# 🐸 rainfrog

a database tool for the terminal

![rainfrog demo](vhs/demo.gif)

> [!WARNING]
> rainfrog is currently in beta

the goal for rainfrog is to provide a lightweight, terminal-based tool for
interacting with databases.

## features

- efficient navigation via vim-like keybindings and mouse controls
- query editor with keyword highlighting, session history, and favorites
- quickly copy data, filter tables, and switch between schemas
- shortcuts to view table metadata and properties
- cross-platform (macOS, linux, windows, android via termux)

### why "rainfrog"?

> [frogs find refuge in elephant tracks](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190604131157.htm)

### supported databases

the levels of support for different databases can be split into 4 tiers:
- **tier 1**: most frequently tested, bugs will be addressed as soon as possible.
- **tier 2**: often tested, fixed when necessary.
- **tier 3**: community supported; contributions are welcome, but otherwise development is minimal.
- **tier 4**: new or experimental; should be treated as unstable, and behavior is subject to change.


| database | tier | known issues | via wire protocol* |
| -------- | ---- | ------------ | ------------------ |
| postgres | 1 |  | |
| mysql | 2 |  | |
| sqlite | 2  |          | |
| redshift| 2  |          | postgres |
| duckdb | 4 | prebuilt duckdb and musl binaries do not include this driver      | |
| oracle | 4 | requires additional runtime dependencies          | |



*the postgres driver can also be used to connect to other databases that support 
the postgres wire protocol, such as AWS Redshift. however, this functionality is not 
well tested. in theory, the mysql driver should be able to do the same for databases 
that support the mysql protocol. check each database's documentation for compatibility.

## disclaimer

this software is currently under active development; expect breaking changes,
and use at your own risk. it is not recommended to use this tool with write
access on a production database.

## table of contents
<!-- TOC start (generated with https://github.com/derlin/bitdowntoc) -->

- [installation](#installation)
   * [cargo](#cargo)
   * [homebrew](#homebrew)
   * [arch linux](#arch-linux)
   * [termux](#termux)
   * [nix](#nix)
   * [conda](#conda)
   * [pixi](#pixi)
   * [install script](#install-script)
   * [release page binaries](#release-page-binaries)
   * [icons](#icons)
- [dependencies](#dependencies)
   * [oracle](#oracle)
- [usage](#usage)
   * [with connection options](#with-connection-options)
   * [with connection url](#with-connection-url)
   * [with environment variables](#with-environment-variables)
   * [`docker run`](#docker-run)
- [customization](#customization)
   * [settings](#settings)
   * [database connections](#database-connections)
   * [keybindings](#keybindings)
      + [n.b. for mac users](#nb-for-mac-users)
      + [general](#general)
      + [menu (list of schemas and tables)](#menu-list-of-schemas-and-tables)
      + [query editor](#query-editor)
      + [query history](#query-history)
      + [query favorites](#query-favorites)
      + [results](#results)
- [exports](#exports)
- [favorites](#favorites)
- [roadmap](#roadmap)
- [known issues and limitations](#known-issues-and-limitations)
- [Contributing](#contributing)
- [acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)

<!-- TOC end -->

<!-- TOC --><a name="installation"></a>
## installation

<!-- TOC --><a name="cargo"></a>
### cargo

after installing rust (recommended to do so via
[rustup](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install)):

```sh
cargo install rainfrog --locked
```

by default, all features are included. some features may not be compatible with your platform; 
check [Cargo.toml](./Cargo.toml) to see what feature combinations are available.

if you have [cargo-binstall](https://github.com/cargo-bins/cargo-binstall), you can run:
```sh
cargo binstall rainfrog
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="homebrew"></a>
### homebrew
```sh
brew install rainfrog
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="arch-linux"></a>
### arch linux

arch linux users can install from the
[official repositories](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/rainfrog)
using [pacman](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/pacman):

```sh
pacman -S rainfrog
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="termux"></a>
### termux

if you are using [termux](https://termux.dev/), you'll need to install rust via
their package manager:

```sh
pkg install rust
```

and then make sure to install with termux features (and disable default
features):

