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "personal photo management application (GNOME)"
msgstr "Application de gestion de photos personnelles (GNOME)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "application for retrieving media from digital cameras (GTK+)"
msgstr ""
"Application destinée à rapatrier des données numériques depuis les appareils "
"photo numériques (GTK+)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "The gphoto2 digital camera command-line client"
msgstr "Le client en ligne de commande pour appareil photo numérique gphoto2"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image viewer (KDE)"
msgstr "visionneuse d’images (KDE)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "digital camera support for KDE applications"
msgstr "gestion des appareils photo numériques dans les applications KDE"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "digital photo management application for KDE"
msgstr "application de gestion photos numériques (KDE)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "EXIF/IPTC metadata manipulation tool"
msgstr "Outil pour manipuler les méta-données EXIF/IPTC"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "transform digital camera jpeg images"
msgstr "transformer les images JPEG des appareils photo numériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"manipulate the non-image part of Exif compliant JPEG (digital camera photo) "
"files"
msgstr ""
"manipuler la partie non graphique des fichiers JPEG compatibles avec Exif "
"(appareils photo numériques)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire en ligne de commandes pour afficher les informations EXIF "
"contenues dans les fichiers JPEG"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file"
msgstr ""
"utilitaire pour lire les balises Exif depuis un fichier JPEG d’appareil "
"photo numérique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "read metadata from digital pictures"
msgstr "lire les métadonnées des images numériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image(Raw)→ppm"
msgstr "image (Raw)→ppm"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "decode raw digital camera images"
msgstr ""
"décoder les images brutes («&nbsp;raw&nbsp;») des appareils photo numériques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image→fingerprint"
msgstr "image→fingerprint"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "find visually similar or duplicate images"
msgstr "rechercher des images visuellement similaires ou dupliquées"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics"
msgstr ""
"assembler des images pour en améliorer la fidélité ou créer des mosaïques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "image(Exif)→html"
msgstr "image (Exif)→html"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "generate static HTML galleries from images"
msgstr "créer des galeries HTML statiques depuis des images"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "generate static HTML photo albums using XML and EXIF tags"
msgstr ""
"créer des albums photos statiques en HTMM en utilisant XML et les balises "
"EXIF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "jpeg,png"
msgstr "jpeg,png"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "universal <ulink url=\"&steganographic;\">Steganographic</ulink> tool"
msgstr ""
"outil universel <ulink url=\"&steganographic;\">Stéganographique</ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "DXF"
msgstr "DXF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "CAD data editor (KDE)"
msgstr "éditeur de données de CAO (KDE)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "blend, TIFF, VRML, …"
msgstr "blend, TIFF, VRML, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "3D content editor for animation etc"
msgstr "éditeur de contenu 3D pour l’animation, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ms3d, obj, dxf, …"
msgstr "ms3d, obj, dxf, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "OpenGL based 3D model editor"
msgstr "Éditeur de modèles 3D basé sur OpenGL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ttf, ps, …"
msgstr "ttf, ps, …"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "metapackage for open font design"
msgstr "métapaquet pour la conception de polices libres"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts"
msgstr "éditeur pour les polices PS, TrueType et OpenType"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ttf"
msgstr "ttf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"program for <ulink url=\"&gridfittingandhinting;\">gridfitting and hinting</"
"ulink> TrueType fonts"
msgstr ""
"programme pour <ulink url=\"&gridfittingandhinting;\">l’ajustement à la "
"grille et l'optimisation de rendu</ulink> des polices TrueType"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Search more image tools using regex \"<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>"
"\" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Recherchez d’autres outils pour les images en utilisant l’expression "
"rationnelle «&nbsp;<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>&nbsp;» dans "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although GUI programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gimp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are very powerful, "
"command line tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>imagemagick</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are quite useful for "
"automating image manipulation via scripts."
msgstr ""
"Bien que des programmes ayant une interface graphique comme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gimp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> soient très puissants, des outils en ligne de commandes comme "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>imagemagick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> sont assez utiles pour la manipulation automatique "
"d’images au moyen de scripts."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink url="
"\"&exchangeableimagefileformat;\">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> "
"(EXIF) which is the <ulink url=\"&jpeg;\">JPEG</ulink> image file format "
"with additional metadata tags.  It can hold information such as date, time, "
"and camera settings."
msgstr ""
"Le format standard de fait pour les images d’appareils photo numériques est "
"<ulink url=\"&exchangeableimagefileformat;\">Exchangeable Image File Format</"
"ulink> (EXIF) qui est composé d’une image au format <ulink url=\"&jpeg;"
"\">JPEG</ulink> à laquelle sont ajoutées des balises de métadonnées. Il peut "
"contenir des informations telles que la date, l’heure ou les paramètres de "
"l’appareil photo."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;\">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) "
"lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired.  <ulink url="
"\"&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;\">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> "
"utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely available on "
"the Debian system."
msgstr ""
"Le brevet de compression de données sans perte <ulink url="
"\"&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;\">Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW)</ulink> est "
"arrivé en fin de validité. Les utilitaires du format <ulink url="
"\"&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;\">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> "
"qui utilise la méthode de compression LZW peuvent être maintenant librement "
"disponibles sur un système Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with "
"Linux through <ulink url=\"&usbstorage;\">USB storage</ulink> readers since "
"it follows the <ulink url=\"&designruleforcamerafilesystem;\">Design rule "
"for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url=\"&fat;\">FAT</ulink> "
"filesystem. See <xref linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>."
msgstr ""
"Tous les appareils photo numériques ou les scanners ayant un support "
"d’enregistrement amovible fonctionnent sous Linux avec des lecteurs «&nbsp;"
"<ulink url=\"&usbstorage;\">USB storage</ulink>&nbsp;» s’ils sont conformes "
"à la <ulink url=\"&designruleforcamerafilesystem;\">Design rule for Camera "
"Filesystem</ulink> et utilisent un système de fichiers <ulink url=\"&fat;"
"\">FAT</ulink>. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Miscellaneous data conversion"
msgstr "Diverses conversions de données "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught "
"my eyes using regex \"<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>\" in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="
"\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)."
msgstr ""
"Il y a de nombreux programmes pour convertir les données. Les paquets "
"suivants ont attiré mon attention en utilisant l’expression rationnelle "
"«&nbsp;<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>&nbsp;» avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend="
"\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of miscellaneous data conversion tools"
msgstr "Liste d’outils divers de conversion de données"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "rpm/tgz→deb"
msgstr "rpm/tgz→deb"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter for the foreign package into the Debian package"
msgstr "convertisseur de paquets étrangers vers des paquets Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "EB→EPWING"
msgstr "EB→EPWING"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"converter from \"Electric Book\" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink url="
"\"&jisxeaib;\">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink url="
"\"&epwing;\">EPWING</ulink> V1)"
msgstr ""
"convertisseur de «&nbsp;Electric Book&nbsp;» (Livre électronique - populaire "
"au Japon) en un simple format <ulink url=\"&jisxeaib;\">JIS X 4081</ulink> "
"(un sous-ensemble de <ulink url=\"&epwing;\">EPWING</ulink> V1)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "any→EPUB"
msgstr "tout→EPUB"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "You can also extract data from RPM format with the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez aussi extraire des données depuis le format RPM avec ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$ rpm2cpio file.src.rpm | cpio --extract"
msgstr "$ rpm2cpio fichier.src.rpm | cpio --extract"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Programming"
msgstr "Programmation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I provide some pointers for people to learn programming on the Debian system "
"enough to trace the packaged source code.  Here are notable packages and "
"corresponding documentation packages for programing."
msgstr ""
"Je donne quelques indications pour apprendre à programmer sous le système "
"Debian, suffisantes pour suivre le code source mis en paquets. Voici les "
"paquets importants correspondant aux paquets de documentation pour la "
"programmations&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><title>
msgid "List of packages to help programing"
msgstr "Liste de paquets pour aider à la programmation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "documentation"
msgstr "documentation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info autoconf</literal>\" provided by <literal>autoconf-doc</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info autoconf</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>autoconf-"
"doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info automake</literal>\" provided by <literal>automake1.10-doc</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info automake</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par "
"<literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info bash</literal>\" provided by <literal>bash-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info bash</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>bash-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info bison</literal>\" provided by <literal>bison-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info bison</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>bison-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>info cpp</literal>\" provided by <literal>cpp-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info cpp</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>cpp-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>info ddd</literal>\" provided by <literal>ddd-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info ddd</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>ddd-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exuberant-ctags</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exuberant-ctags</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info flex</literal>\" provided by <literal>flex-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info flex</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>flex-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info gawk</literal>\" provided by <literal>gawk-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info gawk</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>gawk-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>info gcc</literal>\" provided by <literal>gcc-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info gcc</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>gcc-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>info gdb</literal>\" provided by <literal>gdb-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info gdb</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>gdb-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info gettext</literal>\" provided by <literal>gettext-doc</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info gettext</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>gettext-"
"doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info gfortran</literal>\" provided by <literal>gfortran-doc</"
"literal> (Fortran 95)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info gfortran</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>gfortran-"
"doc</literal> (Fortran 95)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and html by <literal>fp-docs</literal> (Pascal)"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et les pages html fournies par <literal>fp-doc</literal> "
"(Pascal)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "help provided via menu (UI Builder)"
msgstr "l’aide fournie par le menu (UI Builder)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info libc</literal>\" provided by <literal>glibc-doc</literal> "
"and <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info libc</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>glibc-doc</"
"literal> et <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info make</literal>\" provided by <literal>make-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info make</literal>&nbsp;» fourni par <literal>make-doc</"
"literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>imake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmkmf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>imake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmkmf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mawk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mawk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and html pages provided by <literal>perl-doc</literal> and "
"<literal>perl-doc-html</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et les pages html fournies par <literal>perl-doc</literal> et "
"<literal>perl-doc-html</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and html pages provided by <literal>python-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et les pages html fournies par <literal>python-doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tcl8.4-doc</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et les pages de manuel détaillées fournies par <literal>tcl8.4-"
"doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tk8.4-doc</"
"literal>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et les pages de manuel détaillées fournies par <literal>tk8.4-"
"doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ruby</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and interactive reference provided by <literal>ri</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ruby</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et la référence interactive fournir par <literal>ri</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "help(F1) menu provided by <literal>vim-doc</literal>"
msgstr "menu d’aide (F1) fourni par <literal>vim-doc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"fetch \"<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;\">The Single UNIX "
"Specifications v2</ulink>\""
msgstr ""
"aller chercher «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;\">The "
"Single UNIX Specifications v2</ulink>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"fetch \"<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;\">The Single UNIX "
"Specifications v3</ulink>\""
msgstr ""
"aller chercher «&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;\">The "
"Single UNIX Specifications v3</ulink>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Online references are available by typing \"<literal>man name</literal>\" "
"after installing <literal>manpages</literal> and <literal>manpages-dev</"
"literal> packages. Online references for the GNU tools are available by "
"typing \"<literal>info program_name</literal>\" after installing the "
"pertinent documentation packages.  You may need to include the "
"<literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives in "
"addition to the <literal>main</literal> archive since some GFDL "
"documentations are not considered to be DFSG compliant."
msgstr ""
"Une référence en ligne est accessible en entrant «&nbsp;<literal>man name</"
"literal>&nbsp;» après l’installation des paquets  <literal>manpages</"
"literal> et <literal>manpages-dev</literal>. Les références en ligne des "
"outils GNU tools sont disponibles en entrant «&nbsp;<literal>info "
"nom_programme</literal>&nbsp;» après l’installation des paquets de "
"documentation pertinents. Vous devrez peut-être inclure les archives "
"<literal>contrib</literal> et <literal>non-free</literal> en plus de "
"l’archive <literal>main</literal> car certaines documentations GFDL ne sont "
"pas considérées comme conformes à DFSG."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not use \"<literal>test</literal>\" as the name of an executable test "
"file.  \"<literal>test</literal>\" is a shell builtin."