```sh
cargo install rainfrog --no-default-features
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="nix"></a>
### nix

```sh
nix-env -iA nixos.rainfrog
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="conda"></a>
### conda

```sh
conda install -c conda-forge rainfrog
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="pixi"></a>
### pixi

The command below installs rainfrog from conda-forge, the same repository as conda, but unlike conda it can be installed user-globally using [pixi](https://pixi.sh/).

```sh
pixi global install rainfrog
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="install-script"></a>
### install script

there is a simple install script that assists in downloading and unpacking a
binary from the release page to `~/.local/bin/`, which you might want to add to
your `PATH` variable if it isn't already there. you'll need to select which
binary is appropriate for your system (if you're not sure, you can find out by
installing rust and running `rustc -vV` to see the "host" target), and the
script also needs [jq](https://github.com/jqlang/jq) and
[fzf](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf) installed to run.

```sh
curl -LSsf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/achristmascarl/rainfrog/main/install.sh | bash
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="release-page-binaries"></a>
### release page binaries

1. manually download and unpack the appropriate binary for your os from the
   latest [release](https://github.com/achristmascarl/rainfrog/releases) (if
   you're not sure which binary to pick, you can find out by installing rust and
   running `rustc -vV` to see the "host" target)
2. move the binary to a folder in your `PATH` environment variable

<!-- TOC --><a name="icons"></a>
### icons
you will need to have a nerd font installed and used by your terminal for the icons to show up.

<!-- TOC --><a name="dependencies"></a>
## dependencies
for some of the databases supported by rainfrog, the driver has additional runtime dependencies.
you can find instructions for installing those dependencies below.

<!-- TOC --><a name="oracle"></a>
### oracle
the oracle driver uses ODPI-C, which requires Oracle Client libraries to be installed. instructions
for installing the Oracle Instant Client can be found here: [ODPI-C Installation](https://odpi-c.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/installation.html).

after installation, you may need to manually copy the client files to a
location where ODPI-C can find them, which is either in the same folder as the rainfrog binary,
or in the library path of your os. more details can be found in the ODPI-C
installation instructions: [ODPI-C Client Library Loading](https://odpi-c.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/installation.html#oracle-client-library-loading).

<!-- TOC --><a name="usage"></a>
## usage

```sh
Usage: rainfrog [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]

Commands:
  edit  Edit the config file (create it first if missing)
  help  Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)

Options:
  -M, --mouse <MOUSE_MODE>       Whether to enable mouse event support. If enabled, your terminal's
                                 default mouse event handling will not work. [possible values: true,
                                 false]
  -u, --url <URL>                Full connection URL for the database, e.g.
                                 postgres://username:password@localhost:5432/dbname
      --username <USERNAME>      Username for database connection
      --password <PASSWORD>      Password for database connection
  -R, --reenter-password         Reenter the password for a saved database connection
      --host <HOST>              Host for database connection (ex. localhost)
      --port <PORT>              Port for database connection (ex. 5432)
      --database <DATABASE>      Name of database for connection (ex. postgres)
      --driver <DRIVER>          Driver for database connection (ex. postgres)
      --enable-cleartext-plugin  Enable MySQL cleartext plugin
      --ssl-required             Require an SSL/TLS connection (supported by PostgreSQL, MySQL, and
                                 Oracle)
  -h, --help                     Print help
  -V, --version                  Print version
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="with-connection-options"></a>
### with connection options

if any options are not provided, you will be prompted to input them.
if you do not provide an input, that option will
default to what is in your environment variables.

```sh
rainfrog \
  --driver <db_driver> \
  --username <username> \
  --host <hostname> \
  --port <db_port> \
  --database <db_name> \
  --ssl-required
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="with-connection-url"></a>
### with connection url

the `connection_url` must include all the necessary options for connecting
to the database (ex. `postgres://username:password@localhost:5432/postgres`).
it will take precedence over all connection options.

```sh
rainfrog --url $(connection_url) --ssl-required
```

`--ssl-required` overrides the transport setting from a connection URL. It selects
PostgreSQL's `require` mode, MySQL's `required` mode, or Oracle's `tcps` protocol.
SQLite and DuckDB do not support SSL/TLS connections. Advanced certificate and
verification settings can still be supplied in PostgreSQL and MySQL URL parameters,
or through an Oracle Easy Connect string and Oracle client configuration.