msgstr ""
"N’utilisez pas «&nbsp;<literal>test</literal>&nbsp;» comme nom d’un fichier "
"exécutable. «&nbsp;<literal>test</literal>&nbsp;» fait partie de "
"l’interpréteur de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><caution><para>
msgid ""
"You should install software programs directly compiled from source into "
"\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" or \"<literal>/opt</literal>\" to avoid "
"collision with system programs."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez installer les programmes directement compilés à partir des "
"sources dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>/"
"opt</literal>&nbsp;» afin d’éviter des collisions avec les programmes du "
"système."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;\">Code examples of creating "
"\"Song 99 Bottles of Beer\"</ulink> should give you good ideas of "
"practically all the programming languages."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;\">Les exemples de code pour "
"la création de «&nbsp;Song 99 Bottles of Beer&nbsp;»</ulink> devraient vous "
"donner de bonnes indications sur pratiquement tous les langages de "
"programmation."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The shell script"
msgstr "Les scripts de l’interpréteur de commande"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&shellscript;\">shell script</ulink> is a text file with "
"the execution bit set and contains the commands in the following format."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&shellscript;\">script de l’interpréteur de commandes</"
"ulink> («&nbsp;shell script&nbsp;» est un fichier texte dont le bit "
"d’exécution est positionné et qui contient des commandes dans le format "
"suivant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#!/bin/sh\n"
" ... command lines"
msgstr ""
"#!/bin/sh\n"
" ... lignes de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The first line specifies the shell interpreter which read and execute this "
"file contents."
msgstr ""
"La première ligne indique l’interpréteur qui sera utilisé pour lire et "
"exécuter le contenu de ce fichier."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Reading shell scripts is the <emphasis role=\"strong\">best</emphasis> way "
"to understand how a Unix-like system works.  Here, I give some pointers and "
"reminders for shell programming. See \"Shell Mistakes\" (<ulink url="
"\"&httpwwwgreenendokcaabaeshellhtml;\">http://www.greenend.org.uk/"
"rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) to learn from mistakes."
msgstr ""
"La lecture des scripts de l’interpréteur de commandes est la <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">meilleure</emphasis> manière de comprendre comment fonctionne un "
"système de type UNIX. Je donne ici quelques indications et rappels de la "
"programmation avec l’interpréteur de commandes. Consultez «&nbsp;Erreurs en "
"shell&nbsp;» (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwgreenendokcaabaeshellhtml;\">http://www."
"greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) pour apprendre à partir "
"d’erreurs."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Unlike shell interactive mode (see <xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command"
"\"/> and <xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/>), shell scripts "
"frequently use parameters, conditionals, and loops."
msgstr ""
"Contrairement à l’interpréteur de commandes en mode interactif (consultez "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> et <xref linkend="
"\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/>), les scripts de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes utilisent souvent des paramètres, des conditions et des boucles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "POSIX shell compatibility"
msgstr "Compatibilité de l’interpréteur de commandes avec POSIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many system scripts may be interpreted by any one of <ulink url=\"&posix;"
"\">POSIX</ulink> shells (see <xref linkend=\"list-of-shell-programs\"/>).  "
"The default shell for the system is \"<literal>/bin/sh</literal>\" which is "
"a symlink pointing to the actual program."
msgstr ""
"De nombreux scripts systèmes peuvent être interprétés par n’importe lequel "
"des interpréteurs de commande <ulink url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> "
"(consultez <xref linkend=\"list-of-shell-programs\"/>). L’interpréteur de "
"commandes par défaut pour le système est «&nbsp;<literal>/bin/sh</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui est un lien symbolique pointant vers le programme réel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for <literal>lenny</literal> or older"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour <literal>lenny</literal> ou plus ancien"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> for <literal>squeeze</literal> or newer"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> pour <literal>squeeze</literal> ou plus récent"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Avoid writing a shell script with <emphasis role=\"strong\">bashisms</"
"emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">zshisms</emphasis> to make it "
"portable among all POSIX shells.  You can check it using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkbashisms</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Évitez d’écrire des scripts de l’interpréteur de commandes avec des "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">bashismes</emphasis> ou des <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">zshismes</emphasis> afin de les rendre portables entre tous les "
"interpréteurs POSIX. Vous pouvez le vérifier en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkbashisms</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of typical bashisms"
msgstr "Liste de bashismes typiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Good: POSIX"
msgstr "Bon&nbsp;: POSIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "Avoid: bashism"
msgstr "À éviter&nbsp;: bashisme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>if [ \"$foo\" = \"$bar\" ] ; then …</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>if [ \"$toto\" = \"$titi\" ] ; then …</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>if [ \"$foo\" == \"$bar\" ] ; then …</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>if [ \"$toto\" == \"$titi\" ] ; then …</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>diff -u file.c.orig file.c</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>diff -u fichier.c.orig fichier.c</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>diff -u file.c{.orig,}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>diff -u fichier.c{.orig,}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mkdir /foobar /foobaz</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mkdir /tototiti /tototutu</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>mkdir /foo{bar,baz}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>mkdir /toto{titi,tutu}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>funcname() { … }</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>funcname() { … }</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>function funcname() { … }</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>function funcname() { … }</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "octal format: \"<literal>\\377</literal>\""
msgstr "format octal&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>\\377</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "hexadecimal format: \"<literal>\\xff</literal>\""
msgstr "format hexadécimal&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>\\xff</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>echo</literal>\" command must be used with following cares "
"since its implementation differs among shell builtin and external commands."
msgstr ""
"La commande «&nbsp;<literal>echo</literal>&nbsp;» doit être utilisée avec "
"les précautions suivantes car son implémentation diffère selon que l’on "
"utilise les commandes internes ou externes de l’interpréteur de "
"commandes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Avoid using any command options except \"<literal>-n</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Éviter d’utiliser toutes les options de commandes sauf «&nbsp;<literal>-n</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Avoid using escape sequences in the string since their handling varies."
msgstr ""
"Éviter d’utiliser les séquences d’échappement dans les chaînes de caractères "
"car leur prise en compte varie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"Although \"<literal>-n</literal>\" option is <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</"
"emphasis> really POSIX syntax, it is generally accepted."
msgstr ""
"Bien que l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-n</literal>&nbsp;» ne soit <emphasis role="
"\"strong\">pas</emphasis> vraiment de la syntaxe POSIX, elle est "
"généralement acceptée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Use the \"<literal>printf</literal>\" command instead of the "
"\"<literal>echo</literal>\" command if you need to embed escape sequences in "
"the output string."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez la commande «&nbsp;<literal>printf</literal>&nbsp;» plutôt que la  "
"commande «&nbsp;<literal>echo</literal>&nbsp;» si vous avez besoin "
"d’intégrer des séquences d’échappement dans la chaîne de sortie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Shell parameters"
msgstr "Paramètres de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Special shell parameters are frequently used in the shell script."
msgstr ""
"Des paramètres spéciaux de l’interpréteur de commandes sont souvent utilisés "
"dans les scripts de l’interpréteur de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of shell parameters"
msgstr "Liste des paramètres de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "shell parameter"
msgstr "paramètre de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "value"
msgstr "valeur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$0</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$0</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "name of the shell or shell script"
msgstr "nom de l’interpréteur ou du script de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$1</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$1</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "first (1st) shell argument"
msgstr "premier (1er) paramètre de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$9</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$9</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ninth (9th) shell argument"
msgstr "neuvième (9ème) paramètre de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$#</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$#</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "number of positional parameters"
msgstr "nombres de paramètres positionnels"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\"$*\"</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\"$*\"</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\"$1 $2 $3 $4 … \"</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\"$1 $2 $3 $4 … \"</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\"$@\"</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\"$@\"</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>\"$1\" \"$2\" \"$3\" \"$4\" …</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>\"$1\" \"$2\" \"$3\" \"$4\" …</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$?</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$?</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "exit status of the most recent command"
msgstr "valeur de retour de la commande la plus récente"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$$</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$$</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PID of this shell script"
msgstr "PID de ce script de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$!</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$!</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "PID of most recently started background job"
msgstr "PID de la tâche de fond la plus récemment lancée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Basic <emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter expansions</emphasis> to remember "
"are as follows."
msgstr ""
"Les <emphasis role=\"strong\">expansions de paramètre</emphasis> les plus "
"courantes à retenir sont mentionnées ci-dessous :"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of shell parameter expansions"
msgstr "Liste des expansions de paramètre de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "parameter expression form"
msgstr "forme de l’expression du paramètre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "value if <literal>var</literal> is set"
msgstr "valeur si <literal>var</literal> est positionnée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "value if <literal>var</literal> is not set"
msgstr "valeur si <literal>var</literal> n’est pas positionnée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var:-string}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var:-chaîne}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>$var</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>$var</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>string</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>chaîne</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var:+string}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var:+chaîne}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>null</literal>\""
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>null</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var:=string}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var:=chaîne}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>string</literal>\" (and run \"<literal>var=string</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>chaîne</literal>&nbsp;» (et lancer «&nbsp;"
"<literal>var=chaîne</literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var:?string}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var:?chaîne}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"echo \"<literal>string</literal>\" to <emphasis role=\"strong\">stderr</"
"emphasis> (and exit with error)"
msgstr ""
"echo «&nbsp;<literal>chaîne</literal>&nbsp;» vers <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">stderr</emphasis> (et quitter avec une erreur)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, the colon \"<literal>:</literal>\" in all of these operators is "
"actually optional."
msgstr ""
"Ici, les deux points «&nbsp;<literal>:</literal>&nbsp;» dans tous ces "
"opérateurs sont en fait optionnels."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">with</emphasis> \"<literal>:</literal>\" = "
"operator test for <emphasis role=\"strong\">exist</emphasis> and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">not null</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">avec</emphasis> «&nbsp;<literal>:</literal>&nbsp;» "
"= opérateur de test pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">existe</emphasis> et "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">différent de null</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">without</emphasis> \"<literal>:</literal>\" = "
"operator test for <emphasis role=\"strong\">exist</emphasis> only"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">sans</emphasis> «&nbsp;<literal>:</literal>&nbsp;» "
"= opérateur de test pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">existe</emphasis> "
"uniquement"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of key shell parameter substitutions"
msgstr "Liste des substitutions-clés de paramètres de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "parameter substitution form"
msgstr "forme de substitution de paramètre"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "result"
msgstr "résultat"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var%suffix}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var%suffixe}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove smallest suffix pattern"
msgstr "supprimer le motif de suffixe le plus petit "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var%%suffix}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var%%suffixe}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove largest suffix pattern"
msgstr "supprimer le motif de suffixe le plus grand"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var#prefix}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var#préfixe}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove smallest prefix pattern"
msgstr "supprimer le motif de préfixe le plus petit "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>${var##prefix}</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>${var##préfixe}</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "remove largest prefix pattern"
msgstr "supprimer le motif de suffixe le plus grand"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Shell conditionals"
msgstr "Opérateurs conditionnels de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Each command returns an <emphasis role=\"strong\">exit status</emphasis> "
"which can be used for conditional expressions."
msgstr ""
"Chaque commande retourne un <emphasis role=\"strong\">état de sortie</"
"emphasis> qui peut être utilisé pour des expressions conditionnelles."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Success: 0 (\"True\")"
msgstr "Succès&nbsp;: 0 («&nbsp;Vrai&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Error: non 0 (\"False\")"
msgstr "Erreur&nbsp;: différent de 0 («&nbsp;Faux&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"\"0\" in the shell conditional context means \"True\", while \"0\" in the C "
"conditional context means \"False\"."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;0&nbsp;» dans le contexte conditionnel de l’interpréteur signifie "
"«&nbsp;Vrai&nbsp;» alors que «&nbsp;0&nbsp;» dans le contexte conditionnel "
"de C signifie «&nbsp;Faux&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>[</literal>\" is the equivalent of the <literal>test</literal> "
"command, which evaluates its arguments up to \"<literal>]</literal>\" as a "
"conditional expression."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>[</literal>&nbsp;» est l’équivalent de la commande "
"<literal>test</literal>, qui évalue, comme expression conditionnelle, les "
"paramètres jusqu’à «&nbsp;<literal>]</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Basic <emphasis role=\"strong\">conditional idioms</emphasis> to remember "
"are the following."