<!-- TOC --><a name="with-environment-variables"></a>
### with environment variables
if `connection_url` is not present, rainfrog will first check your `DATABASE_URL`
environment variable, then it will check for `DATABASE_URL` in a `.env` file in
the current directory or a parent directory.

<!-- TOC --><a name="docker-run"></a>
### `docker run`

for postgres and mysql, you can run it by specifying all
of the options as environment variables:

```sh
docker run --platform linux/amd64 -it --rm --name rainfrog \
  --add-host host.docker.internal:host-gateway \
  -e db_driver="db_driver" \
  -e username="<username>" \
  -e password="<password>" \
  -e hostname="host.docker.internal" \
  -e db_port="<db_port>" \
  -e db_name="<db_name>" achristmascarl/rainfrog:latest
```

if you want to provide a custom combination of
options and omit others, you can override the Dockerfile's
CMD like so:

```sh
docker run --platform linux/amd64 -it --rm --name rainfrog \
  achristmascarl/rainfrog:latest \
  rainfrog # overrides CMD, additional options would come after
```

since sqlite is file-based, you may need to mount a path to
the sqlite db as a volume in order to access it:

```sh
docker run --platform linux/amd64 -it --rm --name rainfrog \
  -v ~/code/rainfrog/dev/rainfrog.sqlite3:/rainfrog.sqlite3 \
  achristmascarl/rainfrog:latest \
  rainfrog --url sqlite:///rainfrog.sqlite3
```

running drivers which have runtime dependencies (like oracle) via docker
is not currently supported.


<!-- TOC --><a name="customization"></a>
## customization

rainfrog can be customized by placing a `rainfrog_config.toml` file in
one of the following locations depending on your os, as determined by
the [directories](https://crates.io/crates/directories) crate:

| Platform | Value                                                                   | Example                                                       |
| -------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Linux    | `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME`/`_project_path_` or `$HOME`/.config/`_project_path_` | /home/alice/.config/barapp                                    |
| macOS    | `$HOME`/Library/Application Support/`_project_path_`                    | /Users/Alice/Library/Application Support/com.Foo-Corp.Bar-App |
| Windows  | `{FOLDERID_LocalAppData}`\\`_project_path_`\\config                     | C:\Users\Alice\AppData\Local\Foo Corp\Bar App\config          |

you can change the default config directory by exporting an environment variable.
to make the change permanent, add it to your .zshrc/.bashrc/.\*rc file:

```sh
export RAINFROG_CONFIG=~/.config/rainfrog
```
> [!WARNING]
> this should be the path to the directory that the config file is in,
> NOT the path to the actual file

<!-- TOC --><a name="settings"></a>
### settings

| Name | Default | Description |
| -------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| mouse_mode | `true` | whether to capture mouse events. capturing mouse events allows you to change focus and scroll using the mouse. however, your terminal will not handle mouse events like it normally does (you won't be able to copy by highlighting, for example). |
| data_compact_columns | `true` | whether column widths should be dynamic based on the length of the contents of each column. there is still a max column width that won't be exceeded, so this will save some space by compressing the widths of columns with shorter strings. |
| data_row_spacer | `false` | whether rows will have a space separating them to make the data table less visually dense.                    |
| autocomplete_enabled | `true` | whether completions are requested while editing SQL. |
| autocomplete_debounce_ms | `100` | how long edit-triggered completion waits before refreshing or hiding the menu. |
| autocomplete_trigger_len | `1` | minimum identifier length for automatic completion; `Ctrl+Space` bypasses it. |
| autopairs_enabled | `true` | whether insert mode automatically closes single quotes, double quotes, brackets, braces, parentheses, and backticks at the end of a line or before whitespace; skips an adjacent closing half; and removes both halves when backspacing an empty pair. |

<!-- TOC --><a name="database-connections"></a>
### database connections

database connections can be configured in the configuration file as shown below:

```
[db]
postgres-local = { host = "localhost", driver = "postgres", port = 5432, database = "postgres", username = "postgres",  default = true }
postgres-dev = { connection_string = "postgresql://postgres:test123@127.0.0.1:5432", driver = "postgres" }
mysql-local = { host = "localhost", driver = "mysql", port = 32768, database = "rainfrog", username = "root" }
sqlite-memory = { connection_string = "sqlite://:memory:", driver = "sqlite"}
sqlite-disk = { connection_string = "sqlite://./my_database.db", driver = "sqlite"}
oracle-local = { host = "localhost", driver = "oracle", port = 1521, database = "rainfrog", username = "rainfrog" }
```

the connection details can be provided in two formats: a raw connection string or specifying individual fields.
connections input are prioritized in the following order:

- cli input
- `DATABASE_URL` env variable
- config file

if no database connection in the config is set as the default connection, 
a prompt will appear to select the desired database. The user will also be 
prompted for the password for the selected database and will have the option to 
store it in a platform specific keychain for future reuse.
Pass `--reenter-password` (or `-R`) to revoke a saved keychain password before
being prompted to enter and optionally save its replacement.

future plans for database connections include switching database without having to restart rainfrog.

<!-- TOC --><a name="keybindings"></a>
### keybindings

you can customize some of the default keybindings, but not all of
them. to see a list of the ones you can customize, see the default
config file at [.config/rainfrog_config.toml](./.config/rainfrog_config.toml). below
are the default keybindings.

<!-- TOC --><a name="nb-for-mac-users"></a>
#### n.b. for mac users
on mac, for VS Code, terminal, kitty, and others, a setting for
"use option as meta key" needs to be turned
on for Alt/Opt keybindings to work. (In VS Code, it's
`"terminal.integrated.macOptionIsMeta": true` in the settings; in
kitty, it's `macos_option_as_alt yes` in the config.)

<!-- TOC --><a name="general"></a>
#### general

| keybinding                   | description                     |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| `Ctrl+c`                     | quit program                    |
| `Alt+1`, `Ctrl+k`            | change focus to menu            |
| `Alt+2`, `Ctrl+j`            | change focus to query editor    |
| `Alt+3`, `Ctrl+h`            | change focus to results         |
| `Alt+4`, `Ctrl+g`            | change focus to query history   |
| `Alt+5`, `Ctrl+m`            | change focus to query favorites |
| `Tab`                        | cycle focus forwards            |
| `Shift+Tab`                  | cycle focus backwards           |
| `q`, `Alt+q` in query editor | abort current query             |

<!-- TOC --><a name="menu-list-of-schemas-and-tables"></a>
#### menu (list of schemas and tables)

| keybinding                   | description                       |
| ---------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| `j`, `↓`                     | move selection down by 1          |
| `k`, `↑`                     | move selection up by 1            |
| `g`                          | jump to top of current list       |
| `G`                          | jump to bottom of current list    |
| `h`, `←`                     | focus on schemas (if more than 1) |
| `l`, `→`                     | focus on tables                   |
| `/`                          | filter tables                     |
| `Esc`                        | clear filter                      |
| `Backspace`                  | focus on tables                   |
| `Enter` when searching       | focus on tables                   |
| `Enter` with selected schema | focus on tables                   |
| `Enter` with selected table  | preview table (100 rows)          |
| `R`                          | reload schemas and tables         |

<!-- TOC --><a name="query-editor"></a>
#### query editor

keybindings may not behave exactly like vim. the full list of active
Vim keybindings in rainfrog can be found at [vim.rs](./src/vim.rs).