msgstr ""
"Les <emphasis role=\"strong\">idiomes conditionnels</emphasis> de base à "
"retenir sont les suivants&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>&lt;command&gt; &amp;&amp; &lt;"
"if_success_run_this_command_too&gt; || true</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>&lt;commande&gt; &amp;&amp; &lt;"
"si_succès_lancer_aussi_cette_commande&gt; || true</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>&lt;command&gt; || &lt;if_not_success_run_this_command_too&gt; || "
"true</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>&lt;commande&gt; || &lt;"
"en_cas_de_non_succès_lancer_aussi_cette_commande&gt; || true</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "A multi-line script snippet as the following"
msgstr "Un morceau de script sur plusieurs lignes comme le suivant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"if [ &lt;conditional_expression&gt; ]; then\n"
" &lt;if_success_run_this_command&gt;\n"
"else\n"
" &lt;if_not_success_run_this_command&gt;\n"
"fi"
msgstr ""
"if [ &lt;expression_conditionnelle&gt; ]; then\n"
" &lt;si_succès_lancer_cette_commande&gt;\n"
"else\n"
" &lt;si_pas_de_succes_lancer_cette_commande&gt;\n"
"fi"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here trailing \"<literal>|| true</literal>\" was needed to ensure this shell "
"script does not exit at this line accidentally when shell is invoked with "
"\"<literal>-e</literal>\" flag."
msgstr ""
"Ici, le «&nbsp;<literal>|| true</literal>&nbsp;» était nécessaire pour "
"s’assurer que ce script de l’interpréteur ne se termine pas accidentellement "
"à cette ligne lorsque l’interpréteur est appelé avec l’indicateur «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-e</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of file comparison operators in the conditional expression"
msgstr ""
"Liste des opérateurs de comparaison dans les expressions conditionnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "equation"
msgstr "équation"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "condition to return logical true"
msgstr "condition pour retourner une valeur logique vraie"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-e &lt;file&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-e &lt;fichier&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;file&gt; exists"
msgstr "&lt;fichier&gt; existe"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-d &lt;file&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-d &lt;fichier&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;file&gt; exists and is a directory"
msgstr "&lt;fichier&gt; existe et est un répertoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-f &lt;file&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-f &lt;fichier&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;file&gt; exists and is a regular file"
msgstr ""
"&lt;fichier&gt; existe et est un fichier normal («&nbsp;régulier&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-w &lt;file&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-w &lt;fichier&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;file&gt; exists and is writable"
msgstr "&lt;fichier&gt; existe et peut être écrit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-x &lt;file&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-x &lt;fichier&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;file&gt; exists and is executable"
msgstr "&lt;fichier&gt; existe et est exécutable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;file1&gt; -nt &lt;file2&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;fichier1&gt; -nt &lt;fichier2&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;file1&gt; is newer than &lt;file2&gt; (modification)"
msgstr "&lt;fichier1&gt; est plus récent que  &lt;fichier2&gt; (modification)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;file1&gt; -ot &lt;file2&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;fichier1&gt; -ot &lt;fichier2&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;file1&gt; is older than &lt;file2&gt; (modification)"
msgstr "&lt;fichier1&gt; est plus ancien que &lt;fichier2&gt; (modification)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;file1&gt; -ef &lt;file2&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;fichier1&gt; -ef &lt;fichier2&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"&lt;file1&gt; and &lt;file2&gt; are on the same device and the same inode "
"number"
msgstr ""
"&lt;fichier1&gt; et &lt;fichier2&gt; sont sur le même périphérique et le "
"même numéro d’inœud"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of string comparison operators in the conditional expression"
msgstr ""
"Liste des opérateurs de comparaison de chaîne de caractères dans les "
"expressions conditionnelles"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-z &lt;str&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-z &lt;str&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the length of &lt;str&gt; is zero"
msgstr "la longueur de &lt;str&gt; est nulle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>-n &lt;str&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>-n &lt;str&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "the length of &lt;str&gt; is non-zero"
msgstr "la longueur de &lt;str&gt; est non nulle"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; = &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; = &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;str1&gt; and &lt;str2&gt; are equal"
msgstr "&lt;str1&gt; et &lt;str2&gt; sont égales"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; != &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; != &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;str1&gt; and &lt;str2&gt; are not equal"
msgstr "&lt;str1&gt; et &lt;str2&gt; ne sont pas égales"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; &lt; &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; &lt; &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;str1&gt; sorts before &lt;str2&gt; (locale dependent)"
msgstr ""
"&lt;str1&gt; est trié avant &lt;str2&gt; (dépendant des paramètres "
"linguistiques)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; &gt; &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>&lt;str1&gt; &gt; &lt;str2&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "&lt;str1&gt; sorts after &lt;str2&gt; (locale dependent)"
msgstr ""
"&lt;str1&gt; est trié après &lt;str2&gt; (dépendant des paramètres "
"linguistiques)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Arithmetic</emphasis> integer comparison operators "
"in the conditional expression are \"<literal>-eq</literal>\", \"<literal>-"
"ne</literal>\", \"<literal>-lt</literal>\", \"<literal>-le</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>-gt</literal>\", and \"<literal>-ge</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Les opérateurs de comparaison <emphasis role=\"strong\">arithmétique</"
"emphasis> entière dans les expressions conditionnelles sont «&nbsp;<literal>-"
"eq</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>-ne</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>-"
"lt</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>-le</literal>&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<literal>-"
"gt</literal>&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;<literal>-ge</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Shell loops"
msgstr "Boucles de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are several loop idioms to use in POSIX shell."
msgstr ""
"Il existe un certains nombre d’idiomes de boucles qu’on peut utiliser avec "
"un interpréteur de commandes POSIX."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>\" loops by "
"assigning items from the list \"<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>\" to variable "
"\"<literal>x</literal>\" and executing \"<literal>command</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>for x in toto1 toto2 ... ; do commande ; done</"
"literal>&nbsp;» boucle en assignant les éléments de la liste «&nbsp;"
"<literal>toto1 toto2 ...</literal>&nbsp;» à la variable «&nbsp;<literal>x</"
"literal>&nbsp;» et et en exécutant la «&nbsp;<literal>commande</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>\" repeats "
"\"<literal>command</literal>\" while \"<literal>condition</literal>\" is "
"true."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;\"<literal>while condition ; do commande ; done</literal>&nbsp;» "
"répète la «&nbsp;<literal>commande</literal>&nbsp;» tant que la «&nbsp;"
"<literal>condition</literal>&nbsp;» est vraie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>\" repeats "
"\"<literal>command</literal>\" while \"<literal>condition</literal>\" is not "
"true."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>until condition ; do commande ; done</literal>&nbsp;» répète "
"la «&nbsp;<literal>commande</literal>&nbsp;» tant que «&nbsp;«&nbsp;"
"<literal>condition</literal>&nbsp;» n’est pas vraie."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>break</literal>\" enables to exit from the loop."
msgstr "«&nbsp;<literal>break</literal>&nbsp;» permet de quitter la boucle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>continue</literal>\" enables to resume the next iteration of the "
"loop."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>continue</literal>&nbsp;» permet de reprendre l’itération "
"suivante de la boucle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&c;\">C</ulink>-language like numeric iteration can be "
"realized by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>seq</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as the \"<literal>foo1 "
"foo2 …</literal>\" generator."
msgstr ""
"Les itérations numériques semblables à celles du langage <ulink url=\"&c;"
"\">C</ulink> peuvent être réalisées en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>seq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> comme générateur de «&nbsp;<literal>toto1 toto2 …</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>."
msgstr "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "The shell command-line processing sequence"
msgstr "Séquence de traitement de la ligne de commandes de l’interpréteur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The shell processes a script roughly as the following sequence."
msgstr ""
"En gros, l’interpréteur de commandes traite un script de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The shell reads a line."
msgstr "l’interpréteur de commandes lit une ligne&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell groups a part of the line as <emphasis role=\"strong\">one token</"
"emphasis> if it is within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes regroupe une partie de la ligne sous forme "
"d’<emphasis role=\"strong\">un élément</emphasis> («&nbsp;token&nbsp;» si "
"elle se trouve entre <literal>\"…\"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</"
"literal>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell splits other part of a line into <emphasis role=\"strong\">tokens</"
"emphasis> by the following."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes découpe les autres parties de la ligne en "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">éléments</emphasis> comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Whitespaces: <literal>&lt;space&gt; &lt;tab&gt; &lt;newline&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""
"Espaces&nbsp;: <literal>&lt;espace&gt; &lt;tabulation&gt; &lt;saut-de-"
"ligne&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Metacharacters: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>"
msgstr "Métacaractères&nbsp;: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell checks the <emphasis role=\"strong\">reserved word</emphasis> for "
"each token to adjust its behavior if not within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or "
"<literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes vérifie les <emphasis role=\"strong\">mots "
"réservés</emphasis> pour chacun des éléments et ajuste son comportement s’il "
"ne se trouve pas entre <literal>\"…\"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">reserved word</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif "
"else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">mot réservé</emphasis>&nbsp;: <literal>if then "
"elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">alias</emphasis> if not within "
"<literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""
"L’interpréteur de commandes étend les <emphasis role=\"strong\">alias</"
"emphasis> s’ils ne se trouvent pas entre <literal>\"…\"</literal> ou "
"<literal>'…'</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">tilde</emphasis> if not within "
"<literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes étend les <emphasis role=\"strong\">tilde</"
"emphasis> s’ils ne se trouvent pas entre <literal>\"…\"</literal> ou "
"<literal>'…'</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>~</literal>\" → current user's home directory"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>~</literal>&nbsp;» → répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur "
"actuel"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>~&lt;user&gt;</literal>\" → <literal>&lt;user&gt;</literal>'s "
"home directory"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>~&lt;utilisateur&gt;</literal>&nbsp;» → répertoire personnel "
"de l’<literal>&lt;utilisateur&gt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter</emphasis> to its "
"value if not within <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes étend les <emphasis role=\"strong\">paramètres</"
"emphasis> en leur valeur s’ils ne sont pas entre <literal>'…'</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter</emphasis>: \"<literal>$PARAMETER</"
"literal>\" or \"<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">paramètre</emphasis>&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$PARAMETRE</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>${PARAMETRE}</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">command substitution</emphasis> "
"if not within <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes étend la <emphasis role=\"strong\">substitution "
"de commande</emphasis> si elle n’est pas entre <literal>'…'</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>$( command )</literal>\" → the output of \"<literal>command</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>$( commande )</literal>&nbsp;» → sortie de la «&nbsp;"
"<literal>commande</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>` command `</literal>\" → the output of \"<literal>command</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>` commande `</literal>&nbsp;» → sortie de la «&nbsp;"
"<literal>commande</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">pathname glob</emphasis> to "
"matching file names if not within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes étend les <emphasis role=\"strong\">motifs "
"génériques du chemin</emphasis> aux fichiers correspondants s’ils ne sont "
"pas entre &nbsp;<literal>\"…\"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>*</literal> → any characters"
msgstr "<literal>*</literal> → n’importe quel caractère"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<literal>?</literal> → one character"
msgstr "<literal>?</literal> → un caractère"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>[…]</literal> → any one of the characters in \"<literal>…</literal>"
"\""
msgstr ""
"<literal>[…]</literal> → un caractère quelconque parmi «&nbsp;<literal>…</"
"literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell looks up <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> from the "
"following and execute it."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes recherche la <emphasis role=\"strong\">commande</"
"emphasis> dans ce qui suit et l’exécute."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">function</emphasis> definition"
msgstr "définition de <emphasis role=\"strong\">fonction</emphasis>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">builtin</emphasis> command"
msgstr ""
"commande <emphasis role=\"strong\">interne</emphasis> («&nbsp;builtin&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">executable file</emphasis> in \"<literal>$PATH</"
"literal>\""
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">fichier exécutable</emphasis> dans «&nbsp;<literal>"
"$PATH</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The shell goes to the next line and repeats this process again from the top "
"of this sequence."
msgstr ""
"l’interpréteur de commandes passe à la ligne suivante et recommence ce "
"traitement depuis le début de la séquence."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Single quotes within double quotes have no effect."
msgstr "Des guillemets simples dans des guillemets doubles n’ont pas d’effet."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Executing \"<literal>set -x</literal>\" in the shell or invoking the shell "
"with \"<literal>-x</literal>\" option make the shell to print all of "
"commands executed.  This is quite handy for debugging."
msgstr ""
"Exécuter «&nbsp;<literal>set -x</literal>&nbsp;» dans le script de "
"l’interpréteur ou l’appel du script avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-x</"
"literal>&nbsp;» fait imprimer par l’interpréteur de commandes toutes les "
"commandes exécutées. C’est assez pratique pour le débogage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Utility programs for shell script"
msgstr "Programmes utilitaires pour les scripts de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In order to make your shell program as portable as possible across Debian "
"systems, it is a good idea to limit utility programs to ones provided by "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">essential</emphasis> packages."
msgstr ""
"De façon à rendre vos programmes de l’interpréteur de commandes aussi "
"portables que possible dans tous les systèmes Debian, c’est une bonne idée "
"de limiter les programmes utilitaires à ceux fournis par les paquets "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">essentiels</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>\" lists <emphasis role=\"strong"
"\">essential</emphasis> packages."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>&nbsp;»&nbsp;» affiche la liste "
"des <emphasis role=\"strong\">essentiels</emphasis>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>\" "
"lists manpages for commands offered by <literal>&lt;package_name&gt;</"
"literal> package."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nom_paquet&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</"
"literal>&nbsp;» affiche la liste des pages de manuel pour les commandes que "
"fournit le paquet <literal>&lt;nom_paquet&gt;</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of packages containing small utility programs for shell scripts"
msgstr ""
"Lites des paquets comportant des petits programmes utilitaires pour les "
"scripts de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNU core utilities"
msgstr "utilitaires du cœur de GNU"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian"
msgstr "divers utilitaires spécifiques à Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "collection of more utilities from FreeBSD"
msgstr "collection d’autres utilitaires provenant de FreeBSD"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite"
msgstr "utilitaires de base provenant de 4.4BSD-Lite"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "additional Unix utilities"
msgstr "utilitaires supplémentaires d’UNIX"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Although <literal>moreutils</literal> may not exist ouside of Debian, it "
"offers interesting small programs.  Most notable one is "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sponge</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> which is quite useful when you wish to overwrite original file."
msgstr ""
"Bien que <literal>moreutils</literal> puisse ne pas exister en dehors de "
"Debian, il propose d’intéressants petits programmes. Le plus remarquable est "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sponge</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> qui est bien pratique pour écrire directement sur le fichier "
"d’origine."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Shell script dialog"
msgstr "Dialogue de l’interpréteur de commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The user interface of a simple shell program can be improved from dull "
"interaction by <literal>echo</literal> and <literal>read</literal> commands "
"to more interactive one by using one of the so-called dialog program etc."
msgstr ""
"L’interface utilisateur d’un simple programme d’interpréteur de commandes "
"peut être améliorée au-delà de l’interaction bête des commandes "
"<literal>echo</literal> et <literal>read</literal> afin de devenir plus "
"interactive en utilisant un des programmes appelés «&nbsp;"
"dialogues&nbsp;», etc."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of user interface programs"
msgstr "Liste d’interfaces utilisateur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmessage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>: display a message or query in a window (X)"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmessage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;: afficher un message ou une question dans "
"une fenêtre (X)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (newt)"
msgstr ""
"afficher des boîtes de dialogues conviviales depuis des scripts de "
"l’interpréteur de commandes (newt)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (ncurses)"
msgstr ""
"afficher des boîtes de dialogues conviviales depuis des scripts de "
"l’interpréteur de commandes (ncurses)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "display graphical dialog boxes from shell scripts (gtk2.0)"
msgstr ""
"afficher de boîtes de dialogue graphiques depuis des scripts de "
"l’interpréteur de commandes (gtk2.0)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (wrapper for zenity, kdialog, and dialog with "
"gettext)"
msgstr ""
"Outil frontal de scripts de l’interpréteur de commandes (enrobeur pour "
"zenity, kdialog et dialog avec gettext)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>\": translate message"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>&nbsp;»: traduire des messages"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Shell script example with zenity"
msgstr "Exemple de script avec zenity"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here is a simple script which creates ISO image with RS02 data supplemented "
"by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dvdisaster</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple simple qui crée une image ISO avec des données RS02 "
"fournies par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dvdisaster</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#!/bin/sh -e\n"
"# gmkrs02 : Copyright (C) 2007 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain\n"
"#set -x\n"
"error_exit()\n"
"{\n"
"  echo \"$1\" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"  exit 1\n"
"}\n"
"# Initialize variables\n"
"DATA_ISO=\"$HOME/Desktop/iso-$$.img\"\n"
"LABEL=$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S-%Z)\n"
"if [ $# != 0 ] &amp;&amp; [ -d \"$1\" ]; then\n"
"  DATA_SRC=\"$1\"\n"
"else\n"
"  # Select directory for creating ISO image from folder on desktop\n"
"  DATA_SRC=$(zenity --file-selection --directory  \\\n"
"    --title=\"Select the directory tree root to create ISO image\") \\\n"
"    || error_exit \"Exit on directory selection\"\n"
"fi\n"
"# Check size of archive\n"
"xterm -T \"Check size $DATA_SRC\" -e du -s $DATA_SRC/*\n"
"SIZE=$(($(du -s $DATA_SRC | awk '{print $1}')/1024))\n"
"if [ $SIZE -le 520 ] ; then\n"
"  zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"    --text=\"The data size is good for CD backup:\\\\n $SIZE MB\"\n"
"elif [ $SIZE -le 3500 ]; then\n"
"  zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"    --text=\"The data size is good for DVD backup :\\\\n $SIZE MB\"\n"
"else\n"
"  zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"    --text=\"The data size is too big to backup : $SIZE MB\"\n"
"  error_exit \"The data size is too big to backup :\\\\n $SIZE MB\"\n"
"fi\n"
"# only xterm is sure to have working -e option\n"
"# Create raw ISO image\n"
"rm -f \"$DATA_ISO\" || true\n"
"xterm -T \"genisoimage $DATA_ISO\" \\\n"
"  -e genisoimage -r -J -V \"$LABEL\" -o \"$DATA_ISO\" \"$DATA_SRC\"\n"
"# Create RS02 supplemental redundancy\n"
"xterm -T \"dvdisaster $DATA_ISO\" -e  dvdisaster -i \"$DATA_ISO\" -mRS02 -c\n"
"zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"  --text=\"ISO/RS02 data ($SIZE MB) \\\\n created at: $DATA_ISO\"\n"
"# EOF"
msgstr ""
"#!/bin/sh -e\n"
"# gmkrs02 : Copyright (C) 2007 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain\n"
"#set -x\n"
"error_exit()\n"
"{\n"
"  echo \"$1\" &gt;&amp;2\n"
"  exit 1\n"
"}\n"
"# Initialiser les variables\n"
"DATA_ISO=\"$HOME/Desktop/iso-$$.img\"\n"
"LABEL=$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S-%Z)\n"
"if [ $# != 0 ] &amp;&amp; [ -d \"$1\" ]; then\n"
"  DATA_SRC=\"$1\"\n"
"else\n"
"  # Sélectionner le répertoire pour la création de l’image ISO à partir d'un dossier du bureau\n"
"  DATA_SRC=$(zenity --file-selection --directory  \\\n"
"    --title=\"Sélectionner la racine de l’arborescence de répertoires pour créer l’image ISO\") \\\n"
"    || error_exit \"Quitter lors de la sélection du répertoire\"\n"
"fi\n"
"# Vérifier la taille de l’archive\n"
"xterm -T \"Check size $DATA_SRC\" -e du -s $DATA_SRC/*\n"
"SIZE=$(($(du -s $DATA_SRC | awk '{print $1}')/1024))\n"
"if [ $SIZE -le 520 ] ; then\n"
"  zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"    --text=\"La taille des données convient à pour une sauvegarde sur CD :\\\\n $SIZE Mo\"\n"
"elif [ $SIZE -le 3500 ]; then\n"
"  zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"    --text=\"La taille des données convient à pour une sauvegarde sur DVD :\\\\n $SIZE Mo\"\n"
"else\n"
"  zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"    --text=\"La taille des données est trop grande pour une sauvegarde : $SIZE Mo\"\n"
"  error_exit \"Taille de données trop importante pour la sauvegarde :\\\\n $SIZE Mo\"\n"
"fi\n"
"# on n'est certain d'avoir une option -e fonctionnelle uniquement avec xterm\n"
"# Créer une image ISO brute\n"
"rm -f \"$DATA_ISO\" || true\n"
"xterm -T \"genisoimage $DATA_ISO\" \\\n"
"  -e genisoimage -r -J -V \"$LABEL\" -o \"$DATA_ISO\" \"$DATA_SRC\"\n"
"# Créer la redondance RS02 supplémentaire\n"
"xterm -T \"dvdisaster $DATA_ISO\" -e  dvdisaster -i \"$DATA_ISO\" -mRS02 -c\n"
"zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640  --height 400 \\\n"
"  --text=\"Données ISO/RS02 ($SIZE Mo) \\\\n créées sur : $DATA_ISO\"\n"
"# EOF"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You may wish to create launcher on the desktop with command set something "
"like \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/gmkrs02 %d</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Vous désirerez peut-être créer un lanceur sur le bureau avec une commande "
"définie comme «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local/bin/gmkrs02 %d</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Make"
msgstr "Make"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&make;\">Make</ulink> is a utility to maintain groups of "
"programs. Upon execution of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <literal>make</"
"literal> read the rule file, \"<literal>Makefile</literal>\", and updates a "
"target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the "
"target was last modified, or if the target does not exist.  The execution of "
"these updates may occur concurrently."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&make;\">Make</ulink> est un utilitaire destiné à la "
"maintenance d’un groupe de programmes. Lors de l’exécution de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <literal>make</literal> lit le fichier de règles, «&nbsp;"
"<literal>Makefile</literal>&nbsp;» et met à jour une cible si elle dépend de "
"fichiers qui ont été modifiés depuis que la cible a été modifiée pour la "
"dernière fois ou si la cible n’existe pas. L’exécution de ces mises à jour "
"peut être faite simultanément."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "The rule file syntax is the following."
msgstr "La syntaxe du fichier de règles est la suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"target: [ prerequisites ... ]\n"
" [TAB]  command1\n"
" [TAB]  -command2 # ignore errors\n"
" [TAB]  @command3 # suppress echoing"
msgstr ""
"cible: [ prérequis... ]\n"
" [TAB]  commande1\n"
" [TAB]  -commande2 # ignorer les erreurs\n"
" [TAB]  @commande3 # supprimer l’écho"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here \"<literal>[TAB]</literal>\" is a TAB code.  Each line is interpreted "
"by the shell after make variable substitution.  Use \"<literal>\\</literal>"
"\" at the end of a line to continue the script.  Use \"<literal>$$</literal>"
"\" to enter \"<literal>$</literal>\" for environment values for a shell "
"script."
msgstr ""
"Ici, «&nbsp;<literal>[TAB]</literal>&nbsp;» est un code de tabulation. "
"Chaque ligne est interprétée par l’interpréteur de commandes après que make "
"ait effectué la substitution des variables. Utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>\\</"
"literal>&nbsp;» à la fin d’une ligne pour poursuivre le script. Utilisez "
"«&nbsp;<literal>$$</literal>&nbsp;» pour entrer un «&nbsp;<literal>$</"
"literal>&nbsp;» pour les valeurs des variables d’environnement d’un script "
"de l’interpréteur de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Implicit rules for the target and prerequisites can be written, for example, "
"by the following."
msgstr ""
"On peut écrire des règles implicites pour la cible et les prérequis, par "
"exemple, de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "%.o: %.c header.h"
msgstr "%.o: %.c header.h"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, the target contains the character \"<literal>%</literal>\" (exactly "
"one of them). The \"<literal>%</literal>\" can match any nonempty substring "
"in the actual target filenames. The prerequisites likewise use \"<literal>%</"
"literal>\" to show how their names relate to the actual target name."
msgstr ""
"Ici, la cible contient le caractère «&nbsp;<literal>%</"
"literal>&nbsp;» (exactement 1 caractère). Le caractère «&nbsp;<literal>%</"
"literal>&nbsp;» peut correspondre à n’importe quelle sous-chaîne non vide "
"des noms de fichiers de la cible actuelle. De même pour les prérequis, "
"utilisez «&nbsp;<literal>%</literal>&nbsp;» pour afficher la manière dont "
"leur nom est en relation avec le nom de la cible actuelle."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of make automatic variables"
msgstr "Liste des variables automatiques de make"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "automatic variable"
msgstr "variables automatiques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$@</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$@</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "target"
msgstr "cible"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$&lt;</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$&lt;</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "first prerequisite"
msgstr "première exigence"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "all newer prerequisites"
msgstr "toutes les exigences plus récentes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$^</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$^</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "all prerequisites"
msgstr "toutes les exigences"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>$*</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>$*</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "\"<literal>%</literal>\" matched stem in the target pattern"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>%</literal>&nbsp;» correspond au radical dans le motif cible"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of make variable expansions"
msgstr "Liste de l’expansion des variables de make"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "variable expansion"
msgstr "expansion de la variable"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>foo1 := bar</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>toto := titi</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "one-time expansion"
msgstr "expansion à la volée"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>foo2 = bar</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>toto2 = titi</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "recursive expansion"
msgstr "expression récursive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>foo3 += bar</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>toto3+= titi</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "append"
msgstr "ajouter"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>\" to see automatic internal "
"rules."