| Keybinding        | Description                            |
| ----------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| `Alt+Enter`, `F5` | Execute query                          |
| `Alt+e`, `F6`     | Edit query in external editor          |
| `F7`              | Bypass parser to execute query (cannot rollback, no validation) |
| `Ctrl+Space`      | Show SQL, schema, buffer, or path completions |
| `Tab`, `Enter`    | Accept the selected completion             |
| `Up`, `Down`, `Ctrl+p`, `Ctrl+n` | Navigate completions          |
| `Esc`             | Dismiss completions; press again for normal mode |
| `j`, `↓`          | Move cursor down 1 line                |
| `k`, `↑`          | Move cursor up 1 line                  |
| `h`, `←`          | Move cursor left 1 char                |
| `l`, `→`          | Move cursor right 1 char               |
| `w`               | Move cursor to next start of word      |
| `e`               | Move cursor to next end of word        |
| `b`               | Move cursor to previous start of word  |
| `0`               | Move cursor to beginning of line       |
| `$`               | Move cursor to end of line             |
| `gg`              | Jump to top of editor                  |
| `G`               | Jump to bottom of current list         |
| `Esc`             | Return to normal mode                  |
| `i`               | Enter insert (edit) mode               |
| `I`               | Enter insert mode at beginning of line |
| `A`               | Enter insert mode at end of line       |
| `o`               | Insert new line below and enter insert |
| `v`               | Enter visual (select) mode             |
| `V`               | Enter visual mode and select line      |
| `r`               | Begin replace operation                |
| `y`               | Begin yank (copy) operation            |
| `x`               | Begin cut operation                    |
| `p`               | Paste from clipboard                   |
| `u`               | Undo                                   |
| `Ctrl+r`          | Redo                                   |
| `Ctrl+e`          | Scroll down                            |
| `Ctrl+y`          | Scroll up                              |
| `Ctrl+f`*, `Alt+f`  | Save query to favorites                |

*only works in normal mode

<!-- TOC --><a name="query-history"></a>
#### query history

| keybinding | description                   |
| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
| `j`, `↓`   | move selection down by 1      |
| `k`, `↑`   | move selection up by 1        |
| `g`        | jump to top of list           |
| `G`        | jump to bottom of list        |
| `y`        | copy selected query           |
| `I`        | edit selected query in editor |
| `D`        | delete all history            |

<!-- TOC --><a name="query-favorites"></a>
#### query favorites

| keybinding | description                   |
| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
| `j`, `↓`   | move selection down by 1      |
| `k`, `↑`   | move selection up by 1        |
| `g`        | jump to top of list           |
| `G`        | jump to bottom of list        |
| `y`        | copy selected query           |
| `I`        | edit selected query in editor |
| `D`        | delete selected query         |
| `/`        | filter favorites                     |
| `Esc`      | clear filter                      |

<!-- TOC --><a name="results"></a>
#### results

| keybinding                | description                    |
| ------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| `P`                       | export results to csv          |
| `j`, `↓`                  | scroll down by 1 row           |
| `k`, `↑`                  | scroll up by 1 row             |
| `h`, `←`                  | scroll left by 1 cell          |
| `l`, `→`                  | scroll right by 1 cell         |
| `b`                       | scroll right by 1 cell         |
| `e`, `w`                  | scroll left by 1 column        |
| `{`, `PageUp`, `Ctrl+b`   | jump up one page               |
| `}`, `PageDown`, `Ctrl+f` | jump down one page             |
| `g`                       | jump to top of table           |
| `G`                       | jump to bottom of table        |
| `0`                       | jump to first column           |
| `$`                       | jump to last column            |
| `v`                       | select individual field        |
| `V`                       | select row                     |
| `Enter`                   | change selection mode inwards  |
| `Backspace`               | change selection mode outwards |
| `y`                       | copy selection                 |
| `Esc`                     | stop selecting                 |

<!-- TOC --><a name="exports"></a>
## exports

query results can be exported to csv. exporting is a blocking action, 
so be careful about exporting too many rows at once, as it will freeze 
the application.