msgstr ""
"Exécutez «&nbsp;<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>&nbsp;» afin de voir "
"les règles automatiques internes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can set up proper environment to compile programs written in the <ulink "
"url=\"&cprogramminglanguage;\">C programming language</ulink> by the "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez définir un environnement propre pour compiler des programmes "
"écrits dans le <ulink url=\"&cprogramminglanguage;\">langage de "
"programmation C</ulink> par ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# apt-get install glibc-doc manpages-dev libc6-dev gcc build-essential"
msgstr "# apt-get install glibc-doc manpages-dev libc6-dev gcc build-essential"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package, i.e., GNU C Library, provides "
"<ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">C standard library</ulink> which is "
"collection of header files and library routines used by the C programming "
"language."
msgstr ""
"Le paquet <literal>libc6-dev</literal>, c’est-à-dire la bibliothèque GNU C, "
"fournit la <ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">bibliothèque C standard</ulink> "
"qui est une collection de fichiers d’en-têtes et de routines de bibliothèque "
"utilisée par le langage de programmation C."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "See references for C as the following."
msgstr "Consultez les références pour C comme suit;&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "\"<literal>info libc</literal>\" (C library function reference)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>info libc</literal>&nbsp;» (références des fonctions de la "
"bibliothèque C)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gcc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and \"<literal>info gcc</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gcc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> et «&nbsp;<literal>info gcc</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>each_C_library_function_name</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chaque_nom_de_fonction_de la_bibliothèque_C</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Kernighan &amp; Ritchie, \"The C Programming Language\", 2nd edition "
"(Prentice Hall)"
msgstr ""
"Kernighan &amp; Ritchie, «&nbsp;Le langage de programmation C&nbsp;», 2ème "
"édition (Prentice Hall)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Simple C program (gcc)"
msgstr "Programme simple en C (gcc)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A simple example \"<literal>example.c</literal>\" can compiled with a "
"library \"<literal>libm</literal>\" into an executable "
"\"<literal>run_example</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""
"Un exemple simple «&nbsp;<literal>example.c</literal>&nbsp;» peut être "
"compilé avec la bibliothèque «&nbsp;<literal>libm</literal>&nbsp;» pour "
"donner l’exécutable «&nbsp;<literal>run_example</literal>&nbsp;» par ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cat &gt; example.c &lt;&lt; EOF\n"
"#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;\n"
"#include &lt;math.h&gt;\n"
"#include &lt;string.h&gt;\n"
"\n"
"int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp){\n"
"        double x;\n"
"        char y[11];\n"
"        x=sqrt(argc+7.5);\n"
"        strncpy(y, argv[0], 10); /* prevent buffer overflow */\n"
"        y[10] = '\\0'; /* fill to make sure string ends with '\\0' */\n"
"        printf(\"%5i, %5.3f, %10s, %10s\\n\", argc, x, y, argv[1]);\n"
"        return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ gcc -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm\n"
"$ ./run_example\n"
"        1, 2.915, ./run_exam,     (null)\n"
"$ ./run_example 1234567890qwerty\n"
"        2, 3.082, ./run_exam, 1234567890qwerty"
msgstr ""
"$ cat &gt; example.c &lt;&lt; EOF\n"
"#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;\n"
"#include &lt;math.h&gt;\n"
"#include &lt;string.h&gt;\n"
"\n"
"int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp){\n"
"        double x;\n"
"        char y[11];\n"
"        x=sqrt(argc+7.5);\n"
"        strncpy(y, argv[0], 10); /* évite les débordements de tampon */\n"
"        y[10] = '\\0'; /* remplir afin d'être certain que la chaîne se termine par'\\0' */\n"
"        printf(\"%5i, %5.3f, %10s, %10s\\n\", argc, x, y, argv[1]);\n"
"        return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"EOF\n"
"$ gcc -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm\n"
"$ ./run_example\n"
"        1, 2.915, ./run_exam,     (null)\n"
"$ ./run_example 1234567890qwerty\n"
"        2, 3.082, ./run_exam, 1234567890qwerty"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Here, \"<literal>-lm</literal>\" is needed to link library \"<literal>/usr/"
"lib/libm.so</literal>\" from the <literal>libc6</literal> package for "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sqrt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>.  The actual library is in \"<literal>/lib/</literal>\" with "
"filename \"<literal>libm.so.6</literal>\", which is a symlink to "
"\"<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Ici, «&nbsp;<literal>-lm</literal>&nbsp;» est nécessaire pour lier la "
"bibliothèque «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>&nbsp;» depuis le "
"paquet <literal>libc6</literal> pour <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sqrt</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. La bibliothèque "
"réelle se trouve dans «&nbsp;<literal>/lib/</literal>&nbsp;» avec le nom de "
"fichier «&nbsp;<literal>libm.so.6</literal>&nbsp;» avec un lien symbolique "
"vers «&nbsp;<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Look at the last parameter in the output text.  There are more than 10 "
"characters even though \"<literal>%10s</literal>\" is specified."
msgstr ""
"Regardez le dernier paramètre du texte en sortie. Il y a plus de 10 "
"caractères bien que «&nbsp;<literal>%10s</literal>&nbsp;» soit indiqué."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The use of pointer memory operation functions without boundary checks, such "
"as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sprintf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strcpy</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, is deprecated to "
"prevent buffer overflow exploits that leverage the above overrun effects.  "
"Instead, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>snprintf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>strncpy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"L’utilisation de fonctions effectuant des opérations sur des pointeurs en "
"mémoire sans vérification des limites, telles que "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sprintf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strcpy</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> a été rendue obsolète "
"afin d’éviter les exploits de débordements de tampons qui utilisent les "
"effets des débordements ci-dessus. Utilisez "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>snprintf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strncpy</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> en remplacement.."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Debug"
msgstr "Déboguer"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debug is important part of programing activities.  Knowing how to debug "
"programs makes you a good Debian user who can produce meaningful bug reports."
msgstr ""
"Le débogage est une partie de l’activité de programmations. Savoir comment "
"déboguer des programmes fera de vous un bon utilisateur de Debian qui pourra "
"produire des rapports de bogues documentés."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Basic gdb execution"
msgstr "Exécution de base de gdb"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Primary <ulink url=\"&debugger;\">debugger</ulink> on Debian is "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> which enables you to inspect a program while it executes."
msgstr ""
"Le <ulink url=\"&debugger;\">debogueur</ulink> primaire sous Debian est "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, il vous permet d’inspecter un programme alors qu’il tourne."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's install <literal>gdb</literal> and related programs by the following."
msgstr ""
"Installons <literal>gdb</literal> et les programmes associés par ce qui  "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# apt-get install gdb gdb-doc build-essential devscripts"
msgstr "# apt-get install gdb gdb-doc build-essential devscripts"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Good tutorial of <literal>gdb</literal> is provided by \"<literal>info gdb</"
"literal>\" or found <ulink url=\"&elsewhereontheweb;\">elsewhere on the web</"
"ulink>.  Here is a simple example of using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> on a "
"\"<literal>program</literal>\" compiled with the \"<literal>-g</literal>\" "
"option to produce debugging information."
msgstr ""
"Un bon didacticiel de <literal>gdb</literal> est proposé par «&nbsp;"
"<literal>info gdb</literal>&nbsp;«» ou peut être trouvé <ulink url="
"\"&elsewhereontheweb;\">ailleurs sur le web</ulink>. Voici un exemple simple "
"d’utilisation de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sur un «&nbsp;"
"<literal>program</literal>&nbsp;» compilé avec l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-g</"
"literal>&nbsp;» qui produit les informations de débogage."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ gdb program\n"
"(gdb) b 1                # set break point at line 1\n"
"(gdb) run args           # run program with args\n"
"(gdb) next               # next line\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) step               # step forward\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) p parm             # print parm\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) p parm=12          # set value to 12\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) quit"
msgstr ""
"$ gdb program\n"
"(gdb) b 1                # définit un point d'arrêt à la ligne 1\n"
"(gdb) run args           # lancer les programmes avec des paramètres \n"
"(gdb) next               # ligne suivante\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) step               # avancer d'un pas\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) p parm             # afficher parm\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) p parm=12          # définir sa valeur à 12\n"
"...\n"
"(gdb) quit"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Many <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> commands can be abbreviated.  Tab expansion works "
"as in the shell."
msgstr ""
"De nombreuses commandes de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> possèdent une "
"abréviation. L’expansion à l’aide de la touche de tabulation fonctionne "
"comme avec l’interpréteur de commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Debugging the Debian package"
msgstr "Déboguer un paquet Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Since all installed binaries should be stripped on the Debian system by "
"default, most debugging symbols are removed in the normal package.  In order "
"to debug Debian packages with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, corresponding "
"<literal>*-dbg</literal> packages need to be installed (e.g. <literal>libc6-"
"dbg</literal> in the case of <literal>libc6</literal>)."
msgstr ""
"Comme, par défaut, sous Debian, tous les paquets binaires sont «&nbsp;"
"strippés&nbsp;» (dépouillés de leurs symboles de débogage), la plupart des "
"symboles de débogage sont supprimés des paquets normaux. Pour pouvoir "
"déboguer des paquets Debian à l’aide de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les paquets "
"<literal>*-dbg</literal> correspondants doivent être installés (par exemple "
"<literal>libc6-dbg</literal> dans le cas de <literal>libc6</literal>)."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If a package to be debugged does not provide its <literal>*-dbg</literal> "
"package, you need to install it after rebuilding it by the following."
msgstr ""
"Si un paquet à déboguer ne possède pas de paquet <literal>*-dbg</literal> "
"correspondant, vous devrez l’installer après l’avoir reconstruit comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ mkdir /path/new ; cd /path/new\n"
"$ sudo apt-get update\n"
"$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade\n"
"$ sudo apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n"
"$ sudo apt-get build-dep source_package_name\n"
"$ apt-get source package_name\n"
"$ cd package_name*"
msgstr ""
"$ mkdir /chemin/nouveau ; cd /chemin/nouveau\n"
"$ sudo apt-get update\n"
"$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade\n"
"$ sudo apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n"
"$ sudo apt-get build-dep nom_paquet_source\n"
"$ apt-get source nom_paquet\n"
"$ cd nom_paquet*"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Fix bugs if needed."
msgstr "Corriger les bogues si nécessaire."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Bump package version to one which does not collide with official Debian "
"versions, e.g. one appended with \"<literal>+debug1</literal>\" when "
"recompiling existing package version, or one appended with \"<literal>~pre1</"
"literal>\" when compiling unreleased package version by the following."
msgstr ""
"Modifier la version du paquet pour ne pas entrer en collision avec les "
"versions officielles de Debian, par exemple, en ajoutant «&nbsp;<literal>"
"+debug1</literal>&nbsp;» pour la compilation d’une version de paquet "
"existante, ou «&nbsp;<literal>~pre1</literal>&nbsp;» pour la compilation "
"d’une version de paquet qui n’est pas encore diffusée de la manière "
"suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Compile and install packages with debug symbols by the following."
msgstr ""
"Compiler et installer les paquets avec les symboles de débogage comme "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ export DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS=nostrip,noopt\n"
"$ debuild\n"
"$ cd ..\n"
"$ sudo debi package_name*.changes"
msgstr ""
"$ export DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS=nostrip,noopt\n"
"$ debuild\n"
"$ cd ..\n"
"$ sudo debi nom_paquet*.changes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to check build scripts of the package and ensure to use "
"\"<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>\" for compiling binaries."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez vérifier les scripts de construction du paquet et vous assurer "
"que les options «&nbsp;<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>&nbsp;» sont "
"positionnées pour la compilation des binaires."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Obtaining backtrace"
msgstr "Obtenir une trace"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"When you encounter program crash, reporting bug report with cut-and-pasted "
"backtrace information is a good idea."
msgstr ""
"Si vous rencontrez un plantage de programme, signaler le bogue avec un "
"copier-coller des informations de trace est une bonne idée."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "The backtrace can be obtained by the following steps."
msgstr "La trace peut être obtenue de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Run the program under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""
"Lancer le programme sous <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Reproduce crash."
msgstr "Reproduire le plantage&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "It causes you to be dropped back to the <literal>gdb</literal> prompt."
msgstr "Vous allez être ramené à l’invite de <literal>gdb</literal>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "Type \"<literal>bt</literal>\" at the <literal>gdb</literal> prompt."
msgstr ""
"Entrez «&nbsp;<literal>bt</literal>&nbsp;» à l’invite de <literal>gdb</"
"literal>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In case of program freeze, you can crash the program by pressing "
"<literal>Ctrl-C</literal> in the terminal running <literal>gdb</literal> to "
"obtain <literal>gdb</literal> prompt."
msgstr ""
"Si le programme se fige, vous pouvez le planter en pressant <literal>Ctrl-C</"
"literal> dans le terminal où tourne <literal>gdb</literal> pour récupérer "
"l’invite de <literal>gdb</literal>&nbsp;;"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
msgid ""
"Often, you see a backtrace where one or more of the top lines are in "
"\"<literal>malloc()</literal>\" or \"<literal>g_malloc()</literal>\". When "
"this happens, chances are your backtrace isn't very useful. The easiest way "
"to find some useful information is to set the environment variable "
"\"<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>\" to a value of 2 "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>). You can do this while running <literal>gdb</"
"literal> by doing the following."
msgstr ""
"Souvent, vous voyez une trace où une ou plusieurs des lignes de départ se "
"trouvent dans «&nbsp;<literal>malloc()</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;"
"<literal>g_malloc()</literal>&nbsp;». Lorsque cela arrive, il y a des "
"chances pour que votre trace ne soit pas très utile. La meilleure façon de "
"trouver des informations utiles est de définir la variable d’environnement "
"«&nbsp;<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>&nbsp;» à la valeur 2 "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>). Vous pouvez le faire en lançant <literal>gdb</"
"literal> de la manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid " $ MALLOC_CHECK_=2 gdb hello"
msgstr " $ MALLOC_CHECK_=2 gdb hello"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Advanced gdb commands"
msgstr "Commandes avancées de gdb"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of advanced gdb commands"
msgstr "Liste des commandes avancées de gdb"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "description for command objectives"
msgstr "description des objectifs des commandes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "get a backtrace for all threads for multi-threaded program"
msgstr ""
"obtenir une trace de tous les processus d’un programme multi-processus "
"(multi-threaded)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>(gdb) bt full</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>(gdb) bt full</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "get parameters came on the stack of function calls"
msgstr ""
"obtenir les paramètres qui se trouvent sur la pile d’appel des fonctions"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"get a backtrace and parameters as the combination of the preceding options"
msgstr ""
"obtenir une trace et les paramètres en combinant les options précédentes"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full 10</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full 10</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"get a backtrace and parameters for top 10 calls to cut off irrelevant output"
msgstr ""
"obtenir une trace et les paramètres des 10 premiers appels en supprimant ce "
"qui n’est pas significatif"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "<literal>(gdb) set logging on</literal>"
msgstr "<literal>(gdb) set logging on</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"write log of <literal>gdb</literal> output to a file (the default is "
"\"<literal>gdb.txt</literal>\")"
msgstr ""
"écrire le journal de sortie de <literal>gdb</literal> dans un fichier (le "
"fichier par défaut est «&nbsp;<literal>gdb.txt</literal>&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Debugging X Errors"
msgstr "Déboguer les erreurs de X"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If a GNOME program <literal>preview1</literal> has received an X error, you "
"should see a message as follows."
msgstr ""
"Si un programme <literal>apercu1</literal> de GNOME a reçu une erreur X, "
"vous devriez obtenir un message comme suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "The program 'preview1' received an X Window System error."
msgstr "Le programme 'apercu1' a reçu une erreur du système X Window."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If this is the case, you can try running the program with \"<literal>--sync</"
"literal>\", and break on the \"<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>\" function in "
"order to obtain a backtrace."
msgstr ""
"Dans ce cas, vous pouvez essayer de faire tourner le programme avec «&nbsp;"
"<literal>--sync</literal>&nbsp;» et arrêter sur la fonction «&nbsp;"
"<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>&nbsp;» de manière à obtenir une trace."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Check dependency on libraries"
msgstr "Vérifier les dépendances avec les bibliothèques"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ldd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to find out a program's dependency on libraries by "
"the followings."
msgstr ""
"Utilisez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ldd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour trouver les dépendances d’un programme avec "
"des bibliothèques&nbsp;: "

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ldd /bin/ls\n"
"        librt.so.1 =&gt; /lib/librt.so.1 (0x4001e000)\n"
"        libc.so.6 =&gt; /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40030000)\n"
"        libpthread.so.0 =&gt; /lib/libpthread.so.0 (0x40153000)\n"
"        /lib/ld-linux.so.2 =&gt; /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)"
msgstr ""
"$ ldd /bin/ls\n"
"        librt.so.1 =&gt; /lib/librt.so.1 (0x4001e000)\n"
"        libc.so.6 =&gt; /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40030000)\n"
"        libpthread.so.0 =&gt; /lib/libpthread.so.0 (0x40153000)\n"
"        /lib/ld-linux.so.2 =&gt; /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"For <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to work in a `chroot`ed environment, the above libraries must "
"be available in your `chroot`ed environment."
msgstr ""
"Pour que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> fonctionne dans un environnement `chroot`é, les "
"bibliothèques ci-dessus doivent être disponibles dans votre environnement "
"`chroot`é."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_tracing_program_activities\"/>."
msgstr "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_tracing_program_activities\"/>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Memory leak detection tools"
msgstr "Outils de détection des fuites de mémoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "There are several memory leak detection tools available in Debian."
msgstr ""
"Il y a plusieurs outils de détection des fuites de mémoire disponibles sous "
"Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of memory leak detection tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de détection des fuites de mémoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>: malloc debugging functionality in glibc"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>&nbsp;: fonctionnalité de débogage de malloc dans glibc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "memory debugger and profiler"
msgstr "débogueur mémoire et optimiseur"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"KDE memory leak tracer using glibc's <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"traceur de fuites de mémoire de KDE utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> de glibc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "GNOME front-end to the Valgrind memory checker"
msgstr "frontal pour GNOME du vérificateur mémoire Valgrind"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> debugger"
msgstr ""
"débogueur <citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "memory-leak tracer for C++ programs"
msgstr "traceur de fuites de mémoire pour les programmes C++"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "debug memory allocation library"
msgstr "bibliothèque de débogage de l’allocation mémoire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Static code analysis tools"
msgstr "Outils d’analyse du code statique"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are <ulink url=\"&lint;\">lint</ulink> like tools for <ulink url="
"\"&staticcodeanalysis;\">static code analysis</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Il y a des outils tels que <ulink url=\"&lint;\">lint</ulink> pour l’<ulink "
"url=\"&staticcodeanalysis;\">analyse du code statique</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
msgid "List of tools for static code analysis"
msgstr "Liste des outils d’analyse du code statique&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tool for statically checking C programs for bugs"
msgstr "outil pour vérifier de manière statique les bogues d’un programme en C"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "rough Auditing Tool for Security (C, C++, PHP, Perl, and Python code)"
msgstr ""
"outil grossier d’audit pour la sécurité (code C, C++, PHP, Perl et Python)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "tool to examine C/C++ source code and looks for security weaknesses"
msgstr ""
"outil pour examiner le code source en C/C++ et rechercher des faiblesses du "
"point de vue de la sécurité"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"interpreter with internal static code checker: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>B::Lint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3perl</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"interpréteur ayant un vérificateur de code statique interne&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>B::Lint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3perl</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Python code static checker"
msgstr "vérificateur de code statique Python"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Java program checker"
msgstr "vérificateur de code Java"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "syntax and minimal style checker for HTML"
msgstr "vérificateur de syntaxe et de style minimal pour HTML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "fast link checker and web site maintenance tool"
msgstr "vérificateur rapide de liens et outils de maintenance de sites web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"utilities with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to validate XML files"
msgstr ""
"utilitaires avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour valider les "
"fichiers XML"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Disassemble binary"
msgstr "Désassembler un binaire"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"You can disassemble binary code with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>objdump</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez désassembler du code binaire avec "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>objdump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> en faisant ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "$  objdump -m i386 -b binary -D /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-pc/stage1"
msgstr "$  objdump -m i386 -b binary -D /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-pc/stage1"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> may be used to disassemble code interactively."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> peut être utilisé pour désassembler du code de manière "
"interactive"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Flex — a better Lex"
msgstr "Flex -- un meilleur Lex"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&flex;\">Flex</ulink> is a <ulink url=\"&lex;\">Lex</ulink>-"
"compatible fast <ulink url=\"&lexicalanalyzer;\">lexical analyzer</ulink> "
"generator."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&flex;\">Flex</ulink> est un générateur d’<ulink url="
"\"&lexicalanalyzer;\">analyse lexicale</ulink> rapide compatible avec <ulink "
"url=\"&lex;\">Lex</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Tutorial for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> can be found in \"<literal>info flex</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"On trouve un didacticiel de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flex</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>info flex</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to provide your own \"<literal>main()</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>yywrap()</literal>\".  Otherwise, your flex program should look "
"like this to compile without a library.  This is because that "
"\"<literal>yywrap</literal>\" is a macro and \"<literal>%option main</"
"literal>\" turns on \"<literal>%option noyywrap</literal>\" implicitly."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez fournir vos propres «&nbsp;<literal>main()</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>yywrap()</literal>&nbsp;». Sinon votre programme flex "
"devrait ressembler à ce qui suit pour se compiler sans bibliothèque (cela "
"parce que «&nbsp;<literal>yywrap</literal>&nbsp;» est une macro et que "
"«&nbsp;<literal>%option main</literal>&nbsp;» active de manière implicite "
"«&nbsp;<literal>%option noyywrap</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"%option main\n"
"%%\n"
".|\\n    ECHO ;\n"
"%%"
msgstr ""
"%option main\n"
"%%\n"
".|\\n    ECHO ;\n"
"%%"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you may compile with the \"<literal>-lfl</literal>\" linker "
"option at the end of your <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command line (like "
"AT&amp;T-Lex with \"<literal>-ll</literal>\").  No \"<literal>%option</"
"literal>\" is needed in this case."
msgstr ""
"Sinon, vous pouvez compiler avec l’option de l’éditeur de liens «&nbsp;"
"<literal>-lfl</literal>&nbsp;» à la fin de la ligne de commandes de "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (comme AT&amp;T-Lex avec «&nbsp;<literal>-ll</"
"literal>&nbsp;»). L’option «&nbsp;<literal>%option</literal>&nbsp;» n’est "
"pas nécessaire dans ce cas."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Bison — a better Yacc"
msgstr "Bison -- un meilleur Yacc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Several packages provide a <ulink url=\"&yacc;\">Yacc</ulink>-compatible "
"lookahead <ulink url=\"&lrparser;\">LR parser</ulink> or <ulink url="
"\"&lalrparser;\">LALR parser</ulink> generator in Debian."
msgstr ""
"Un certain nombre de paquets fournissent un <ulink url=\"&lrparser;"
"\">analyseur LR à lecture anticipée</ulink> («&nbsp;lookahead&nbsp;») "
"compatible avec <ulink url=\"&yacc;\">Yacc</ulink> ou un générateur d’<ulink "
"url=\"&lalrparser;\">analyseur LALR</ulink> sous Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of Yacc-compatible LALR parser generators"
msgstr "Liste de générateurs d’analyseur LALR compatible avec Yacc"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnulalrparsergenerator;\">GNU LALR parser generator</ulink>"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnulalrparsergenerator;\">générateur d’analyseur GNU LALR</"
"ulink>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Berkeley LALR parser generator"
msgstr "générateur d’analyseur Berkeley LALR"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "backtracking parser generator based on <literal>byacc</literal>"
msgstr ""
"générateur d’analyseur avec retour arrière basé sur <literal>byacc</literal>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Tutorial for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bison</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> can be found in \"<literal>info bison</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"On trouve un didacticiel de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bison</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>info bison</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"You need to provide your own \"<literal>main()</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>yyerror()</literal>\".  \"<literal>main()</literal>\" calls "
"\"<literal>yyparse()</literal>\" which calls \"<literal>yylex()</literal>\", "
"usually created with Flex."
msgstr ""
"Vous devez fournir vos propre «&nbsp;<literal>main()</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"«&nbsp;<literal>yyerror()</literal>&nbsp;». «&nbsp;<literal>main()</"
"literal>&nbsp;» appelle «&nbsp;<literal>yyparse()</literal>&nbsp;» qui "
"appelle «&nbsp;<literal>yylex()</literal>&nbsp;», habituellement créé avec "
"Flex."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"%%\n"
"\n"
"%%"
msgstr ""
"%%\n"
"\n"
"%%"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Autoconf"
msgstr "Autoconf"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&autoconf;\">Autoconf</ulink> is a tool for producing shell "
"scripts that automatically configure software source code packages to adapt "
"to many kinds of Unix-like systems using the entire GNU build system."