the file will be saved in your downloads directory, which is one of the 
following depending on your os, as determined by
the [directories](https://crates.io/crates/directories) crate:

|Platform | Value                  | Example                  |
| ------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------ |
| Linux   | `XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR`     | /home/alice/Downloads    |
| macOS   | `$HOME`/Downloads      | /Users/Alice/Downloads   |
| Windows | `{FOLDERID_Downloads}` | C:\Users\Alice\Downloads |

you can change the default export location by exporting an environment variable.
to make the change permanent, add it to your .zshrc/.bashrc/.\*rc file:

```sh
export RAINFROG_EXPORT=~/Documents
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="favorites"></a>
## favorites

frequently used queries can be saved as favorites. by default, 
favorites are written to the application's data directory (the 
same place that logs are written to), which is one of the 
following depending on your os, as determined by 
the [directories](https://crates.io/crates/directories) crate:

|Platform | Value                                                                      | Example                                                       |
| ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Linux   | `$XDG_DATA_HOME`/`_project_path_` or `$HOME`/.local/share/`_project_path_` | /home/alice/.local/share/barapp                               |
| macOS   | `$HOME`/Library/Application Support/`_project_path_`                       | /Users/Alice/Library/Application Support/com.Foo-Corp.Bar-App |
| Windows | `{FOLDERID_LocalAppData}`\\`_project_path_`\\data                          | C:\Users\Alice\AppData\Local\Foo Corp\Bar App\data            |

each favorite will be a separate `.sql` file.
you can change the default export location by exporting an environment variable.
to make the change permanent, add it to your .zshrc/.bashrc/.\*rc file:

```sh
export RAINFROG_FAVORITES=~/.config/rainfrog/favorites
```

<!-- TOC --><a name="roadmap"></a>
## roadmap

<details>
  <summary><b>🏁 v0.1.0 – alpha</b></summary>
  
- [x] scrollable table
- [x] cancellable async querying (spawn tokio task)
- [x] menu list with tables and schemas (collapsible)
- [x] tui-textarea for query editor
- [x] basic tui-textarea vim keybindings
- [x] handle custom types / enums
- [x] display rows affected
- [x] confirm before delete/drop
- [x] table selection and yanking
- [x] multi-line pasting
- [x] editor os clipboard support
- [x] handle mouse events
- [x] keybindings hints at bottom
- [x] branch protection

</details>

<details>
  <summary><b>🏁 v0.2.0 – beta</b></summary>

- [x] vhs explainer gifs
- [x] upgrade ratatui and tui-textarea
- [x] shortcuts to view indexes, keys, etc.
- [x] performant syntax highlighting
- [x] session history
- [x] changelog, release script
- [x] handle explain / analyze output
- [x] show query duration
- [x] install script for bins

</details>

now that rainfrog is in beta, check out the
[issues tab](https://github.com/achristmascarl/rainfrog/issues) for planned
features

<!-- TOC --><a name="known-issues-and-limitations"></a>
## known issues and limitations

- geometry types are not currently supported
- for x11 and wayland, yanking does not copy to the system clipboard, only
  to the query editor's buffer. see <https://github.com/achristmascarl/rainfrog/issues/83>
- in visual mode, when selecting an entire line, the behavior is not the same as
  vim's, as it simply starts the selection at the head of the line, so
  moving up or down in lines will break the selection.
- mouse events are only used for changing focus and scrolling; the editor does
  not currently support mouse events, and menu items cannot be selected using
  the mouse

you can find other reported issues in the
[issues tab](https://github.com/achristmascarl/rainfrog/issues)

<!-- TOC --><a name="contributing"></a>
## Contributing

for bug reports and feature requests, please [create an issue](https://github.com/achristmascarl/rainfrog/issues/new/choose).

please read [CONTRIBUTING.md](./CONTRIBUTING.md) before opening issues
or creating PRs.

<!-- TOC --><a name="acknowledgements"></a>
## acknowledgements

- [ratatui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui) (this project used ratatui's
  [component template](https://github.com/ratatui-org/templates/tree/983aa3cb3b8dd743200e8e2a1faa6e7c06aad85e/component/template)
  as a starting point)
- [tui-textarea](https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea) (used in the query
  editor)
- [gobang](https://github.com/TaKO8Ki/gobang) (a rust db tui i drew inspiration
  from)
- [ricky rainfrog](https://us.jellycat.com/ricky-rain-frog/)
- [rainfroggg](https://www.rainfrog.gg/) (my wife's tattoo studio)