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&autoconf;\">Autoconf</ulink> est un outil destiné à produire "
"des scripts en shell qui configurent automatiquement un code source de "
"logiciel pour l’adapter à de nombreux types de systèmes «&nbsp;UNIX-"
"like&nbsp;» en utilisant l’ensemble du système de construction GNU."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> produces the configuration script "
"\"<literal>configure</literal>\". \"<literal>configure</literal>\" "
"automatically creates a customized \"<literal>Makefile</literal>\" using the "
"\"<literal>Makefile.in</literal>\" template."
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> produit le script de configuration «&nbsp;"
"<literal>configure</literal>&nbsp;». «&nbsp;<literal>configure</"
"literal>&nbsp;» crée automatiquement un «&nbsp;<literal>Makefile</"
"literal>&nbsp;» en utilisant le patron «&nbsp;<literal>Makefile.in</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Compile and install a program"
msgstr "Compiler et installer un programme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
msgid ""
"Do not overwrite system files with your compiled programs when installing "
"them."
msgstr ""
"Ne pas écraser les fichiers du système avec les programmes que vous avez "
"compilés en les installant."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Debian does not touch files in \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>/opt</literal>\".  So if you compile a program from source, "
"install it into \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" so it does not interfere "
"with Debian."
msgstr ""
"Debian ne touche pas aux fichiers se trouvant dans «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/"
"local/</literal>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<literal>/opt</literal>&nbsp;». Donc, si "
"vous compilez un programme depuis ses sources, installez-le dans «&nbsp;"
"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>&nbsp;» de manière à ce qu’il n’interfère pas "
"avec Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ cd src\n"
"$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local\n"
"$ make\n"
"$ make install # this puts the files in the system"
msgstr ""
"$ cd src\n"
"$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/loca\n"
"$ make\n"
"$ make install # cela met les fichiers dans le système"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Uninstall program"
msgstr "Désinstaller un programme"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you have the original source and if it uses "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>/<citerefentry><refentrytitle>automake</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and if you can "
"remember how you configured it, execute as follows to uninstall the program."
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez les sources d’origine et s’ils utilisent "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>automake</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et si vous-vous "
"souvenez comment vous l’avez configuré, exécutez-le comme suit pour "
"désinstaller le programme&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$ ./configure \"all-of-the-options-you-gave-it\"\n"
"# make uninstall"
msgstr ""
"$ ./configure «&nbsp;toutes-les-options-que-vous-lui-avez-passé&nbsp;»\n"
"# make uninstall"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, if you are absolutely sure that the install process puts "
"files only under \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" and there is nothing "
"important there, you can erase all its contents by the following."
msgstr ""
"Sinon, si vous êtes absolument certain que le processus d’installation n’a "
"mis des fichiers que sous «&nbsp;<literal>/usr/local/</literal>&nbsp;» et "
"qu’il n’y a là rien d’important, vous pouvez supprimer tout son contenu "
"avec&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "# find /usr/local -type f -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f"
msgstr "# find /usr/local -type f -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you are not sure where files are installed, you should consider using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkinstall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>checkinstall</literal> package, "
"which provides a clean path for the uninstall.  It now supports to create a "
"Debian package with \"<literal>-D</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""
"Si vous n’êtes pas certain de l’emplacement où les fichiers ont été "
"installés, vous devriez envisager d’utiliser "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkinstall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet <literal>checkinstall</literal> qui "
"fournit une voie propre pour la désinstallation. Il prend maintenant en "
"charge la création d’un paquet Debian à l’aide de l’option «&nbsp;<literal>-"
"D</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Perl short script madness"
msgstr "Folie de courts scripts en Perl"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Although any <ulink url=\"&awk;\">AWK</ulink> scripts can be automatically "
"rewritten in <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, one-liner AWK scripts are best converted to one-liner Perl "
"scripts manually."
msgstr ""
"Bien que tous les scripts en <ulink url=\"&awk;\">AWK</ulink> puissent être "
"réécrits automatiquement en <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> en utilisant "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, il est plus facile de convertir manuellement les scripts AWK "
"constitués d’une seule ligne en scripts Perl d’une seule ligne."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Let's think following AWK script snippet."
msgstr "Regardons le bout de script AWK suivant&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "awk '($2==\"1957\") { print $3 }' |"
msgstr "awk '($2==\"1957\") { print $3 }' |"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "This is equivalent to any one of the following lines."
msgstr "Il est équivalent à l’une quelconque des lignes suivantes&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "perl -ne '@f=split; if ($f[1] eq \"1957\") { print \"$f[2]\\n\"}' |"
msgstr "perl -ne '@f=split; if ($f[1] eq \"1957\") { print \"$f[2]\\n\"}' |"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "perl -ne 'if ((@f=split)[1] eq \"1957\") { print \"$f[2]\\n\"}' |"
msgstr "perl -ne 'if ((@f=split)[1] eq \"1957\") { print \"$f[2]\\n\"}' |"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "perl -ne '@f=split; print $f[2] if ( $f[1]==1957 )' |"
msgstr "perl -ne '@f=split; print $f[2] if ( $f[1]==1957 )' |"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "perl -lane 'print $F[2] if $F[1] eq \"1957\"' |"
msgstr "perl -lane 'print $F[2] if $F[1] eq \"1957\"' |"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
#, no-wrap
msgid "perl -lane 'print$F[2]if$F[1]eq+1957' |"
msgstr "perl -lane 'print$F[2]if$F[1]eq+1957' |"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The last one is a riddle.  It took advantage of following Perl features."
msgstr ""
"La dernière est une devinette. Elle tire parti des fonctionnalités suivantes "
"de Perl&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The whitespace is optional."
msgstr "L’espace est optionnel."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "The automatic conversion exists from number to the string."
msgstr ""
"Il existe une conversion automatique des nombres en chaîne de caractères."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlrun</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> for the command-line options.  For more crazy Perl "
"scripts, <ulink url=\"&perlgolf;\">Perl Golf</ulink> may be interesting."
msgstr ""
"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlrun</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour les options de la ligne de commandes. Pour "
"des scripts en Perl plus fous, il peut être intéressant de consulter <ulink "
"url=\"&perlgolf;\">Perl Golf</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Web"
msgstr "Web"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Basic interactive dynamic web pages can be made as follows."
msgstr ""
"Des pages web dynamiques et interactives simples peuvent être faites de la "
"manière suivante&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Queries are presented to the browser user using <ulink url=\"&html;\">HTML</"
"ulink> forms."
msgstr ""
"Les requêtes sont présentées au navigateur de l’utilisateur en utilisant des "
"formulaires <ulink url=\"&html;\">HTML</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Filling and clicking on the form entries sends one of the following <ulink "
"url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink> string with encoded parameters from the browser to "
"the web server."
msgstr ""
"Remplir et cliquer sur les entrées de formulaires envoie une des chaînes "
"d’<ulink url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink> suivantes avec des paramètres codés "
"depuis le navigateur vers le serveur web."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>http://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/program.pl?VAR1=VAL1&amp;VAR2=VAL2&amp;"
"VAR3=VAL3</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>http://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/programme.pl?VAR1=VAL1&amp;"
"VAR2=VAL2&amp;VAR3=VAL3</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>http://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/program.py?VAR1=VAL1&amp;VAR2=VAL2&amp;"
"VAR3=VAL3</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>http://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/programme.py?VAR1=VAL1&amp;"
"VAR2=VAL2&amp;VAR3=VAL3</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>http://www.foo.dom/program.php?VAR1=VAL1&amp;VAR2=VAL2&amp;"
"VAR3=VAL3</literal>\""
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>http://www.foo.dom/programme.php?VAR1=VAL1&amp;VAR2=VAL2&amp;"
"VAR3=VAL3</literal>&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<literal>%nn</literal>\" in URL is replaced with a character with "
"hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal> value."
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<literal>%nn</literal>&nbsp;» dans l’URL est remplacé par le "
"caractère dont la valeur hexadécimale est <literal>nn</literal>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The environment variable is set as: \"<literal>QUERY_STRING=\"VAR1=VAL1 "
"VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3\"</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"La variable d’environnement est définie à&nbsp;: «&nbsp;"
"<literal>QUERY_STRING=\"VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3\"</literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&cgi;\">CGI</ulink> program (any one of \"<literal>program.*</"
"literal>\") on the web server executes itself with the environment variable "
"\"<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>\"."
msgstr ""
"Le programme <ulink url=\"&cgi;\">CGI</ulink> (l’un quelconque des «&nbsp;"
"<literal>programme.*</literal>&nbsp;») sur le serveur web s’exécute lui-même "
"avec la variable d’environnement «&nbsp;<literal>$QUERY_STRING</"
"literal>&nbsp;»."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<literal>stdout</literal> of CGI program is sent to the web browser and is "
"presented as an interactive dynamic web page."
msgstr ""
"La <literal>sortie standard (stdout)</literal> du programme CGI est envoyée "
"au navigateur web et présentée sous forme d’une page web dynamique "
"interactive."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For security reasons it is better not to hand craft new hacks for parsing "
"CGI parameters.  There are established modules for them in Perl and Python.  "
"<ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink> comes with these functionalities.  When "
"client data storage is needed, <ulink url=\"&httpcookies;\">HTTP cookies</"
"ulink> are used.  When client side data processing is needed, <ulink url="
"\"&javascript;\">Javascript</ulink> is frequently used."
msgstr ""
"Pour des raisons de sécurité, il est préférable de ne pas réaliser soi-même "
"de nouvelles bidouilles pour analyser les paramètres CGI. Il existe des "
"modules bien établis pour cela, en Perl et Python. <ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</"
"ulink> est fourni avec ces fonctionnalités. Lorsqu’il est nécessaire "
"d’enregistrer des données du client, on utilise des <ulink url="
"\"&httpcookies;\">cookies HTTP</ulink>. Lorsqu’un traitement de données est "
"nécessaire côté client, on utilise fréquemment <ulink url=\"&javascript;"
"\">Javascript</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"For more, see the <ulink url=\"&commongatewayinterface;\">Common Gateway "
"Interface</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&theapachesoftwarefoundation;\">The Apache "
"Software Foundation</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&javascript;\">JavaScript</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Pour davantage d’informations, consultez <ulink url="
"\"&commongatewayinterface;\">Common Gateway Interface</ulink>, <ulink url="
"\"&theapachesoftwarefoundation;\">The Apache Software Foundation</ulink> et "
"<ulink url=\"&javascript;\">JavaScript</ulink>."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Searching \"CGI tutorial\" on Google by typing encoded URL <ulink url="
"\"&httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial;\">http://www.google.com/search?"
"hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> directly to the browser "
"address is a good way to see the CGI script in action on the Google server."
msgstr ""
"Rechercher «&nbsp;CGI tutorial&nbsp;» sur Google en entrant l’URL encodée "
"<ulink url=\"&httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial;\">http://www.google.com/"
"search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> directement dans la "
"barre d’adresse du navigateur est une bonne méthode pour voir un script CGI "
"en action sur le serveur Google."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "The source code translation"
msgstr "La conversion du code source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "There are programs to convert source codes."
msgstr "Il existe des programmes pour convertir les codes sources."

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
msgid "List of source code translation tools"
msgstr "Liste des outils de conversion de code source"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "AWK→PERL"
msgstr "AWK→PERL"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"convert source codes from AWK to PERL: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"convertir le code source de AWK vers PERL&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "FORTRAN→C"
msgstr "FORTRAN→C"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid ""
"convert source codes from FORTRAN 77 to C/C++: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>f2c</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"convertir le code source de FORTRAN 77 vers C/C++&nbsp;: "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>f2c</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "ANSI C"
msgstr "ANSI C"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "create/remove ANSI prototypes from C code"
msgstr "créer et supprimer des prototypes ANSI depuis du code C"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "intel→gas"
msgstr "intel→gas"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "converter from NASM (Intel format) to the GNU Assembler (GAS)"
msgstr "convertisseur depuis NASM (format Intel) vers l’Assembleur GNU (GAS)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Making Debian package"
msgstr "Créer un paquet Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid "If you want to make a Debian package, read followings."
msgstr "Si vous désirez créer un paquet Debian, lisez ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_debian_package_management\"/> to understand the basic "
"package system"
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"_debian_package_management\"/> pour comprendre les bases du "
"système de paquets"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/> to understand "
"basic porting process"
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/> pour comprendre "
"les bases du processus de portage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/> to understand basic chroot techniques"
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/> pour comprendre les techniques de base "
"d’un environnement isolé («&nbsp;chroot&nbsp;»)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdebuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
msgstr ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdebuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_debugging_the_debian_package\"/> for recompiling for "
"debugging"
msgstr ""
"<xref linkend=\"_debugging_the_debian_package\"/> pour recompiler avec les "
"informations de débogage"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\">Debian New Maintainers' Guide</"
"ulink> as tutorial (the <literal>maint-guide</literal> package)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\">Guide du nouveau responsable "
"Debian</ulink> comme tutoriel (paquet <literal>maint-guide</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersreference;\">Debian Developer's Reference</"
"ulink> (the <literal>developers-reference</literal> package)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersreference;\">Référence du développeur Debian</"
"ulink> (paquet <literal>developers-reference</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> (the "
"<literal>debian-policy</literal> package)"
msgstr ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Charte Debian</ulink> (paquet "
"<literal>debian-policy</literal>)"

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There are packages such as <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-"
"perl</literal>, etc., which help packaging."
msgstr ""
"Il existe des paquets tels que <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-"
"perl</literal>, etc., qui facilitent la réalisation des paquets."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
msgid "Appendix"
msgstr "Annexe"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
msgid "Here are backgrounds of this document."
msgstr "Voici les fondements de ce document."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
msgid "The Debian maze"
msgstr "Le labyrinthe de Debian"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Linux system is a very powerful computing platform for a networked "
"computer.  However, learning how to use all its capabilities is not easy. "
"Setting up the LPR printer queue with a non-PostScript printer was a good "
"example of stumble points. (There are no issues anymore since newer "
"installations use the new CUPS system.)"
msgstr ""
"Le système Linux est une plateforme informatique très performante pour un "
"ordinateur connecté au réseau. Cependant, apprendre à utiliser toutes ses "
"possibilités n’est pas si facile. Configurer LPR avec une imprimante qui ne "
"soit pas PostScript en était un bon exemple. (Il n’y a plus de problème "
"maintenant car les nouvelles installations utilisent CUPS)."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"There is a complete, detailed map called the \"SOURCE CODE\".  This is very "
"accurate but very hard to understand.  There are also references called "
"HOWTO and mini-HOWTO.  They are easier to understand but tend to give too "
"much detail and lose the big picture.  I sometimes have a problem finding "
"the right section in a long HOWTO when I need a few commands to invoke."
msgstr ""
"Il existe une carte très détaillée appelée «&nbsp;CODE SOURCE&nbsp;». Elle "
"est très précise mais très difficile à comprendre. Il existe aussi des "
"références appelées HOWTO et mini-HOWTO. Elles sont plus faciles à "
"comprendre mais ont tendance à trop se concentrer sur des détails et perdent "
"de vue les aspects généraux. J’ai de temps en temps des problèmes à trouver "
"la bonne section dans un long HOWTO quand j’ai besoin d’exécuter certaines "
"commandes."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"I hope this \"Debian Reference (version 2)\" provides a good starting "
"direction for people in the Debian maze."
msgstr ""
"J’espère que cette «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version 2)&nbsp;» offrira un bon "
"cap à suivre pour les personnes se trouvant dans le labyrinthe de Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
msgid "Copyright history"
msgstr "Historique du Copyright"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Debian Reference was initiated by me, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot "
"org&gt;, as a personal system administration memo. Many contents came from "
"the knowledge I gained from <ulink url=\"&thedebianusermailinglist;\">the "
"debian-user mailing list</ulink> and other Debian resources."
msgstr ""
"La Référence Debian fut lancée par moi-même, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian "
"dot org&gt; en tant qu’aide-mémoire personnel pour l’administration système. "
"De nombreuses parties proviennent des connaissances que j’ai acquises sur "
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianusermailinglist;\"> la liste de diffusion debian-"
"user</ulink> et d’autres ressources Debian."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"Following a suggestion from Josip Rodin, who was very active with the <ulink "
"url=\"&debiandocumentationprojectddp;\">Debian Documentation Project (DDP)</"
"ulink>, \"Debian Reference (version 1, 2001-2007)\" was created as a part of "
"DDP documents."
msgstr ""
"En suivant les suggestions de Josip Rodin, qui a été très actif dans le "
"<ulink url=\"&debiandocumentationprojectddp;\">Projet de documentation "
"Debian (DDP)</ulink>, la «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version 1, "
"2001-2007)&nbsp;» a été créée en tant que partie des documents du DDP."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"After 6 years, I realized that the original \"Debian Reference (version 1)\" "
"was outdated and started to rewrite many contents.  New \"Debian Reference "
"(version 2)\" is released in 2008."
msgstr ""
"Au bout de  6 années, j'ai réalisé que la «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version "
"1)&nbsp;» était dépassée et ai commencé à en réécrire de nombreux passages. "
"La nouvelle «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version 2)&nbsp;» a été diffusée en "
"2008."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The tutorial contents can trace its origin and its inspiration in followings."
msgstr ""
"Le contenu de ce tutoriel tire son origine et son inspiration dans ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&linuxusersguide;\">Linux User's Guide</ulink>\" by Larry "
"Greenfield (December 1996)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&linuxusersguide;\">Linux User's Guide</ulink>&nbsp;» de "
"Larry Greenfield (décembre 1996)"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian Tutorial\""
msgstr "rendu obsolète par «&nbsp;Debian Tutorial&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&debiantutorial;\">Debian Tutorial</ulink>\" by Havoc "
"Pennington. (11 December, 1998)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&debiantutorial;\">Debian Tutorial</ulink>&nbsp;» de "
"Havoc Pennington. (11 décembre 1998)"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"partially written by Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, "
"and Ivan E. Moore II"
msgstr ""
"écrit partiellement par Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig "
"Sawyer et Ivan E. Moore II"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage\""
msgstr ""
"rendu obsolète par «&nbsp;Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and "
"Usage&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;\">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide "
"to Installation and Usage</ulink>\" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;\">Debian GNU/Linux: "
"Guide to Installation and Usage</ulink>&nbsp;» de John Goerzen et Ossama "
"Othman (1999)"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian Reference (version 1)\""
msgstr "rendue obsolète par la «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version 1)&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The package and archive description can trace some of their origin and their "
"inspiration in following."
msgstr ""
"Les descriptions des paquets et des archives peuvent trouver une partie de "
"leur origine et de leur inspiration dans ce qui suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&debianfaq;\">Debian FAQ</ulink>\" (March 2002 version, when "
"this was maintained by Josip Rodin)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&debianfaq;\">FAQ Debian</ulink>&nbsp;» (version de mars "
"2002, alors qu’elle était maintenue par Josip Rodin)"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The other contents can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in "
"following."
msgstr ""
"Le reste du contenu peut trouver son origine et son inspiration dans ce qui "
"suit&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&debianreference;\">Debian Reference</ulink> (version 1)\" by "
"Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)"
msgstr ""
"«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&debianreference;\">Référence Debian</ulink> (version "
"1)&nbsp;» de Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "obsoleted by this new \"Debian Reference (version 2)\""
msgstr ""
"rendue obsolète par cette nouvelle «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version 2)&nbsp;»"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The previous \"Debian Reference (version 1)\" was created with many "
"contributors."
msgstr ""
"La version précédente «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version 1)&nbsp;» avait été "
"créée par de nombreux contributeurs&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"the major contents contribution on network configuration topics by Thomas "
"Hood"
msgstr ""
"la contribution principale pour les sujets relatifs à la configuration du "
"réseau par Thomas Hood&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"significant contents contribution on X and VCS related topics by Brian Nelson"
msgstr ""
"une importante contribution au contenu sur les sujets relatifs à X et VCS "
"par Brian Nelson&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"the help on the build scripts and many content corrections by Jens Seidel"
msgstr ""
"l’aide pour les scripts de construction et de nombreuses corrections de "
"contenu par Jens Seidel&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "extensive proofreading by David Sewell"
msgstr "une relecture intensive de David Sewell&nbsp;:"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "many contributions by the translators, contributors, and bug reporters"
msgstr ""
"de nombreuses contributions par les traducteurs, les contributeurs et ceux "
"qui ont signalés des bogues."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"Many manual pages and info pages on the Debian system were used as the "
"primary references to write this document.  To the extent Osamu Aoki "
"considered within the <ulink url=\"&fairuse;\">fair use</ulink>, many parts "
"of them, especially command definitions, were used as phrase pieces after "
"careful editorial efforts to fit them into the style and the objective of "
"this document."
msgstr ""
"De nombreuses pages de manuel et de pages info du système Debian ont été "
"utilisées comme référence primaire pour écrire ce document. Dans la mesure "
"où Osamu Aoki considérait que c’était compris dans une utilisation équitable "
"(«&nbsp;<ulink url=\"&fairuse;\">fair use</ulink>&nbsp;»), de nombreuses "
"parties d’entre-elles, particulièrement les définitions des commandes, ont "
"été utilisées comme morceaux de phrases après un effort éditorial soigneux "
"afin de les insérer dans le style et avec les objectifs de ce document."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The gdb debugger description was expanded using <ulink url="
"\"&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;\">Debian wiki contents on backtrace</"
"ulink> with consent by Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, and Dafydd Harries."
msgstr ""
"La description du débogueur gdb a été augmentée en utilisant le <ulink url="
"\"&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;\">contenu du wiki Debian sur les «&nbsp;"
"backtrace&nbsp;»</ulink> avec le consentement d’Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier et "
"Dafydd Harries."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"Contents of \"Debian Reference (version 2)\" are mostly my own work except "
"as mentioned above.  These has been updated by the contributors too."
msgstr ""
"Le contenu de «&nbsp;Référence Debian (version 2)&nbsp;» est principalement "
"mon propre travail à l’exception de ce qui est mentionné ci-dessus. Il a "
"aussi été mis à jour par les contributeurs."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The author, Osamu Aoki, thanks all those who helped make this document "
"possible."
msgstr ""
"L’auteur, Osamu Aoki, remercie tous ceux qui ont aidé à rendre possible ce "
"document."

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
msgid "Document format"
msgstr "Format du document"

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
msgid ""
"The source of the English original document is currently written in <ulink "
"url=\"&asciidoc;\">AsciiDoc</ulink> text files.  <ulink url=\"&asciidoc;"
"\">AsciiDoc</ulink> is used as convenience only since it is less typing than "
"straight XML and supports table in the very intuitive format.  You should "
"think XML and PO files as real source files.  Via build script, it is "
"converted to DocBook XML format and automatically generated data are "
"inserted to form a final Docbook XML source. This final Docbook XML source "
"can be converted to HTML, epub, plain text, PostScript, and PDF. (Some "
"formats may be skipped for distribution.)"
msgstr ""
"La source du document original en anglais est actuellement écrite sous forme "
"de fichiers texte <ulink url=\"&asciidoc;\">AsciiDoc</ulink>. <ulink url="
"\"&asciidoc;\">AsciiDoc</ulink> n’est utilisé que par facilité car il "
"demande moins de frappe que l’XML natif et prend en charge les tableaux dans "
"un format très intuitif. Vous devez avoir à l’esprit que les fichiers XML et "
"PO sont les vrais fichiers sources. Ils sont convertis dans le format XML "
"DocBook par le script de construction et les données créées automatiquement "
"sont insérées afin de former un source final XML Docbook. Ce source final "
"XML Docbook peut être converti en HTML, epub, en text brut, en PostScript et "
"en PDF. (Certains formats peuvent être omis pour la distribution.)"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "In order to use <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink>, its utility package "
#~ "<literal>aufs-tools</literal> and kernel module package for <ulink url="
#~ "\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> such as <literal>aufs-modules-2.6-amd64</literal> "
#~ "need to be installed."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "De manière à pouvoir utiliser <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink>, il faut "
#~ "installer son paquet utilitaire <literal>aufs-tools</literal> et le "
#~ "paquet des modules du noyau pour <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> comme "
#~ "<literal>aufs-modules-2.6-amd64</literal>."
